Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
war, and, 1943, of, 1941, 1942, the, in, europe, 1940, axis, 1944, world, aftermath, european, invasion, 1939, japanese, soviet, breaks, out, western, mediterranean, pacific, allied, crimes, ii, contents, start, end, dates, background, pre, events, course, impact, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, germany, italy, treaties, asia, italian, ethiopia, 1935, spanish, civil, 1936, china, 1937, border, conflicts, occupations, agreements, attack, on, union, advance, stalls, eastern, front, atlantic, allies, gain, momentum, offensives, collapse, victory, 1945, casualties, genocide, against, humanity, occupation, home, fronts, production, advances, technology, its, application, sources,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1864), and (754), war (434), isbn (251), 978 (245), #soviet (196), world (191), from (168), germany (160), #japanese (138), german (135), was (126), japan (116), with (114), united (111), for (105), union (101), forces (100), press (99), new (92), 1945 (91), wars (88), were (87), states (81), history (78), university (78), involving (77), battle (77), archived (76), that (76), military (72), army (72), original (72), may (70), had (69), 1941 (68), against (67), british (66), western (66), its (66), 2001 (65), retrieved (64), allies (64), europe (63), italy (61), 1939 (60), china (59), allied (58), cambridge (58), which (58), 1944 (56), 1943 (56), york (56), london (54), axis (53), american (52), second (52), hitler (52), east (50), poland (49), france (48), 1940 (48), eastern (48), asia (48), pacific (47), offensive (47), chinese (46), invasion (46), oxford (46), doi (45), april (45), during (45), march (44), after (44), million (44), september (42), 2002 (42), 2012 (42), also (41), june (41), into (39), italian (38), july (38), front (38), kingdom (37), 2004 (37), their (37), this (36), 1942 (36), between (36), troops (36), campaign (35), 2006 (35), all (34), european (34), august (34), crimes (33), 2013 (33), africa (32), west (32), 2008 (32), polish (31), two (31), but (31), 2007 (30), 2000 (30), other (29), first (29), nations (29), strategic (29), 2005 (29), 1998 (29), november (29), main (29), international (28), early (28), end (28), jstor (28), 1992 (28), naval (27), attack (27), occupied (27), 000 (27), romania (26), occupation (26), forced (26), 1990 (26), launched (26), december (26), policy (25), french (25), publishing (25), economic (25), january (25), 2022 (25), would (25), bombing (24), air (24), 2003 (24), october (24), not (24), they (24), led (24), islands (23), germans (23), 1997 (23), eds (23), 2010 (23), 1937 (23), most (23), north (22), february (22), both (22), soviets (22), invaded (22), warfare (21), late (21), government (21), powers (21), 2017 (21), south (20), group (20), nazi (20), operations (20), routledge (20), later (20), been (20), civilians (20), beevor (20), major (20), while (20), although (20), philosophy (19), surrender (19), civil (19), central (19), books (19), pact (19), greece (18), finland (18), line (18), atlantic (18), prisoners (18), resistance (18), 521 (18), 1995 (18), through (18), began (18), under (17), empire (17), state (17), 1993 (17), 2014 (17), stalin (17), roberts (17), victory (17), red (17), out (17), oil (17), over (17), made (17), mid (17), yugoslavia (16), republic (16), post (16), cold (16), mediterranean (16), 415 (16), s2cid (16), political (16), hanson (16), article (16), territory (16), philippines (15), modern (15), conflicts (15), encyclopedia (15), northern (15), middle (15), burma (15), sea (15), britain (15), pows (15), until (15), osprey (15), dear (15), foot (15), conflict (15), 1999 (15), peace (15), journal (15), navy (15), david (15), foreign (15), territories (15), large (15), hungary (14), ukraine (14), treaty (14), city (14), manchuria (14), declaration (14), fall (14), operation (14), massacre (14), events (14), 2019 (14), andrew (14), defeat (14), global (14), john (14), pdf (14), than (14), including (14), several (14), border (14), before (14), support (14), signed (14), communist (14), continued (14), countries (14), any (14), about (13), 2026 (13), baltic (13), berlin (13), total (13), see (13), 2023 (13), mark (13), 1986 (13), power (13), 2018 (13), when (13), glantz (13), more (13), wwii (13), committed (13), attacked (13), per (13), captured (13), following (13), soon (13), counter (13), offensives (13), czechoslovakia (12), culture (12), southern (12), industrial (12), three (12), california (12), harbor (12), reich (12), resources (12), 2009 (12), strategy (12), richard (12), 1994 (12), russia (12), day (12), 1983 (12), roosevelt (12), fighting (12), aircraft (12), imperial (12), nationalist (12), nearly (12), used (12), population (12), losses (12), killed (12), use (11), netherlands (11), lithuania (11), bulgaria (11), league (11), agreement (11), country (11), dutch (11), region (11), raid (11), third (11), pearl (11), aftermath (11), plan (11), leaders (11), vol (11), 2011 (11), planning (11), frank (11), 2015 (11), people (11), evans (11), deaths (11), part (11), became (11), followed (11), advanced (11), attacks (11), cent (11), died (11), wikipedia (10), using (10), ethiopia (10), denmark (10), belgium (10), austria (10), period (10), gilbert (10), americans (10), stalingrad (10), island (10), sino (10), rape (10), labour (10), production (10), home (10), 2307 (10), companion (10), weinberg (10), 1991 (10), smith (10), economy (10), martin (10), century (10), robert (10), relations (10), 1936 (10), minister (10), some (10), mussolini (10), 1948 (10), around (10), advances (10), annexed (10), conference (10), back (10), ended (10), 392 (10), time (10), massive (10), cs1 (9), norway (9), national (9), control (9), council (9), alliance (9), armies (9), studies (9), high (9), indochina (9), america (9), marshall (9), technology (9), further (9), days (9), thomas (9), 84176 (9), 1989 (9), development (9), connecticut (9), 1080 (9), massachusetts (9), armed (9), shirer (9), anthony (9), years (9), churchill (9), 100 (9), security (9), massacres (9), force (9), death (9), start (9), 1971 (9), did (9), command (9), tanks (9), then (9), 1938 (9), defeated (9), advance (9), however (9), being (9), towards (9), many (9), same (9), well (9), significant (9), them (9), held (9), these (9), commonwealth (9), river (9), last (8), volume (8), india (8), thailand (8), luxembourg (8), latvia (8), estonia (8), egypt (8), australia (8), albania (8), historical (8), theatre (8), anglo (8), order (8), democracy (8), great (8), liberation (8), warsaw (8), armistice (8), changsha (8), moscow (8), summer (8), winter (8), battles (8), atrocities (8), holocaust (8), blitzkrieg (8), general (8), casualties (8), 1093 (8), michael (8), decision (8), company (8), tactics (8), 2nd (8), arms (8), balkans (8), what (8), defensive (8), franco (8), politics (8), kershaw (8), fought (8), lost (8), where (8), 1935 (8), hirohito (8), times (8), one (8), there (8), 2021 (8), off (8), his (8), negotiations (8), spanish (8), known (8), scale (8), established (8), civilian (8), taken (8), despite (8), former (8), southeast (8), conquered (8), toggle (7), non (7), pages (7), links (7), articles (7), iran (7), contemporary (7), latin (7), korean (7), revolution (7), roman (7), law (7), indies (7), spring (7), uprising (7), kursk (7), social (7), free (7), women (7), territorial (7), changes (7), machine (7), information (7), 2024 (7), review (7), unconditional (7), 1996 (7), washington (7), james (7), maryland (7), stanford (7), affairs (7), abingdon (7), paul (7), infantry (7), 1953 (7), westport (7), william (7), tucker (7), making (7), allen (7), 1987 (7), 7146 (7), penguin (7), norman (7), nazis (7), secure (7), 1933 (7), publishers (7), conquest (7), 231 (7), colonial (7), hiroshima (7), hart (7), number (7), move (7), keegan (7), 1931 (7), chang (7), camps (7), russian (7), carriers (7), harrison (7), cities (7), 2020 (7), förster (7), successful (7), davies (7), poles (7), bix (7), tank (7), president (7), took (7), capture (7), only (7), leading (7), months (7), who (7), started (7), failed (7), due (7), included (7), groups (7), soldiers (7), members (7), uss (7), within (7), agreed (7), heavy (7), prevent (7), neutrality (7), 240 (6), search (6), view (6), terms (6), project (6), dates (6), english (6), syria (6), slovakia (6), korea (6), spain (6), bloc (6), integration (6), indian (6), asian (6), road (6), ancient (6), treaties (6), finnish (6), greek (6), age (6), atomic (6), famine (6), paris (6), guadalcanal (6), midway (6), leningrad (6), romanian (6), vichy (6), genocide (6), nuremberg (6), settlement (6), equipment (6), point (6), centre (6), adolf (6), taylor (6), 191 (6), 275 (6), campaigns (6), princeton (6), 674 (6), harvard (6), geoffrey (6), 224 (6), winston (6), lane (6), peter (6), forgotten (6), barbarossa (6), combined (6), creation (6), norton (6), read (6), twentieth (6), since (6), surrendered (6), submarine (6), overy (6), murray (6), ally (6), mitter (6), 1964 (6), cass (6), 122 (6), 330 (6), nanking (6), grand (6), hsu (6), combat (6), prime (6), 1949 (6), emperor (6), joseph (6), 2016 (6), fascist (6), aubin (6), bernard (6), guillerat (6), weapons (6), 126 (6), artillery (6), franklin (6), are (6), 200 (6), place (6), key (6), pushed (6), along (6), achieved (6), result (6), such (6), met (6), remained (6), success (6), millions (6), left (6), partisans (6), gains (6), formed (6), zones (6), much (6), pre (6), officially (6), ordered (6), supply (6), attempt (6), near (6), repulsed (6), capturing (6), bases (6), besieged (6), positions (6), invade (6), fleet (6), aggression (6), ribbentrop (6), page (5), has (5), long (5), wayback (5), language (5), sources (5), mexico (5), lebanon (5), iraq (5), nuclear (5), arab (5), house (5), rome (5), singapore (5), hong (5), kong (5), madagascar (5), somaliland (5), document (5), leyte (5), incident (5), siege (5), african (5), ethiopian (5), timeline (5), neutral (5), slovak (5), wehrmacht (5), final (5), governments (5), present (5), pennsylvania (5), battleship (5), 262 (5), postwar (5), reconstruction (5), today (5), alan (5), 172760 (5), acref (5), 9780198604464 (5), 001 (5), 0001 (5), praeger (5), wiley (5), jersey (5), stephen (5), kai (5), how (5), origins (5), boulder (5), colorado (5), 8133 (5), westview (5), royal (5), leffler (5), westad (5), intelligence (5), study (5), 1177 (5), 207 (5), rise (5), 154 (5), macmillan (5), gordon (5), 313 (5), plans (5), series (5), 393 (5), course (5), behind (5), called (5), twenty (5), 201 (5), reilly (5), won (5), columbia (5), alexander (5), base (5), beginning (5), far (5), brown (5), influence (5), office (5), victims (5), jowett (5), lawrence (5), year (5), have (5), among (5), without (5), chris (5), another (5), recovery (5), gulag (5), 2025 (5), 267 (5), across (5), 381 (5), 152 (5), 146 (5), trade (5), ability (5), nagasaki (5), 119 (5), coalition (5), full (5), advantage (5), provided (5), 155 (5), cut (5), fields (5), pressure (5), instead (5), assault (5), fully (5), public (5), finally (5), attempted (5), retreat (5), create (5), joint (5), controlled (5), declared (5), future (5), mass (5), primary (5), relatively (5), effective (5), planned (5), almost (5), considered (5), especially (5), suffered (5), starvation (5), prisoner (5), areas (5), created (5), emerged (5), mainland (5), divided (5), effort (5), demanded (5), ending (5), filipino (5), port (5), objectives (5), responded (5), eventually (5), sanctions (5), tripartite (5), supported (5), nationalists (5), right (5), subsection (5), languages (4), contents (4), additional (4), maint (4), zealand (4), mongolia (4), canada (4), org (4), switzerland (4), sweden (4), cooperation (4), catholicism (4), philippine (4), chant (4), classical (4), others (4), initiative (4), special (4), nine (4), standard (4), liberal (4), rule (4), natural (4), guinea (4), channel (4), turkey (4), borneo (4), malaya (4), potsdam (4), manila (4), ardennes (4), sicily (4), alamein (4), gol (4), italo (4), northeast (4), volunteer (4), collaboration (4), nanjing (4), trials (4), division (4), americas (4), ocean (4), lend (4), australian (4), exile (4), diplomacy (4), commanders (4), fronts (4), conditions (4), past (4), hill (4), 85532 (4), zaloga (4), steven (4), 3rd (4), lanham (4), 1951 (4), mit (4), 1981 (4), 187 (4), mbi (4), watson (4), human (4), 437 (4), department (4), 227 (4), initial (4), abc (4), chiang (4), shek (4), swain (4), 195 (4), melvyn (4), arne (4), 266 (4), donald (4), 209 (4), malta (4), institute (4), 1956 (4), 671 (4), 1978 (4), fortress (4), reserves (4), guide (4), 300 (4), 1930s (4), 7126 (4), pimlico (4), enigma (4), 298 (4), 120 (4), parker (4), charles (4), lexington (4), wheatcroft (4), barbara (4), peattie (4), millett (4), 1977 (4), society (4), milward (4), decisive (4), 174 (4), 1988 (4), printing (4), 7139 (4), kennedy (4), 109 (4), 417 (4), oclc (4), stopped (4), herbert (4), illustrated (4), hastings (4), economics (4), survey (4), service (4), 1946 (4), dead (4), 144 (4), kansas (4), 161 (4), autumn (4), 169 (4), 230 (4), collier (4), clogg (4), 184 (4), 157 (4), bitter (4), christofferson (4), 268 (4), bonner (4), ben (4), balabkins (4), direct (4), landings (4), 500 (4), embargo (4), thousands (4), killing (4), 108 (4), role (4), impact (4), business (4), bombs (4), important (4), 148 (4), 289 (4), few (4), eberhardt (4), piotr (4), background (4), causing (4), largely (4), weapon (4), light (4), ground (4), enemy (4), coup (4), historians (4), saw (4), map (4), paine (4), sarah (4), chronological (4), forcing (4), seize (4), even (4), divisions (4), billion (4), aid (4), include (4), increased (4), should (4), throughout (4), anti (4), little (4), capital (4), cost (4), submarines (4), capability (4), personnel (4), destroy (4), defences (4), becoming (4), warships (4), rapid (4), joined (4), significantly (4), fight (4), colonies (4), gdp (4), local (4), greater (4), lines (4), jewish (4), estimated (4), those (4), own (4), concentration (4), sent (4), aligned (4), destroyed (4), humanity (4), majority (4), 374 (4), having (4), sides (4), permanent (4), expelled (4), moved (4), rejected (4), succeeded (4), benito (4), von (4), launch (4), push (4), perimeter (4), defeats (4), engaged (4), assisted (4), victories (4), increasingly (4), halted (4), considerable (4), aimed (4), seizing (4), operational (4), resulted (4), month (4), goal (4), inflicting (4), libya (4), prepare (4), decided (4), issued (4), possessions (4), take (4), breaks (4), allowed (4), guarantee (4), generally (4), demands (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), table (3), commons (3), rendered (3), hidden (3), sister (3), wikidata (3), inactive (3), short (3), vietnam (3), serbia (3), rhodesia (3), liberia (3), cuba (3), brazil (3), yale (3), customs (3), religion (3), islamic (3), buddhist (3), ethics (3), mythology (3), music (3), literature (3), calendar (3), art (3), era (3), old (3), seas (3), nato (3), hellenistic (3), christian (3), solomon (3), antarctica (3), tunisia (3), bibliography (3), kuril (3), sakhalin (3), debate (3), bombings (3), guangxi (3), vienna (3), vistula (3), oder (3), budapest (3), san (3), belgrade (3), guam (3), kiev (3), smolensk (3), black (3), blue (3), coral (3), doolittle (3), wake (3), sevastopol (3), crete (3), phoney (3), munich (3), khalkhin (3), prelude (3), jews (3), manchukuo (3), independent (3), protectorate (3), formerly (3), camp (3), violence (3), unit (3), occupations (3), repatriation (3), weather (3), puppet (3), plunder (3), manhattan (3), lease (3), declarations (3), buchanan (3), 246 (3), bismarck (3), greatest (3), destruction (3), green (3), 462 (3), evolution (3), system (3), wood (3), rowman (3), littlefield (3), rudiger (3), dornbusch (3), wilhelm (3), nölling (3), layard (3), 04136 (3), lessons (3), 7603 (3), wettig (3), gerhard (3), ward (3), 470 (3), universal (3), rights (3), 691 (3), 4th (3), 1979 (3), 241 (3), ian (3), odd (3), 651 (3), jonathan (3), 226 (3), snyder (3), manchester (3), our (3), osceola (3), wisconsin (3), surprise (3), 555 (3), sella (3), henry (3), 333 (3), palgrave (3), flying (3), louis (3), greenwood (3), test (3), rich (3), 1973 (3), expansion (3), 695 (3), failure (3), brassey (3), 216 (3), appeasement (3), werner (3), rahn (3), clarendon (3), heart (3), malden (3), blackwell (3), introduction (3), memory (3), payne (3), why (3), 471 (3), painter (3), santa (3), luftwaffe (3), story (3), 197 (3), 175 (3), reed (3), desert (3), rommel (3), afrika (3), korps (3), miscamble (3), wilson (3), false (3), 138 (3), berkeley (3), 520 (3), mazower (3), 1955 (3), 153 (3), marston (3), lightbody (3), liddell (3), kent (3), levine (3), massacred (3), armonk (3), 7656 (3), sharpe (3), opening (3), kratoska (3), labor (3), kolko (3), 128 (3), coming (3), kantowicz (3), edward (3), 116 (3), generals (3), philip (3), kentucky (3), jacob (3), atrocity (3), 8047 (3), slowed (3), solution (3), 219 (3), 211 (3), six (3), 380 (3), ever (3), 127 (3), staff (3), research (3), library (3), deception (3), 297 (3), gun (3), favour (3), joachim (3), basis (3), goldman (3), fairbank (3), 244 (3), 137 (3), erickson (3), ellman (3), eastman (3), drea (3), dimbleby (3), program (3), darwin (3), empires (3), lower (3), 143 (3), 123 (3), link (3), cite (3), burcher (3), rydill (3), 314 (3), bellamy (3), antony (3), 345 (3), iii (3), disarmament (3), normandy (3), science (3), vital (3), 221 (3), 566 (3), 125 (3), 343 (3), 180 (3), 163 (3), 247 (3), 203 (3), winning (3), mineral (3), 204 (3), academy (3), 391 (3), 429 (3), wakabayashi (3), bob (3), 384 (3), 472 (3), approximately (3), occurred (3), weeks (3), figure (3), bretton (3), woods (3), 208 (3), 263 (3), increase (3), defence (3), factor (3), effect (3), blockade (3), persuaded (3), 179 (3), deadliest (3), tokyo (3), quarter (3), 118 (3), 140 (3), congress (3), antonescu (3), communists (3), believed (3), 367 (3), 414 (3), 327 (3), 412 (3), 274 (3), 129 (3), 362 (3), 149 (3), 228 (3), ibiblio (3), 178 (3), 111 (3), 1911 (3), 368 (3), 186 (3), 145 (3), 310 (3), various (3), diplomatic (3), prepared (3), 113 (3), 456 (3), notes (3), deighton (3), strength (3), 425 (3), 114 (3), opinion (3), intervention (3), 328 (3), hours (3), danzig (3), molotov (3), 150 (3), 299 (3), managed (3), advancing (3), orders (3), 124 (3), never (3), references (3), reparations (3), satellite (3), roughly (3), proposed (3), date (3), belligerents (3), considerably (3), armour (3), guns (3), doctrine (3), top (3), low (3), required (3), heavily (3), each (3), quickly (3), supplies (3), bombers (3), access (3), attrition (3), outbreak (3), higher (3), essentially (3), rate (3), thus (3), scorched (3), earth (3), came (3), income (3), prosecuted (3), area (3), harsh (3), 402 (3), itself (3), captivity (3), numerous (3), mainly (3), deliberate (3), racially (3), motivated (3), genocides (3), disease (3), caused (3), assistance (3), seized (3), separate (3), tensions (3), accompanied (3), fell (3), maintain (3), begun (3), parts (3), sudetenland (3), better (3), yalta (3), largest (3), night (3), dropped (3), replaced (3), earlier (3), agreements (3), counterattack (3), taking (3), morale (3), remaining (3), reichstag (3), split (3), pushing (3), initiated (3), latter (3), invasions (3), thereby (3), independence (3), tried (3), superiority (3), broke (3), 250 (3), rabaul (3), gain (3), shortly (3), withdrew (3), resulting (3), needed (3), shipping (3), though (3), kharkov (3), moresby (3), aggressive (3), step (3), achieve (3), favoured (3), sign (3), loss (3), proposal (3), prompted (3), culminated (3), regime (3), flag (3), corridor (3), situation (3), preparations (3), extended (3), blitz (3), chamberlain (3), imposed (3), stalled (3), subsequently (3), pretext (3), ultimatum (3), signing (3), timelines (3), him (3), regarding (3), formal (3), shanghai (3), kuomintang (3), versailles (3), causes (3), disambiguation (3), tools (3), topic (2), statistics (2), code (2), conduct (2), contact (2), privacy (2), text (2), available (2), site (2), agree (2), organization (2), wikimedia (2), foundation (2), categories (2), periodical (2), uses (2), containing (2), image (2), description (2), argentina (2), venezuela (2), uruguay (2), slovenia (2), saudi (2), arabia (2), nepal (2), iceland (2), honduras (2), salvador (2), croatia (2), colombia (2), chile (2), cambodia (2), dictionary (2), israel (2), czech (2), data (2), eaeu (2), church (2), orthodoxy (2), christianity (2), iranian (2), buddhism (2), values (2), hindu (2), vietnamese (2), folk (2), folklore (2), esotericism (2), cuisine (2), cyrillic (2), terror (2), interwar (2), ages (2), silk (2), cradle (2), civilization (2), foundations (2), nordic (2), relationship (2), open (2), caribbean (2), five (2), craiova (2), celtic (2), irish (2), assembly (2), arctic (2), decline (2), slavic (2), gothic (2), germanic (2), continental (2), liberalism (2), physical (2), media (2), tradition (2), scientific (2), discovery (2), antiquity (2), legacy (2), kingdoms (2), greco (2), vatican (2), basque (2), byelorussia (2), azerbaijan (2), portugal (2), liechtenstein (2), ireland (2), tuva (2), tibet (2), native (2), puerto (2), rico (2), arizona (2), newfoundland (2), sierra (2), leone (2), morocco (2), coast (2), eswatini (2), belgian (2), category (2), portal (2), bombardment (2), prague (2), hunan (2), okinawa (2), iwo (2), jima (2), market (2), lapland (2), marino (2), bagration (2), mariana (2), palau (2), kohima (2), imphal (2), anzio (2), monte (2), cassino (2), changde (2), dnieper (2), gorky (2), attu (2), rzhev (2), aleutian (2), gazala (2), zhejiang (2), jiangxi (2), java (2), shanggao (2), henan (2), dunkirk (2), norwegian (2), rhineland (2), algeria (2), sook (2), ching (2), brothels (2), croatian (2), prosecution (2), response (2), respect (2), citizens (2), expulsion (2), opposition (2), cryptography (2), topics (2), outline (2), maps (2), wikivoyage (2), travel (2), wikiversity (2), wikisource (2), texts (2), wikiquote (2), projects (2), external (2), 1115 (2), online (2), 258 (2), 281 (2), issn (2), reading (2), zetterling (2), tamelander (2), zeiler (2), 8420 (2), 408 (2), zalampas (2), 1923 (2), yoder (2), francis (2), 7425 (2), wolf (2), miracle (2), 1962 (2), wohlstetter (2), 1987464 (2), wilt (2), williams (2), victors (2), wiest (2), barbier (2), wheeler (2), overview (2), systems (2), 448 (2), waltz (2), umbreit (2), hans (2), hegemony (2), 326 (2), spencer (2), constructed (2), trachtenberg (2), marc (2), thompson (2), georgia (2), randall (2), 640 (2), generalissimo (2), struggle (2), hamish (2), hamilton (2), begin (2), 1961 (2), tito (2), 1017 (2), bruce (2), 352 (2), chronology (2), sumner (2), baker (2), stueck (2), 287 (2), 83719 (2), steury (2), sinking (2), 233 (2), 620 (2), 110 (2), steinberg (2), timothy (2), steadman (2), wealth (2), save (2), problems (2), slim (2), cassell (2), shore (2), shepardson (2), 120398 (2), 135 (2), shaw (2), senn (2), alfred (2), 687 (2), schoppa (2), refugees (2), schmitz (2), schain (2), salecker (2), eric (2), rotundo (2), 1988530 (2), rottman (2), ross (2), roskill (2), 1954 (2), baltimore (2), 8018 (2), johns (2), hopkins (2), ropp (2), haven (2), catastrophe (2), ritchie (2), harrop (2), 34579 (2), democracies (2), ideology (2), reynolds (2), turning (2), reinhardt (2), klaus (2), regan (2), 57488 (2), 252 (2), 563 (2), closed (2), rees (2), record (2), diane (2), fisher (2), ratcliff (2), ultra (2), horst (2), boog (2), bernd (2), radtke (2), concepts (2), prins (2), preston (2), 631 (2), carried (2), portelli (2), alessandro (2), polley (2), petrov (2), 1967 (2), perez (2), 306 (2), bulge (2), 2539100 (2), pape (2), padfield (2), niewyk (2), nicosia (2), neumann (2), mikaberidze (2), cleo (2), 59884 (2), 925 (2), neulen (2), indiana (2), 253 (2), dieppe (2), disastrous (2), neillands (2), neary (2), naimark (2), myers (2), molinari (2), andrea (2), 544 (2), rana (2), mitcham (2), samuel (2), 1982 (2), mechanicsburg (2), 8117 (2), stackpole (2), truman (2), mingst (2), karns (2), margaret (2), 115 (2), minford (2), milner (2), 188 (2), 3634575 (2), masaya (2), publications (2), daniel (2), mandelbaum (2), maingot (2), maddox (2), lynch (2), lowe (2), marzari (2), lindberg (2), todd (2), fleets (2), ambitions (2), nemesis (2), liberman (2), does (2), lewis (2), volumes (2), lee (2), fei (2), laurier (2), tobruk (2), random (2), koch (2), programme (2), 920 (2), kleinfeld (2), strike (2), 1988082 (2), klavans (2), benedetto (2), prudom (2), 361 (2), kitson (2), hope (2), decisions (2), changed (2), pipe (2), caroline (2), strategies (2), keeble (2), rapids (2), michigan (2), 8028 (2), eerdmans (2), together (2), jukes (2), harold (2), shukman (2), 84212 (2), 513 (2), phoenix (2), 353 (2), joes (2), 8131 (2), collective (2), continuum (2), jackson (2), iriye (2), akira (2), ingram (2), brian (2), thought (2), howard (2), workers (2), russians (2), holland (2), movement (2), could (2), ulrich (2), 273 (2), nazism (2), hempel (2), hearn (2), healy (2), hauner (2), hughes (2), soldier (2), biological (2), harris (2), basic (2), 465 (2), hanhimäki (2), hane (2), grove (2), 348 (2), grayling (2), jane (2), goldstein (2), college (2), storm (2), 7006 (2), clashed (2), report (2), weidenfeld (2), nicolson (2), garver (2), nationalism (2), gardiner (2), big (2), warship (2), frei (2), amnesty (2), 324 (2), tower (2), stig (2), gessler (2), ultimate (2), jürgen (2), forrest (2), gibbons (2), descent (2), ferguson (2), farrell (2), 2944096 (2), king (2), 304 (2), emadi (2), coffin (2)
