Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
tajik, language, contents, name, geographical, distribution, dialects, phonology, grammar, vocabulary, writing, system, history, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, vowels, consonants, word, stress, nouns, prepositions,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (291), tajik (133), and (131), persian (101), #language (87), languages (52), from (42), iranian (34), tajikistan (32), with (30), dialects (28), russian (24), central (24), for (22), are (21), edit (21), history (20), tajiks (20), isbn (19), articles (19), afghanistan (19), grammar (19), has (19), uzbek (17), other (16), uzbekistan (16), new (15), alphabet (15), tajiki (15), also (15), northern (13), official (13), arabic (13), asia (13), was (12), southern (12), iran (12), have (12), kurdish (11), eastern (11), western (11), state (11), 978 (11), most (11), this (10), script (10), english (10), judeo (10), vocabulary (10), its (10), spoken (10), speakers (10), which (10), region (10), wikipedia (9), ipa (9), 2023 (9), republic (9), their (9), old (9), dari (9), list (9), dushanbe (9), population (9), not (9), article (9), soviet (9), that (9), use (8), literature (8), standard (8), cyrillic (8), see (8), shinji (8), ido (8), тоҷикӣ (8), tojikī (8), studies (8), modern (8), been (8), bukhara (8), forms (8), word (8), text (7), page (7), cs1 (7), number (7), all (7), verb (7), retrieved (7), tat (7), east (7), words (7), windfuhr (7), gernot (7), 2009 (7), native (7), dialect (7), areas (7), such (7), suffix (7), form (7), terms (6), containing (6), pashto (6), iso (6), object (6), between (6), middle (6), balochi (6), north (6), farsi (6), where (6), writing (6), phonology (6), indo (6), book (6), bukharan (6), routledge (6), lazard (6), needed (6), archived (6), country (6), ethnic (6), literary (6), although (6), into (6), two (6), present (6), table (5), link (5), missing (5), unsourced (5), statements (5), links (5), 639 (5), national (5), luri (5), bakhtiari (5), south (5), minority (5), turkic (5), bukhori (5), nouns (5), bce (5), gruyter (5), international (5), foltz (5), richard (5), york (5), cite (5), 2013 (5), original (5), had (5), law (5), following (5), after (5), union (5), majority (5), neighbouring (5), samarqand (5), influence (5), century (5), today (5), main (5), either (5), noun (5), direct (5), man (5), classical (5), stress (5), toggle (4), contents (4), search (4), code (4), under (4), additional (4), may (4), commons (4), september (4), sources (4), maint (4), location (4), publisher (4), 2016 (4), references (4), than (4), russia (4), varieties (4), historical (4), others (4), hazaragi (4), gilaki (4), zaza (4), proto (4), sign (4), mixed (4), speech (4), loanwords (4), academy (4), system (4), afghan (4), speaking (4), free (4), dictionary (4), edition (4), mouton (4), doi (4), linguistics (4), perry (4), phonetic (4), association (4), bloomsbury (4), iranians (4), 2nd (4), world (4), help (4), забони (4), zaboni (4), 2005 (4), 1956 (4), university (4), press (4), political (4), cambridge (4), 1991 (4), substantial (4), numbers (4), ssr (4), citation (4), written (4), letters (4), these (4), below (4), like (4), marked (4), first (4), used (4), progressive (4), tense (4), vowels (4), vowel (4), however (4), back (4), variety (4), geographical (4), name (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), 117 (3), view (3), contact (3), about (3), policy (3), using (3), wikimedia (3), last (3), 2026 (3), wikidata (3), sorani (3), kurmanji (3), 2024 (3), pages (3), december (3), ethnologue (3), short (3), united (3), states (3), aimaq (3), upper (3), yaghnobi (3), wakhi (3), khufi (3), pamir (3), parya (3), french (3), countries (3), institute (3), sciences (3), european (3), public (3), community (3), media (3), related (3), behrooz (3), mahmoodi (3), berlin (3), boston (3), encyclopædia (3), iranica (3), john (3), 2014 (3), 102 (3), journal (3), publishing (3), 7556 (3), 4964 (3), major (3), 1979 (3), nazarzoda (3), saĭfiddin (3), sanginov (3), ahmadjon (3), karimov (3), said (3), sulton (3), mirzo (3), hasani (3), 2008 (3), vol (3), фарҳанги (3), тафсирии (3), farhangi (3), tafsiri (3), 1994 (3), mohammad (3), ali (3), jazayery (3), reference (3), 