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ted in numerous conflicts in the past including western sahara war and mauritania senegal border war and is currently involved in operation enduring freedom trans sahara mauritania was ranked 95th of 163 most peaceful country in the world according to the 2024 global peace index 84 administrative divisions edit main articles regions of mauritania and departments of mauritania the government bureaucracy is composed of traditional ministries special agencies and parastatal companies the ministry of interior spearheads a system of regional governors and prefects modeled on the french system of local administration under this system mauritania is divided into 15 regions wilaya or régions control is tightly concentrated in the executive branch of the central government but a series of national and municipal elections since 1992 have produced limited decentralization these regions are subdivided into 44 departments moughataa 85 the regions and capital district and their capitals are a clickable map of mauritania exhibiting its twelve regions and one capital district region capital adrar atar 1 assaba kiffa 2 brakna aleg 3 dakhlet nouadhibou nouadhibou 4 gorgol kaédi 5 guidimaka sélibaby 6 hodh ech chargui néma 7 hodh el gharbi ayoun el atrous 8 inchiri akjoujt 9 nouakchott nord dar naim 10 nouakchott ouest tevragh zeina 10 nouakchott sud arafat 10 tagant tidjikdja 11 tiris zemmour zouérat 12 trarza rosso 13 economy edit main articles economy of mauritania transport in mauritania list of power stations in mauritania and agriculture in mauritania camel market in nouakchott despite being rich in natural resources mauritania has a low gdp 86 a majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s 86 mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore which account for almost 50 of total exports gold and copper mining companies are opening mines in the interior such as firawa mine the country s gold production in 2015 was 9 metric tons 87 the country s first deepwater port opened near nouakchott in 1986 citation needed in recent years which drought and economic mismanagement have resulted in a buildup of foreign debt in march 1999 the government signed an agreement with a joint world bank international monetary fund mission on a 54 million enhanced structural adjustment facility esaf citation needed privatization remains one of the key issues mauritania is unlikely to meet esaf s annual gdp growth objectives of 4 5 citation needed oil was discovered in mauritania in 2001 in the offshore chinguetti field although potentially significant for the mauritanian economy its overall influence is difficult to predict mauritania has been described as a desperately poor desert nation which straddles the arab and african worlds and is africa s newest if small scale oil producer 88 there may be additional oil reserves inland in the taoudeni basin although the harsh environment will make extraction expensive 89 demographics edit main article demographics of mauritania population 90 91 year million 1950 0 7 2000 2 7 2021 4 6 as of 2021 update mauritania had a population of about 4 6 million with roughly a third concentrated in the capital and largest city nouakchott on the atlantic coast the local population is composed of three main ethnicities bidhan or white moors haratin or black moors 92 and sub saharans the population is 40 haratin 30 bidhan and 30 others mostly black sub saharans local statistics bureau estimations indicate that the bidhan represent around 30 of citizens the majority of the country speaks hassaniya arabic the bidhan are of mixed arab berber descent while the haratin are a distinct ethnic group believed to be descended from ancient saharans 93 they are descendants of the original inhabitants of the tassili n ajjer and acacus mountain sites from the epipalaeolithic era 94 95 the remaining 30 of the population largely consists of various ethnic groups of west african descent such as the niger congo speaking halpulaar fulbe soninke bambara and wolof 1 largest cities edit main article list of cities in mauritania v t e largest cities or towns in mauritania national agency for statistics demographic and economic analysis 2023 census rank name region pop rank name region pop 1 nouakchott nouakchott 1 446 761 11 adel bagrou hodh ech chargui 37 048 2 nouadhibou dakhlet nouadhibou 173 525 12 aïoun el atrous hodh el gharbi 36 517 3 kiffa assaba 84 101 13 hamed assaba 36 448 4 vassala hodh ech chargui 79 508 14 tintane hodh el gharbi 35 995 5 kaédi gorgol 62 790 15 atar adrar 35 171 6 zouérat tiris zemmour 62 380 16 néma hodh ech chargui 35 042 7 rosso trarza 61 156 17 gouraye guidimagha 35 021 8 boghé brakna 50 205 18 timbédra hodh ech chargui 34 244 9 sélibaby guidimagha 44 966 19 voum legleita gorgol 33 314 10 guerou assaba 40 315 20 boutilimit trarza 32 347 religion edit main articles religion in mauritania islam in mauritania and freedom of religion in mauritania mauritania religions 1 islam 99 9 christianity 0 1 saudi mosque in nouakchott mauritania is almost 100 muslim with most inhabitants adhering to the sunni denomination 1 the sufi orders the tijaniyah and the qadiriyyah have great influence not only in the country but in morocco algeria senegal and other neighboring countries as well the roman catholic diocese of nouakchott founded in 1965 serves the 4 500 catholics in mauritania mostly foreign residents from west africa and europe in 2020 the number of christians in mauritania was estimated at 10 000 96 there are extreme restrictions on freedom of religion and belief in mauritania it is one of the few countries in the world that criminalize and punish atheism with capital punishment 97 the state religion is islam which is reflected in the country s socio cultural norms on 27 april 2018 the national assembly passed a law that makes the death penalty mandatory for anyone convicted of blasphemous speech or acts deemed