Text of the page (random words):
ntellectuals 404 war crimes were also committed in civil wars and conflicts between resistance groups in occupied territories in yugoslavia numerous war crimes including the massacre of civilians and prisoners were committed by axis forces and the axis aligned croatian ustaše the main resistance groups the serbian nationalist chetniks and the communist led partisans also committed massacres and persecutions of their enemies 392 405 in poland about 100 000 poles were killed by the ukrainian insurgent army in the volhynia massacres between 1943 and 1945 about 10 000 ukrainians were killed by poles in reprisal attacks 406 in greece axis forces were mainly responsible for civilian deaths through deliberate starvation and reprisal massacres although the major resistance forces elas and edes also committed war crimes 407 392 the soviet union japan and germany inflicted high death rates on pows through executions starvation forced labour and other mistreatment the soviet union and japan had not ratified the geneva convention on prisoners of war and germany regarded itself as exempt from the convention on the eastern front 392 about a third of those taken prisoner by the japanese died as did almost 60 per cent of soviet prisoners of the germans about a third of germans taken prisoner by the soviet union died in captivity the mortality rate of german and japanese prisoners of the western allies was 1 to 2 per cent 408 409 schutzstaffel ss women camp guards removing prisoners bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave inside the german bergen belsen concentration camp 1945 germany japan and the soviet union made extensive use of forced labour of foreign civilians and pows in greater germany there were 7 6 million foreign workers including pows undertaking forced labour and about 500 000 slave labourers in concentration camps by late 1944 410 those civilians and pows from soviet occupied territories who were deported to the soviet union were usually imprisoned in the soviet forced labour camps known as the gulag 402 between 200 000 and one million soviet pows and civilians repatriated from german camps were also sent to the gulag as alleged axis collaborators 411 392 where many died from malnutrition the harsh climate and overwork 403 402 the japanese conscripted millions of foreign civilians and pows to undertake forced labour in japan and its occupied territories where they suffered harsh treatment and high death rates 412 413 up to 200 000 korean and chinese women were forced into sex slavery 414 while troops of all the major belligerents committed rapes the rape of civilians was particularly widespread among the german japanese and soviet military the post war international military tribunals found the evidence of rape by german forces overwhelming twenty nine japanese defendants mostly generals were convicted of complicity in mass rape 415 soviet soldiers also committed mass rapes in occupied territories especially germany 416 417 war crimes were committed by the western allied powers but not on the same scale as those of the axis powers and the soviet union 392 the western allies prosecuted a number of war crimes committed by their own forces but allied war crimes were not prosecuted by the post war international military tribunals 418 392 there has been continued debate over whether the area bombing of cities in germany and japan and the atomic bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki were war crimes 419 392 occupation main articles german occupied europe resistance during world war ii collaboration with nazi germany and fascist italy collaboration with the empire of japan and nazi plunder polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before being massacred by german soldiers in palmiry forest 1940 in europe occupation came in two forms in western northern and central europe france norway denmark the low countries and the annexed portions of czechoslovakia germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69 5 billion reichsmarks 27 8 billion us dollars by the end of the war this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products military equipment raw materials and other goods 420 thus the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income