1989 (3), beginners (3), 2004 (3), london (3), guide (3), october (3), social (3), 1996 (3), 2007 (3), library (3), pdf (3), within (3), more (3), status (3), rise (3), pronounced (3), endonym (3), portal (3), fall (3), there (3), isolation (3), well (3), became (3), nor (3), large (3), particularly (3), based (3), rather (3), socialist (3), much (3), since (3), what (3), empire (3), latin (3), six (3), perso (3), gurg (3), result (3), through (3), simple (3), prepositions (3), plural (3), but (3), one (3), can (3), seen (3), does (3), dār (3), followed (3), letter (3), syllable (3), consonants (3), shifted (3), hebrew (3), samarkand (3), themselves (3), read (3), symbols (3), tools (3), topic (2), statistics (2), privacy (2), you (2), registered (2), non (2), foundation (2), rendered (2), categories (2), category (2), date (2), citations (2), june (2), january (2), lacking (2), reliable (2), wayback (2), citing (2), 2025 (2), linguasphere (2), description (2), subject (2), turkmenistan (2), kyrgyzstan (2), kazakhstan (2), indicate (2), dezfuli (2), shushtari (2), sistani (2), kuwaiti (2), esfahani (2), bukharian (2), dehwari (2), laki (2), semnani (2), aftari (2), sorkhei (2), komisenian (2), kermanic (2), koroshi (2), scythian (2), sogdian (2), saka (2), oroshori (2), bartangi (2), shughni (2), rushani (2), ishkashimi (2), regional (2), chinese (2), foreign (2), families (2), tatar (2), armenian (2), significant (2), interethnic (2), sanskrit (2), hindi (2), rudaki (2), braille (2), calligraphy (2), 800 (2), 300 (2), news (2), examples (2), республики (2), таджикистан (2), online (2), wiktionary (2), swadesh (2), appendix (2), wikivoyage (2), wikibooks (2), encyclopedia (2), external (2), badakhshan (2), comparative (2), eds (2), 1515 (2), 9783110622799 (2), 1017 (2), s002510031300011x (2), further (2), reading (2), study (2), 99947 (2), 715 (2), marashi (2), mehdi (2), bethesda (2), iranbooks (2), america (2), honor (2), brill (2), khojayori (2), nasrullo (2), thompson (2), mikael (2), washington (2), georgetown (2), wort (2), baizoyev (2), azim (2), hayward (2), art (2), 2022 (2), dissertation (2), men (2), rahim (2), masov (2), bashiri (2), working (2), papers (2), catastrophe (2), example (2), human (2), rights (2), here (2), 2002 (2), ussr (2), series (2), time (2), ria (2), publications (2), version (2), frye (2), include (2), 1961 (2), 1962 (2), aspects (2), murav (2), eva (2), tʰɔdʒiˈkʰi (2), forsii (2), форсии (2), government (2), made (2), private (2), life (2), ground (2), among (2), once (2), increasing (2), orientation (2), towards (2), creation (2), 1929 (2), still (2), remained (2), borders (2), source (2), included (2), despite (2), uzbeks (2), lingua (2), franca (2), lost (2), former (2), come (2), virtually (2), largely (2), replaced (2), dominant (2), pockets (2), surxondaryo (2), court (2), were (2), cities (2), herat (2), islamic (2), many (2), scholars (2), developed (2), parts (2), while (2), elements (2), 1928 (2), added (2), distinguished (2), current (2), tri (2), reş (2), sabz (2), zard (2), surx (2), šab (2), now (2), somewhat (2), numerous (2), long (2), fallen (2), close (2), equivalents (2), coined (2), including (2), communist (2), loan (2), without (2), singular (2), exists (2), second (2), indirect (2), objects (2), some (2), marker (2), stand (2), rustam (2), grammatical (2), work (2), kār (2), kun (2), دارم (2), کار (2), کنم (2), consists (2), habitual (2), past (2), write (2), maktub (2), navišta (2), istoda (2), ман (2), мактуб (2), навишта (2), истода (2), each (2), meaning (2), because (2), being (2), voiced (2), voiceless (2), contains (2), lists (2), phonemes (2), given (2), transcription (2), unstressed (2), stressed (2), open (2), mid (2), early (2), earlier (2), dialectal (2), kulob (2), religious (2), intelligible (2), jews (2), valley (2), groups (2), constitute (2), bilingual (2), group (2), elsewhere (2), total (2), along (2), approximately (2), owing (2), recent (2), found (2), diaspora (2), million (2), leave (2), choose (2), less (2), uzbekisation (2), distribution (2), called (2), regarded (2), influenced (2), part (2), continuation (2), question (2), culture (2), comprise (2), shown (2), purple (2), tgk (2), فارسى (2), تاجکى (2), تاجيکى (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), беларуская (2), subsection (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, developers, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, site, agree, trademark, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, errors, uses, march, explicitly, cited, needing, plain, webarchive, template, july, different, china, https, org, index, php, title, tajik_language, oldid, 1374425949, yale, lux, israel, czech, japan, bnf, data, france, authority, control, databases, parentheses, left, extinct, unclassified, badeshi, avestan, khargi, shirazi, davani, kuhmareyi, kumzari, kazeruni, garmsiri, bashkardi, achomi, laristani, mamasani, dezfulic, tehrani, khuzestani, khorasani, kermanshahi, basseri, pahlavani, kabuli, muslim, armeno, caucasian, parthian, razi, median, korouni, kordali, hewlêrî, abduyi, biyabuneki, lasgerdi, sangsari, zoroastrian, yazdi, kashani, abuzaydabadi, soi, sivandi, nayini, khunsari, natanzi, kermani, hamedani, borujerdi, gazi, nuclear, kavir, mazandarani, shahmirzadi, rudbari, galeshi, gorgani, caspian, vafsi, taromi, takestani, shahrudi, razajerdi, maraghei, koresh, rostam, kho, ini, kilit, karingani, karan, kajali, kabatei, harzandi, gozarkhani, alborz, daylami, eshtehardi, ashtiani, alviri, vidari, talysh, tatic, shabaki, gurani, gorani, adhari, adharic, ormuri, wanetsi, parachi, bactrian, pontic, cimmerian, jassic, iron, digor, ossetian, alanic, khwarezmian, yidgha, yazghulami, vanji, sarikoli, sarghulami, sanglechi, munji, uyghur, kazakh, karakalpak, turkish, german, mandarin, signs, pamiri, slavic, ukrainian, turkmen, kyrgyz, dungan, georgian, crimean, asian, belarusian, azerbaijani, khowar, aimaqi, yazgulyam, indigenous, indian, subcontinent, urdu, territories, roots, origin, topics, organizations, romanized, pahlavi, scripts, cuneiform, silent, vāv, ezāfe, verbs, features, juhuri, 525, 1500, 2000, 3000, clip, exhibition, various, members, намоишгоҳи, китоби, душанбе, численность, населения, января, 2015, года, сообщение, агентства, статистике, при, президенте, welcome, bbc, basic, worldwide, converter, relating, phrasebook, dodykhudoeva, leyli, shughnani, perspective, 370, 006, 275, bahriddin, aliev, aya, okawa, iii, colloquial, comparison, 7007, 1131, 1987, comrie, 546, 523, 9027977748, incompatibility, rastorgueva, 1963, 933070, sketch, 936347, 14323, persan, schmitt, rüdiger, wiesbaden, compendium, linguarum, iranicarum, caractères, distinctifs, langue, tadjik, 186, bulletin, société, linguistique, paris, 58901, 269, korotow, michael, bielefeld, reise, know, how, verlag, peter, rump, 89416, 347, tadschikisch, für, münchen, lincom, europa, 89586, 316, includes, routledgecurzon, 415, 31597, beginner, kirill, nourzhanov, christian, bleuer, anu, 925021, 423, 420, 9780936347356, trends, reports, illustrations, korotkow, nakanishi, akira, systems, novák, ľubomír, prague, univerzita, karlova, praze, filozofická, fakulta, problem, archaism, innovation, phd, 2003, sobirov, 115, learning, times, 421, jazeera, tongue, twenty, five, percent, 2010, kieffer, irfon, publ, house, translation, transl, iraj, clumsy, delimitation, report, released, bureau, democracy, labor, intelligence, agency, factbook, 190, 106, tauris, birth, identity, origins, paul, bergne, rezvani, ethno, territorial, conflict, coexistence, caucasus, fereydan, faculty, behavioural, amsterdam, siddikzoda, sukhail, august, 2006, insight, banuazizi, weiner, 274, malik, 219, ehteshami, 1990, declared, constituent, republics, declare, jurisdictions, machine, nations, 1965, science, bibliographies, ben, walter, 2017, details, people, gendering, security, intervention, area, 2021, guides, illinois, edu, libguides, lenta, таджикистане, русскому, языку, вернули, прежний, статус, remains, unchanged, rahmon, darī, encyclopaedia, islam, 595, 632, gilbert, 1975, 062279, pertaining, amanova, kozlov, 1949, 1970, rozenfel, wei, mintz, presentations, focus, specific, counterparts, cejpek, jilraev, lorenz, 1964, rubinl, 1959, ostrovskij, 1973, sadeghi, gafforov, halimov, 1974, 