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hnical acronyms etc counts around 1 million total english words 312 english borrows vocabulary quickly from many languages and other sources early studies of english vocabulary by lexicographers scholars who study vocabulary and compile dictionaries were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from high quality linguistic corpora 313 collections of actual written texts and spoken passages many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of english vocabulary over time the dates of first use of various words in english and the sources of english vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available 314 315 word formation processes english forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes one of the most productive processes in english is conversion 316 using a word with a different grammatical role for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun another productive word formation process is nominal compounding 312 315 producing compound words such as babysitter or ice cream or homesick 316 formation of new words called neologisms based on greek or latin roots for example television or optometry is a highly productive process in modern european languages like english so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated for this reason american lexicographer philip gove attributed many such words to the international scientific vocabulary isv when compiling webster s third new international dictionary 1961 another active word formation process in english is that of acronyms which result from pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words e g nato laser scuba 317 word origins further information foreign language influences in english and lists of english words by country or language of origin see also linguistic purism in english english lexicon by source language 9 318 french including anglo norman 28 3 latin including scientific and technical loans 28 2 germanic old english old norse dutch 25 0 greek 5 32 none given 4 03 derived from proper names 3 28 other 5 83 throughout its history english has been a particularly frequent borrower of loanwords from other languages 319 west germanic words in use since the anglo saxon period still comprise most of the language s core vocabulary as well as most of its most frequently used words 320 321 312 many sentences can be constructed without loanwords but not without core anglo saxon vocabulary 322 english has formal and informal speech registers informal registers including child directed speech tend to be made up predominantly of anglo saxon vocabulary while latinate vocabulary appears more frequently in legal scientific and academic writing 323 324 prolonged and intense contact with french has resulted in english having a very high proportion of latinate words with french loanwords borrowed during different stages of the language s history comprising 28 per cent of the english lexicon 325 in all periods of its history english has also borrowed words from latin directly 315 312 representing another 28 per cent of the lexicon 326 in turn many of these words had originally entered latin from greek greek and latin stems remain highly productive sources for new literary technical and scientific vocabulary in english 327 loanwords from old norse primarily entered english between the 8th and 11th centuries during the norse colonisation of eastern and northern england and typically displaced an anglo saxon equivalent many represent core vocabulary including give get sky skirt egg and cake 328 39 english loans in other languages main article englishisation sign written in united states spanish using the english word free instead of the spanish gratis english has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages 325 329 the influence of english stems from factors such as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the english language the role of english as a world lingua franca and the large number of books and films that are translated from english into other languages 330 this pervasive use of english leads to the conclusion in many places that english is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies among the varieties of english it is especially american english that influences other languages 331 some languages such as chinese write words borrowed from english mostly as calques while others such as japanese readily take in english loanwords written in a sound indicating script 332 dubbed films and television programmes are a particularly fruitful source of english influence on languages in europe 332 see also english in the commonwealth of nations english only movement political movement in the u s references oxford learner s dictionary 2015 entry english pronunciation what are the top 200 most spoken languages ethnologue 2023 archived from the original on 18 june 2023 retrieved 3 october 2023 a b c d english at ethnologue 26th ed 2023 a b the routes of english crystal 2003a p 6 wardhaugh 2010 p 55 a b crystal 2003b pp 108 109 chua amy 18 january 2022 how the english language conquered the world the new york times archived from the original on 1 march 2022 a b finkenstaedt thomas dieter wolff 1973 ordered profusion studies in dictionaries and the english lexicon c winter isbn 978 3 533 02253 4 bammesberger 1992 p 30 a b svartvik leech 2006 p 39 burnley david 1992 lexis and semantics in blake norman ed the cambridge history of the english language pp 409 499 doi 10 1017 chol9780521264754 006 isbn 978 1 139 05553 6 latin and french each account for a little more than 28 percent of the lexis recorded in the shorter oxford english dictionary finkenstaedt wolff 1973 bammesberger 1992 pp 29 30 durrell 2006 könig van der auwera 1994 bazelmans 2009 pp 325 326 robinson 1992 romaine 1982 pp 56 65 a b barry 1982 pp 86 87 harbert 2006 bazelmans 2009 p 326 according to most researchers this means that there cannot have been an original anglo frisian entity stiles 2018 p 31 it is not possible to construct the exclusive common relative chronology that is necessary in order to be able to establish a node on a family tree the term and concept of anglo frisian should be banished to the historiography of the subject versloot 2017 pp 341 342 stiles 2018 pp 5 6 beowulf translated by liuzza roy m 2nd ed broadview 2012 1999 isbn 978 1 554811137 baugh albert 1951 a history of the english language london routledge kegan paul pp 60 83 110 130 collingwood myres 1936 graddol leith swann et al 2007 blench spriggs 1999 bosworth toller 1921 campbell 1959 p 4 toon 1992 chapter old english dialects donoghue 2008 a b c gneuss 2013 p 23 hogg denison 2006a pp 30 31 hogg 1992a smith 2009 trask 2010 thomason kaufman 1988 pp 284 290 a b kastovsky 1992 pp 320 332 hogg 2006 pp 360 361 townend 2012 pp 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the early ninth century obligatoriness was not complete until the nineteenth the increasing use of do periphrasis coincides with the fixing of svo word order not surprisingly do is first widely used in interrogatives where the word order is disrupted and then later spread to negatives leech et al 2009 pp 18 19 mair leech 2006 mair 2006 ef english proficiency index 2019 pdf retrieved 15 august 2024 pp 6 7 breene keith 15 november 2019 which countries are best at english as a second language world economic forum archived from the original on 25 november 2016 retrieved 29 november 2016 crystal 2003b p 106 crystal 2003a p 69 a b kachru 2006 p 196 svartvik leech 2006 p 2 a b ryan 2013 table 1 office for national statistics 2013 key points national records of scotland 2013 northern ireland statistics and research agency 2012 table ks207ni main language statistics canada 2014 australian bureau of statistics 2013 statistics south africa 2012 table 2 5 population by first language spoken and province number statistics new zealand 2014 a b bao 2006 p 377 rubino 2006 patrick 2006a lim ansaldo 2006 connell 2006 schneider 2007 a b trudgill hannah 2008 p 5 trudgill hannah 2008 p 4 european commission 2012 kachru 2006 p 197 trudgill hannah 2008 p 2 romaine 1999 baugh cable 2002 trudgill hannah 2008 pp 8 9 trudgill 2006 ammon 2008 pp 1537 1539 svartvik leech 2006 p 122 trudgill hannah 2008 pp 5 6 deumert 2006 p 130 deumert 2006 p 131 ward rowena 2019 national and official languages across the independent asia pacific journal of multidisciplinary international studies 16 1 2 83 84 doi 10 5130 pjmis v16i1 2 6510 the use of english in australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts but has never been legally designated as the country s official language oliver peter macklem patrick rosiers nathalie des 10 august 2017 the oxford handbook of the canadian constitution oxford university press p 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