germany collected from taxation a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total german income as the war went on 421 in the east the intended gains of lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front lines and soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the german invaders 422 unlike in the west the nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the inferior people of slavic descent most german advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes 423 the nazis killed an estimated 2 8 million ethnic poles in addition to polish jewish victims of the holocaust 424 although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories 425 the assessments of the effectiveness of soviet partisans 426 and french resistance 427 suggests that they did not significantly hamper german operations until late 1943 soviet partisans hanged by the german army the russian academy of sciences reported in 1995 that civilian victims in the soviet union at german hands totalled 13 7 million dead twenty per cent of the 68 million people in the occupied soviet union in asia japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the greater east asia co prosperity sphere essentially a japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples 428 although japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from european domination japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them 429 during japan s initial conquest it captured 4 000 000 barrels 640 000 m 3 of oil 550 000 tonnes left behind by retreating allied forces and by 1943 was able to get production in the dutch east indies up to 50 million barrels 7 900 000 m 3 of oil 6 8 million tonnes 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate 429 home fronts and production main articles military production during world war ii and home front during world war ii allies to axis gdp ratio throughout the war in the 1930s britain and the united states together controlled almost 75 of world mineral output essential for projecting military power 430 in europe before the outbreak of the war the allies had significant advantages in both population and economics in 1938 the western allies united kingdom france poland and the british dominions had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the european axis powers germany and italy including colonies the allies had more than a 5 1 advantage in population and a nearly 2 1 advantage in gdp 431 in asia at the same time china had roughly six times the population of japan but only an 89 per cent higher gdp this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher gdp if japanese colonies are included 431 the united states produced about two thirds of all munitions used by the allies in world war ii including warships transports warplanes artillery tanks trucks and ammunition 432 although the allies economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of germany and japan they became the decisive factor by 1942 after the united states and soviet union joined the allies and the war evolved into one of attrition 433 while the allies ability to out produce the axis was partly due to more access to natural resources other factors such as germany and japan s reluctance to employ women in the labour force 434 allied strategic bombing 435 and germany s late shift to a war economy 436 contributed significantly additionally neither germany nor japan planned to fight a protracted war and had not equipped themselves to do so 437 germany japan and the soviet union used millions of slave labourers in war related industries 410 412 392 advances in technology and its application main article technology during world war ii a v 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in peenemünde 21 june 1943 aircraft were used for reconnaissance as fighters bombers and ground support and each role developed considerably innovations included airlift the capability to quickly move limited high priority supplies equipment and personnel 438 and strategic bombing the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy s ability to wage war 439 anti aircraft weaponry also advanced including defences such as radar and surface to air artillery in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze the use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide 440 advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war actions at taranto pearl harbor and the coral sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship 441 442 443 in the atlantic escort carriers became a vital part of allied convoys increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the mid atlantic gap 444 carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft 445 and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured 446 submarines which had proved to be an effective weapon during world war i 447 were expected by all combatants to be important in the second the british focused development on anti submarine weaponry