28th, fɔɾˈsiji, zɐˈbɔni, notes, surudi, milli, musicians, poets, authors, peoples, independence, efforts, promote, spheres, gaining, classes, continues, role, vernacular, decades, soviets, governmental, brought, closer, together, persianization, russified, helped, safeguard, future, alongside, outside, mostly, created, tension, neither, nascent, immense, importance, migrated, capital, exercising, cultural, economic, influx, immigrants, prominently, manifested, fact, natives, adjacent, centuries, eventually, domains, growing, tribes, moved, 16th, pressure, existent, particular, implemented, ferghana, replacing, those, nevertheless, persisted, notably, turkification, merv, chaghatai, conquest, 8th, relegated, sphere, 9th, whose, centred, around, covered, emerged, swiftly, displaced, buxoro, samanids, according, subsequently, evolved, descended, primarily, incorporated, ancient, khorasan, transoxiana, currently, prior, later, 1939, inventory, orthography, diacritics, coat, arms, ҷумҳурият, иҷтимоӣ, шӯравӣ, мухтор, тоҷикистон, جمهوريت, اجتماعی, شوروى, مختار, تاجيكستان, assr, volk, волк, zelënyj, зелёный, žëltyj, жёлтый, krasnyj, ryžij, красный, рыжий, čërnyj, чёрный, три, nos, нос, nočʹ, ночь, sestra, сестра, matʹ, мать, novyj, новый, mesjac, месяц, vr̥ka, वृक, harita, हरित, pīta, पीत, rudhira, रुधिर, śyāma, श्याम, त्रि, nāsa, नास, nakta, नक्त, svasr̥, स्वसृ, mātr̥, मातृ, nava, māsa, मास, gayl, գայլ, kanač, կանաչ, deġin, դեղին, karmir, կարմիր, sev, yerek, երեք, քիթ, gišer, գիշեր, uyr, քույր, mayr, մայր, նոր, amis, ամիս, wolf, green, yellow, red, black, three, nose, night, sister, mother, month, sewz, zerd, sûr, lût, şew, xoşk, dayik, nwê, mang, gur, kesk, zer, sor, sisê, poz, şev, xwîşk, meh, lewə, لېوٙه, لېوۀ, shin, zərghun, شِين, زٙرْغُون, zyaṛ, زْیَړ, sur, سُور, tor, تور, dre, دْرې, poza, پوزَه, shpa, ښْپَه, xor, خور, mor, مور, nəway, نٙوَی, نٙوَے, myâsht, مْیاشْت, gorg, گُرْگ, سَبْز, زَرْد, sorx, سُرْخ, siyāh, سِياه, سِه, bīnī, بِینِی, شَب, xwāhar, خْواهَر, mādar, مادَر, naw, نَو, māh, ماه, гург, сабз, зард, сурх, siyoh, сиёҳ, binī, бинӣ, шаб, xohar, хоҳар, modar, модар, nav, нав, moh, моҳ, refers, differs, purposes, conservative, retaining, disuse, position, vast, entered, fields, socioeconomics, technology, concepts, borrowed, introduction, justified, modernisation, necessary, subordination, achievement, comes, geographically, usual, late, 1980s, effort, replace, out, terminology, items, differ, adding, difficulty, intelligibility, vacuum, cleaner, čangkašak, چنگ, کشک, чангкашак, heater, garmkunak, گرم, کنک, гармкунак, fat, farbeh, فربه, фарбеҳ, tin, arziz, ارزیز, арзиз, čun, чун, far, until, dar, дар, upon, onto, bar, бар, across, exist, contextual, variants, thus, forming, irregular, plurals, definite, indefinite, positioned, before, joining, when, any, suffixes, formal, older, could, both, phrases, maintained, alone, morpheme, thank, god, xudoro, šukr, خدا, شکر, худоро, шукр, hit, zadam, рустамро, задам, yak, gon, гон, yon, they, gender, دار, conjugated, perfect, order, similar, notable, difference, construction, participle, истодан, cliticised, acт, ast, istodan, generally, falls, finite, adverbs, бале, yes, зеро, enclitics, zero, bale, least, respectively, trill, approximant, fricative, affricate, stop, nasal, glottal, uvular, velar, palatal, post, alv, alveolar, dental, labial, contrastive, pairs, voicing, consonant, reduced, syllables, usually, represents, end, instances, person, remaining, varyingly, described, analogous, standardly, forward, mouth, upward, merged, possibly, due, zarafshon, front, local, frequently, very, important, moment, development, contemporary, especially, tendency, change, prevalent, did, enjoy, popularity, prestige, politicians, officials, make, speeches, broadcasting, known, belongs, grouping, chiefly, inclusion, principally, differences, readily, southeastern, near, rushon, amu, darya, darvoz, rasht, zarafshan, varzob, roughly, divided, dominates, residents, scattered, urban, referred, citizens, instability, plagued, years, beyond, poor, economy, year, find, employment, ghazni, kunduz, mazar, sharif, kabul, gorno, during, supervised, head, party, stay, passports, agricultural, mountainous, movement, ended, 1924, sharof, rashidov, comprises, nation, who, reasons, identify, census, border, noted, diverge, considerably, cannot, day, defined, prominent, usage, strong, morphology, syntax, bilingualism, better, 1999, removed, growth, nationalism, enacted, declaring, throughout, addition, officially, equated, placing, gradual, reintroduction, 