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ools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 structure toggle structure subsection 1 1 sections 1 1 1 cecum and appendix 1 1 2 ascending colon 1 1 3 transverse colon 1 1 4 descending colon 1 1 5 sigmoid colon 1 1 6 rectum 1 2 appearance 1 3 blood supply 1 4 lymphatic drainage 1 5 nerve supply 1 6 development 1 7 variation 2 microanatomy toggle microanatomy subsection 2 1 colonic crypts 2 1 1 mucosa 3 function toggle function subsection 3 1 standing gradient osmosis 3 2 gut flora 4 clinical significance toggle clinical significance subsection 4 1 disease 4 2 colonoscopy 5 other animals 6 additional images 7 see also 8 references 9 external links toggle the table of contents large intestine 116 languages afrikaans alemannisch aragonés obolo العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская betawi български বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн کوردی čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dansk dagbanli deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi na vosa vakaviti français gaeilge galego עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia iñupiatun ilokano íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ yerwa kanuri 한국어 kurdî kernowek кыргызча latina lëtzebuergesch lingua franca nova limburgs lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ plattdüütsch nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پنجابی پښتو português runa simi română русский саха тыла scots سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย tagalog türkçe татарча tatarça українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt winaray 吴语 ייִדיש vahcuengh 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from colon anatomy last part of the digestive system in vertebrates large intestine front of abdomen showing the large intestine with the stomach and small intestine in gray details part of gastrointestinal tract system digestive system artery superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric and iliac arteries vein superior and inferior mesenteric vein lymph inferior mesenteric lymph nodes identifiers latin colon or intestinum crassum mesh d007420 ta98 a05 7 01 001 ta2 2963 fma 7201 anatomical terminology edit on wikidata major parts of the gastrointestinal tract upper gastrointestinal tract mouth pharynx esophagus stomach duodenum lower gastrointestinal tract small intestine jejunum ileum large intestine cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus see also gastrointestinal wall human digestive system anatomical terminology outline of human anatomy v t e the large intestine also known as the large bowel is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in tetrapods water and salts are absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored in the rectum as feces before being removed by defecation although it is shorter than the small intestine it is called the large intestine because it is wider in diameter 1 failed verification in humans the large intestine begins in the right iliac region of the pelvis just at or below the waist where it is joined to the end of the small intestine at the cecum via the ileocecal valve it then continues as the colon ascending the abdomen across the width of the abdominal cavity as the transverse colon and then descending to the rectum and its endpoint at the anal canal 2 overall in humans the large intestine is about 1 5 metres 5 ft long which is about one fifth of the whole length of the human gastrointestinal tract 3 in human medicine the terms large intestine and colon are often used interchangeably but most sources define the large intestine as the combination of the cecum colon rectum and anal canal 1 4 5 some other sources exclude the anal canal 6 7 8 structure edit illustration of the large intestine the colon of the large intestine is the last part of the digestive system it has a segmented appearance due to a series of saccules called haustra 9 it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body and is the site in which the fermentation of unabsorbed material by the gut microbiota occurs unlike the small intestine the colon does not play a major role in absorption of foods and nutrients about 1 5 litres 53 imp fl oz 51 us fl oz of water arrives in the colon each day 10 the colon is the longest part of the large intestine and its average length in the adult human is 166 centimetres 65 in range of 80 to 313 cm for males and 155 cm range of 80 to 214 cm for females 11 sections edit inner diameters of colon sections in mammals the large intestine consists of the cecum including the appendix colon the longest part rectum and anal canal 1 the four sections of the colon are the ascending colon transverse colon descending colon and sigmoid colon these sections turn at the colic flexures the parts of the colon are either intraperitoneal or behind it in the retroperitoneum retroperitoneal organs in general do not have a complete covering of peritoneum so they are fixed in location intraperitoneal organs are completely surrounded by peritoneum and are therefore mobile 12 of the colon the ascending colon descending colon and rectum are retroperitoneal while the cecum appendix transverse colon and sigmoid colon are intraperitoneal 13 this is important as it affects which organs can be easily accessed during surgery such as a laparotomy in terms of diameter the cecum is the widest averaging slightly less than 9 cm in healthy individuals and the transverse colon averages less than 6 cm in diameter 14 the descending and sigmoid colon are slightly smaller with the sigmoid colon averaging 4 5 cm 1 6 2 0 in in diameter 14 15 diameters larger than certain thresholds for each colonic section can be diagnostic for megacolon 3d file generated from computed tomography of large intestine cecum and appendix edit main articles cecum and appendix anatomy the cecum is the first section of the large intestine and is involved in digestion while the appendix which develops embryologically from it is not involved in digestion and is considered to be part of the gut associated lymphoid tissue the function of the appendix is uncertain but some sources believe that it has a role in housing a sample of the gut microbiota and is able to help to repopulate the colon with microbiota if depleted during the course of an immune reaction the appendix has also been shown to have a high concentration of lymphatic cells ascending colon edit main article ascending colon the ascending colon is the first of four main sections of the large intestine it is connected to the small intestine by a section of bowel called the cecum the ascending colon runs upwards through the abdominal cavity toward the transverse colon for approximately eight inches 20 cm one of the main functions of the colon is to remove the water and other key nutrients from waste material and recycle them as the waste material exits the small intestine through the ileocecal valve it will move into the cecum and then to the ascending colon where this process of extraction starts the waste material is pumped upwards toward the transverse colon by peristalsis the ascending colon is sometimes