and tactics such as sonar and convoys while germany focused on improving its offensive capability with designs such as the type vii submarine and wolfpack tactics 448 gradually improving allied technologies such as the leigh light hedgehog squid and homing torpedoes proved effective against german submarines 449 nuclear gadget being raised to the top of the detonation shot tower at alamogordo bombing range trinity nuclear test new mexico july 1945 land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of world war i which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry to increased mobility and combined arms the tank which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the first world war had evolved into the primary weapon 450 in the late 1930s tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during world war i 451 and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed armour and firepower 452 453 at the start of the war most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications 454 this idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour and german doctrine of avoiding tank versus tank combat this along with germany s use of combined arms were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across poland and france 450 many means of destroying tanks including indirect artillery anti tank guns both towed and self propelled mines short ranged infantry antitank weapons and other tanks were used 454 even with large scale mechanisation infantry remained the backbone of all forces 455 and throughout the war most infantry were equipped similarly to world war i 456 the portable machine gun spread a notable example being the german mg 34 and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings 456 the assault rifle a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun became the standard post war infantry weapon for most armed forces 457 most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines the most well known being the german enigma machine 458 development of sigint sig nals int elligence and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption notable examples were the allied decryption of japanese naval codes 459 and british ultra a pioneering method for decoding enigma that benefited from information given to the united kingdom by the polish cipher bureau which had been decoding early versions of enigma before the war 460 another component of military intelligence was deception which the allies used to great effect in operations such as mincemeat and bodyguard 459 461 other technological and engineering feats achieved during or as a result of the war include the world s first programmable computers z3 colossus and eniac guided missiles and modern rockets the manhattan project s development of nuclear weapons operations research the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the english channel 462 463 although penicillin was discovered before the war the development of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war 464 see also lists of world war ii topics world war iii hypothetical future global conflict notes while various other dates have been proposed as the date on which world war ii began or ended this is the period most frequently cited often abbreviated as wwii or ww2 the uk declared war on germany at 11 am france followed 6 hours later at 5 pm reparations were exacted from east germany hungary romania and bulgaria using soviet dominated joint enterprises the soviet union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country moscow controlled the communist parties that ruled the satellite states and they followed orders from the kremlin historian mark kramer concludes the net outflow of resources from eastern europe to the soviet union was approximately 15 billion to 20 billion in the first decade after world war ii an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the united states to western europe under the marshall plan references see also bibliography of world war ii weinberg 2005 p 6 ferris john mawdsley evan 2015 the cambridge history of the second world war volume i fighting the war cambridge cambridge university press förster gessler 2005 p 64 ghuhl wernar 2007 imperial japan s world war two transaction publishers pp 7 30 polmar norman allen thomas b 1991 world war ii america at war 1941 1945 isbn 978 0 3945 8530 7 ben horin 1943 p 169 taylor 1979 p 124 yisreelit hevrah mizrahit 1965 asian and african studies p 191 for 1941 see taylor 1961 p vii kellogg william o 2003 american history the easy way barron s educational series p 236 isbn 978 0 7641 1973 6 there is also the viewpoint that both world war i and world war ii were part of the same european civil war or second thirty years war canfora 2006 p 155 prins 2002 p 11 beevor 2012 p 10 in many ways author says spanish civil war was the first battle of wwii fresh air npr 10 march 2017 archived from the original on 16 april 2021 retrieved 16 april 2021 ...
|
.jpg){kind=link}