19th, separate, simply, term, derives, adopted, 20th, spelling, tadzhik, serves, diverged, even, standardisation, processes, city, proximity, retains, archaic, pronunciation, persophone, relative, mountains, administrative, 224, 651, itself, 550, 330, achaemenid, sasanian, closely, several, consider, own, right, whether, should, considered, single, discrete, mutually, continuum, pakistan, canada, sart, proper, instead, characters, introductory, unicode, marks, boxes, rendering, support, dark, sizeable, light, aac, taji1245, glottolog, codes, regulated, recognised, yañalif, historically, southwestern, family, ethnicity, nastaʿlīq, item, wikifunctions, projects, printable, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, information, permanent, general, actions, talk, 閩南語, bân, lâm, მარგალური, tiếng, việt, oʻzbekcha, ўзбекча, اردو, українська, ئۇيغۇرچە, uyghurche, удмурт, türkçe, tolışi, tagalog, ไทย, తెలుగు, தமிழ், kiswahili, svenska, српски, srpski, slovenščina, slovenčina, srpskohrvatski, српскохрватски, scots, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ, саха, тыла, ikinyarwanda, русский, română, runa, simi, português, پښتو, پنجابی, piemontèis, polski, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, ирон, bokmål, nynorsk, nederlands, plattdüütsch, مازِرونی, မြန်မာဘာသာ, melayu, मराठी, ꯃꯤꯇꯩ, ꯂꯣꯟ, монгол, മലയാളം, македонски, māori, олык, марий, malagasy, latviešu, lietuvių, nova, latina, кыргызча, коми, کٲشُر, 한국어, ភាសាខ្មែរ, қазақша, kumoring, ქართული, jawa, 日本語, italiano, íslenska, ilokano, indonesia, հայերեն, magyar, hornjoserbsce, hrvatski, fiji, हिन्दी, עברית, 客家語, hak, ngî, galego, gaeilge, nordfriisk, français, suomi, فارسی, euskara, eesti, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, zazaki, deutsch, dansk, чӑвашла, словѣньскъ, ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ, čeština, qırımtatarca, کوردی, нохчийн, català, bosanski, brezhoneg, বাংলা, भोजपुरी, български, тарашкевіца, تۆرکجه, azərbaycanca, asturianu, مصرى, العربية, अंगिका, አማርኛ, afrikaans, аԥсшәа, top, personal, special, learn, contribute, random, events, navigation, jump, content,
Text of the page (random words):
notable difference between classical persian grammar and tajik persian grammar is the construction of the present progressive tense in each language in tajik the present progressive form consists of a present progressive participle from the verb истодан istodan to stand and a cliticised form of the verb acт ast to be 7 ман man i мактуб maktub letter навишта navišta write истода ам istoda am be ман мактуб навишта истода ам man maktub navišta istoda am i letter write be i am writing a letter in iranian persian the present progressive form consists of the verb دار dār to have followed by a conjugated verb in either the simple present tense the habitual past tense or the habitual past perfect tense 44 من man i دارم dār am have کار kār work می کنم mē kun am do من دارم کار می کنم man dār am kār mē kun am i have work do i am working nouns edit nouns are not marked for grammatical gender although they are marked for number two forms of grammatical number exist in tajik singular and plural the plural is marked by either the suffix ҳо ho or он on with contextual variants ён yon and гон gon although arabic loan words do use arabic forms thus forming irregular plurals there is no definite article but the indefinite article exists in the form of the number one як yak and е e the first positioned before the noun and the second joining the noun as a suffix when a noun is used as a direct object it is marked by the suffix ро ro e g рустамро задам rustam ro zadam i hit rustam this direct object suffix is added to the word after any plural suffixes the form ро can be literary or formal in older forms of the persian language ро could indicate both direct and indirect objects and some phrases used in modern persian and tajik have maintained this suffix on indirect objects as seen in the following example худоро шукр خدا را شکر xudoro šukr thank god modern persian does not use the direct object marker as a suffix on the noun but rather as a stand alone morpheme 34 prepositions edit simple prepositions tajik english аз az from through across ба ba to бар bar on upon onto бе be without бо bo with дар