attached to the appendix via gerlach s valve in ruminants the ascending colon is known as the spiral colon 16 17 transverse colon edit main article transverse colon the transverse colon is the part of the colon from the hepatic flexure also known as the right colic the turn of the colon by the liver to the splenic flexure also known as the left colic the turn of the colon by the spleen the transverse colon hangs off the stomach attached to it by a large fold of peritoneum called the greater omentum on the posterior side the transverse colon is connected to the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery known as the transverse mesocolon the transverse colon is encased in peritoneum and is therefore mobile unlike the parts of the colon immediately before and after it the proximal two thirds of the transverse colon is perfused by the middle colic artery a branch of the superior mesenteric artery sma while the latter third is supplied by branches of the inferior mesenteric artery ima the watershed area between these two blood supplies which represents the embryologic division between the midgut and hindgut is an area sensitive to ischemia descending colon edit main article descending colon the descending colon is the part of the colon from the splenic flexure to the beginning of the sigmoid colon one function of the descending colon in the digestive system is to store feces that will be emptied into the rectum it is retroperitoneal in two thirds of humans in the other third it has a usually short mesentery 18 the arterial supply comes via the left colic artery the descending colon is also called the distal gut as it is further along the gastrointestinal tract than the proximal gut gut flora are very dense in this region sigmoid colon edit main article sigmoid colon the sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum the name sigmoid means s shaped see sigmoid cf sigmoid sinus the walls of the sigmoid colon are muscular and contract to increase the pressure inside the colon causing the stool to move into the rectum the sigmoid colon is supplied with blood from several branches usually between 2 and 6 of the sigmoid arteries a branch of the ima the ima terminates as the superior rectal artery sigmoidoscopy is a common diagnostic technique used to examine the sigmoid colon rectum edit main article rectum the rectum is the last section of the large intestine it holds the formed feces awaiting elimination via defecation it is about 12 cm or 4 7 in long 19 appearance edit the cecum the first part of the large intestine taeniae coli three bands of smooth muscle haustra bulges caused by contraction of taeniae coli epiploic appendages small fat accumulations on the viscera the taenia coli run the length of the large intestine because the taenia coli are shorter than the large bowel itself the colon becomes sacculated forming the haustra of the colon which are the shelf like intraluminal projections 20 blood supply edit arterial supply to the colon comes from branches of the superior mesenteric artery sma and inferior mesenteric artery ima flow between these two systems communicates via the marginal artery of the colon that runs parallel to the colon for its entire length historically a structure variously identified as the arc of riolan or meandering mesenteric artery of moskowitz was thought to connect the proximal sma to the proximal ima this variably present structure would be important if either vessel were occluded however at least one review of the literature questions the existence of this vessel with some experts calling for the abolition of these terms from future medical literature 21 venous drainage usually mirrors colonic arterial supply with the inferior mesenteric vein draining into the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein joining the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein that then enters the liver middle rectal veins are an exception delivering blood to inferior vena cava and bypassing the liver 22 lymphatic drainage edit lymphatic drainage from the ascending colon and proximal two thirds of the transverse colon is to the ileocolic lymph nodes and the superior mesenteric lymph nodes which drain into the cisterna chyli 23 the lymph from the distal one third of the transverse colon the descending colon the sigmoid colon and the upper rectum drain into the inferior mesenteric and colic lymph nodes 23 the lower rectum to the anal canal above the pectinate line drain to the internal ileocolic nodes 24 the anal canal below the pectinate line drains into the superficial inguinal nodes 24 the pectinate line only roughly marks this transition nerve supply edit sympathetic supply superior inferior mesenteric ganglia parasympathetic supply vagus sacral plexus s2 s4 citation needed development edit see also development of the digestive system the endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm are germ layers that develop in a process called gastrulation gastrulation occurs early in human development the gastrointestinal tract is derived from these layers 25 variation edit one variation on the normal anatomy of the colon occurs when extra loops form resulting in a colon that is up to five metres longer than normal this condition referred to as redundant colon typically has no direct major health consequences though rarely volvulus occurs resulting in obstruction and requiring immediate medical attention 26 27 a significant indirect health consequence is that use of a standard adult colonoscope is difficult and in some cases impossible when a redundant colon is present though specialized variants on the instrument including the pediatric variant are useful in overcoming this problem 28 microanatomy edit further information gastrointestinal wall colonic crypts edit colonic crypts intestinal glands within four tissue sections the cells have been stained to show a brown orange color if the cells produce the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ccoi and the nuclei of the cells located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts are stained blue gray with haematoxylin panels a b were cut across the long axes of the crypts and panels c d were cut parallel to the long axes of the crypts in panel a the bar shows 100 μm and allows an estimate of the frequency of crypts in the colonic epithelium panel b includes three crypts in cross section each with one segment deficient for ccoi expression and at least one crypt on the right side undergoing fission into two crypts panel c shows on the left side a crypt fissioning into two crypts panel d shows typical small clusters of two and three ccoi deficient crypts the bar shows 50 μm the images were made from original photomicrographs but panels a b and d were also included in an article 29 and illustrations were published with creative commons attribution noncommercial license allowing re use the wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium with invaginations the invaginations are called the intestinal glands or colonic crypts micrograph of normal large instestinal crypts anatomy of normal large intestinal crypts the colon crypts are sh...
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