dar at in то to up to as far as until чун čun like as vocabulary edit tajik is conservative in its vocabulary retaining numerous terms that have long since fallen into disuse in iran and afghanistan such as арзиз ارزیز arziz tin and фарбеҳ فربه farbeh fat most modern loan words in tajik come from russian as a result of tajikistan s position within the soviet union the vast majority of these russian loanwords have entered the tajik language through the fields of socioeconomics technology and government where most of the concepts and vocabulary have been borrowed from russian the introduction of russian loanwords into tajik was largely justified under soviet policy of modernisation and the necessary subordination of all languages to russian for the achievement of a communist state 45 vocabulary also comes from the geographically close uzbek language and as is usual in islamic countries from arabic since the late 1980s an effort has been made to replace loanwords with native equivalents using either old terms that had fallen out of use or coined terminology including from iranian persian many of the coined terms for modern items such as гармкунак گرم کنک garmkunak heater and чангкашак چنگ کشک čangkašak vacuum cleaner differ from their afghan and iranian equivalents adding to the difficulty in intelligibility between tajik and other forms of persian citation needed in the table below persian refers to the standard language of iran which differs somewhat from the dari persian of afghanistan two other iranian languages pashto and kurdish kurmanji and sorani have also been included for comparative purposes tajik моҳ moh нав nav модар modar хоҳар xohar шаб šab бинӣ binī се se сиёҳ siyoh сурх surx зард zard сабз sabz гург gurg other iranian languages persian ماه māh نَو naw now مادَر mādar خْواهَر xwāhar شَب šab بِینِی bīnī سِه si se سِياه siyāh سُرْخ surx sorx زَرْد zard سَبْز sabz گُرْگ gurg gorg pashto مْیاشْت myâsht نٙوَی نٙوَے nəway مور mor خور xor ښْپَه shpa پوزَه poza دْرې dre تور tor سُور sur زْیَړ zyaṛ شِين زٙرْغُون shin zərghun لېوٙه لېوۀ lewə kurdish kurmanji meh nû dê xwîşk şev poz sisê sê reş sor zer kesk gur kurdish sorani mang nwê dayik xoşk şew lût sê reş sûr zerd sewz gurg other indo european languages english month new mother sister night nose three black red yellow green wolf armenian ամիս amis նոր nor մայր mayr քույր k uyr գիշեր gišer քիթ k it երեք yerek սև sev կարմիր karmir դեղին deġin կանաչ kanač գայլ gayl sanskrit मास māsa नव nava मातृ mātr̥ स्वसृ svasr̥ नक्त nakta नास nāsa त्रि tri श्याम śyāma रुधिर rudhira पीत pīta हरित harita वृक vr̥ka russian месяц mesjac новый novyj мать matʹ сестра sestra ночь nočʹ нос nos три tri чёрный čërnyj красный рыжий krasnyj ryžij жёлтый žëltyj зелёный zelënyj волк volk writing system edit main article tajik alphabet tajik assr 1929 coat of arms with tajik language in perso arabic script جمهوريت اجتماعی شوروى مختار تاجيكستان current script ҷумҳурият иҷтимоӣ шӯравӣ мухтор тоҷикистон in tajikistan and other countries of the former soviet union tajik persian is currently written in the cyrillic script although it was written in the latin script from 1928 and in the arabic alphabet prior to 1928 in the tajik soviet socialist republic the use of the latin script was later replaced in 1939 by the cyrillic script 46 the tajik alphabet added six additional letters to the cyrillic script inventory and these additional letters are distinguished in tajik orthography by the use of diacritics 47 history edit according to many scholars the new persian language which subsequently evolved into the persian forms spoken in iran afghanistan and tajikistan developed in transoxiana and khorasan in what are today parts of afghanistan iran uzbekistan and tajikistan while new persian was descended primarily from middle persian it also incorporated substantial elements of other iranian languages of ancient central asia such as sogdian citation needed following the islamic conquest of iran and most of central asia in the 8th century ad arabic for a time became the court language and persian and other iranian languages were relegated to the private sphere in the 9th century ad following the rise of the samanids whose state was centred around the cities of bukhara buxoro samarqand and herat and covered much of uzbekistan tajikistan afghanistan and north eastern iran new persian emerged as the court language and swiftly displaced arabic new persian became the lingua franca of central asia for centuries although it eventually lost ground to the chaghatai language in much of its former domains as a growing number of turkic tribes moved into the region from the east since the 16th century ad tajik has come under increasing pressure from neighbouring turkic languages once spoken in areas of turkmenistan such as merv tajik is today virtually non existent in that country uzbek has also largely replaced tajik in most areas of modern uzbekistan the russian empire in particular implemented turkification among tajiks in ferghana and samarqand replacing the dominant language in those areas with uzbek 48 nevertheless tajik persisted in pockets notably in samarqand bukhara and surxondaryo region as well as in much of what is today tajikistan the creation of the tajik soviet socialist republic within the soviet union in 1929 helped to safeguard the future of tajik as it became an official language of the republic alongside russian still substantial numbers of tajik speakers remained outside the borders of the republic mostly in the neighbouring uzbek soviet socialist republic which created a source of tension between tajiks and uzbeks neither samarqand nor bukhara was included in the nascent tajik ssr despite their immense historical importance in tajik history after the creation of the tajik ssr a large number of ethnic tajiks from the uzbek ssr migrated there particularly to the region of the capital dushanbe exercising a substantial influence on the republic s political cultural and economic life the influence of this influx of ethnic tajik immigrants from the uzbek ssr is most prominently manifested in the fact that literary tajik is based on their north western dialects of the language rather than the central dialects that are spoken by the natives in the dushanbe region and adjacent areas after the fall of the soviet union and tajikistan s independence in 1991 the government of tajikistan has made substantial efforts to promote the use of tajik in all spheres of public and private life tajik is gaining ground among the once russified upper classes and continues its role as the vernacular of the majority of the country s population there has been a rise in the number of tajik publications increasing contact with media from iran and afghanistan after decades of isolation under the soviets as well as governmental orientation towards a persianization of the language have brought tajik and the other persian dialects closer together see also edit tajikistan portal language portal academy of persian language and literature bukhori judeo tajik dialect iranian peoples iranian studies list of persian poets and authors list of tajik musicians tajik alphabet surudi milli help ipa persian references edit notes endonym забони тоҷикӣ zaboni tojikī pronounced zɐˈbɔni tʰɔdʒiˈkʰi tajik форсии тоҷикӣ forsii tojikī pronounced fɔɾˈsiji tʰɔdʒiˈkʰi citations tajik language at ethnologue 28th ed 2025 tajik lazard g 1989 halimov 1974 30 31 gafforov 1979 33 studies pertaining to the association between tajik and persian include amanova 1991 kozlov 1949 lazard 1970 rozenfel d 1961 and wei mintz 1962 the following papers presentations focus on specific aspects of tajik and their historical modern persian counterparts cejpek 1956 jilraev 1962 lorenz 1961 1964 murav eva 1956 murav eva and rubinl ik 1959 ostrovskij 1973 and sadeghi 1991 1 2 3 ido shinji mahmoodi bakhtiari behrooz 2023 ido shinji mahmoodi bakhtiari behrooz eds tajik linguistics berlin boston de gruyter mouton doi 10 1515 9783110622799 isbn 978 3 11 062279 9 lazard gilbert 1975 the rise of the new persian language in frye r n the cambridge history of iran vol 4 pp 595 632 cambridge cambridge university press frye r n darī the encyclopaedia of islam brill publications cd version richard foltz a history of the tajiks iranians of the east london bloomsbury 2nd ed 2023 pp 2 5 the status of the russian language in tajikistan remains unchanged rahmon ria ria ru 22 october 2009 archived from the original on 2 october 2016 retrieved 30 september 2016 в таджикистане русскому языку вернули прежний статус lenta ru archived from the original on 5 september 2013 retrieved 13 september 2013 library international and area studies libguides dari language language history guides library illinois edu archived from the original on 2021 08 05 retrieved 2024 06 30 ben walter gendering human security in afghanistan in a time of western intervention routledge 2017 p 51 for more details see the article on tajik people foreign social science bibliographies series p 92 1965 in 1990 the russian language was declared as the official language of the ussr and the constituent republics had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions see article 4 of the law on languages of nations of ussr archived 2016 05 08 at the wayback machine in russian ed ehteshami 2002 p 219 ed malik 1996 p 274 banuazizi weiner 1994 p 33 siddikzoda sukhail august 2002 tajik language farsi or not farsi pdf media insight central asia no 27 archived from the original pdf on 13 june 2006 b rezvani ethno territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus central asia and fereydan appendix 4 tajik population in uzbekistan dissertation faculty of social and behavioural sciences university of amsterdam 2013 paul bergne the birth of tajikistan national identity and the origins of the republic international library of central asia studies i b tauris 2007 pg 106 ido shinji 2014 bukharan tajik journal of the international phonetic association 44 1 87 102 doi 10 1017 s002510031300011x foltz richard 2023 a history of the tajiks iranians of the east 2nd edition bloomsbury publishing p 190 isbn 978 0 7556 4964 8 uzbekistan the world factbook central intelligence agency 13 december 2007 retrieved on 2007 12 26 see for example the country report on uzbekistan released by the united states bureau of democracy human rights and labor here rahim masov the history of the clumsy delimitation irfon publ house dushanbe 1991 in russian english translation the history of a national catastrophe transl iraj bashiri 1996 rahim masov 1996 the history of a national catastrophe bashiri working papers on central asia and iran afghanistan v languages ch m kieffer encyclopædia iranica online ed retrieved 10 december 2010 persian 2 is the language most spoken in afghanistan the native tongue of twenty five percent of the population tajikistan s missing men tajikistan al jazeera 1 2 3 4 windfuhr gernot persian and tajik the iranian languages new york ny routledge 2009 421 e k sobirov institute of linguistics russian academy of sciences on learning the vocabulary of the tajik language in modern times p 115 1 2 3 4 khojayori nasrullo and mikael thompson tajiki reference grammar for beginners washington dc georgetown up 2009 a beginners guide to tajiki by azim baizoyev and john hayward routledge london and new york 2003 p 3 novák ľubomír 2013 problem of archaism and innovation in the eastern iranian languages phd dissertation prague univerzita karlova v praze filozofická fakulta archived from the original on 2022 08 14 retrieved 2024 07 05 lazard g 1956 perry j r 2005 nakanishi akira writing systems of the world korotkow m 2004 standard tajik phonology by shinji ido mouton de gruyter berlin 2023 ido shinji 2014 illustrations of the ipa bukharan tajik journal of the international phonetic association 44 87 102 cambridge university press perry j r 2005 windfuhr gernot persian grammar history and state of its study de gruyter 1979 trends in linguistics state of the art reports marashi mehdi jazayery mohammad ali 1994 persian studies in north america studies in honor of mohammad ali jazayery bethesda md iranbooks isbn 9780936347356 page needed windfuhr gernot persian and tajik the iranian languages new york ny routledge 2009 420 windfuhr gernot persian and tajik the iranian languages new york ny routledge 2009 423 kirill nourzhanov christian bleuer 8 october 2013 tajikistan a political and social history anu e press pp 22 isbn 978 1 925021 16 5 sources baizoyev azim hayward john 2004 a beginner s guide to tajiki london routledgecurzon isbn 0 415 31597 2 includes a tajiki english dictionary foltz richard 2023 a history of the tajiks iranians of the east 2nd edition bloomsbury publishing isbn 978 0 7556 4964 8 ido shinji 2005 tajik münchen lincom europa isbn 3 89586 31...
|