sacrilegious the new law eliminates the possibility under article 306 of substituting prison terms for the death penalty for certain apostasy related crimes if the offender promptly repents the law also provides for a sentence of up to two years in prison and a fine of up to 600 000 ouguiyas about 14 600 for offending public indecency and islamic values and for breaching allah s prohibitions or assisting in their breach 98 languages edit main article languages of mauritania arabic is the official language of mauritania the local spoken variety known as hassaniya contains many berber words and significantly differs from the modern standard arabic that is used for official communication arabic pulaar soninke and wolof are the four national languages 1 despite no longer having official status french is often used in administration schools media and business 99 100 101 health edit main article health in mauritania a family in the adrar plateau as of 2011 life expectancy at birth was 61 14 years 1 per capita expenditure on health was us 43 ppp in 2004 102 public expenditure was 2 of the gdp in 2004 and private 0 9 of the gdp in 2004 102 in the early 21st century there were 11 physicians per 100 000 people 102 infant mortality is 60 42 deaths 1 000 live births 2011 estimate 102 the obesity rate among mauritanian women is high in part due to the traditional standards of beauty in some regions where forced feeding practices such as the leblouh gavage in french encourage weight gain and obese women are considered beautiful while thin women are considered sickly 103 education edit main article education in mauritania since 1999 all teaching in the first year of primary school is in modern standard arabic french is introduced in the second year and is used to teach all scientific courses 104 the use of english is increasing 105 mauritania has the university of nouakchott and other institutions of higher education but the majority of highly educated mauritanians have studied outside the country public expenditure on education was at 10 1 of 2000 2007 government expenditure 102 mauritania was ranked 131st out of 139 in the global innovation index in 2025 106 107 human rights edit main articles human rights in mauritania and lgbtq rights in mauritania mauritanian blogger and political prisoner mohamed cheikh ould mkhaitir the abdallahi government was widely perceived as corrupt restricting access to information sexism racism female genital mutilation child labor human trafficking and the political marginalization of largely southern based ethnic groups continued to be problems 108 homosexuality is illegal and a capital offense in mauritania 109 following the 2008 coup the military government of mauritania faced severe international sanctions and internal unrest amnesty international accused it of practicing coordinated torture of criminal and political detainees 110 amnesty has accused the mauritanian legal system both before and after the 2008 coup of functioning with complete disregard for legal procedure fair trial or humane imprisonment the organization has said that the mauritanian government has practiced institutionalized and continuous use of torture throughout its post independence history under all its leaders 111 112 113 amnesty international in 2008 alleged that torture was common in mauritania stating that its usage is deeply anchored in the culture of the security forces which use it as a system of investigation and repression forms of torture employed include cigarette burns electric shocks and sexual violence stated amnesty international 114 115 in 2014 the united states department of state identified torture by mauritanian law enforcement as one of the central human rights problems in the country 116 juan e méndez an independent expert on human rights from the united nations reported in 2016 that legal protections against torture were present but not applied in mauritania pointing to an almost total absence of investigations into allegations of torture 117 118 according to the u s state department 2010 human rights report 119 abuses in mauritania include mistreatment of detainees and prisoners security force impunity lengthy pretrial detention harsh prison conditions arbitrary arrest and detentions limits on freedom of the press and assembly corruption discrimination against women female genital mutilation fgm child marriage political marginalization of southern based ethnic groups racial and ethnic discrimination slavery and slavery related practices and child labor initiatives such as the united nations development programme undp aim to address these human rights violations in line with the sustainable development goals through the improvements to the blue economy and green energy transition the undp strives to create employment opportunities particularly for youth and women who are underrepresented in the mauritanian job market 120 modern slavery edit main article slavery in mauritania slavery persists in mauritania despite it being outlawed 40 it is a holdover from a historical caste system resulting in descent based slavery 40 121 it is estimated that those enslaved are generally darker skinned haratin with their owners often being lighter skinned moors 121 however slavery also exists among the sub saharan part of the population with some sub saharan mauritanians owning slaves of the same skin color as them and some estimates even stating that slavery is currently more widespread in the south of the country 122 in 1905 the french colonial administration declared an end of slavery in mauritania to very little effect 123 mauritania ratified in 1961 the forced labour convention having already enshrined abolition of slavery albeit implicitly in its 1959 constitution 122 although nominally abolished in 1981 by presidential decree a criminal law against the ownership of slaves was enacted only in 2007 the u s state department 2010 human rights report states government efforts were not sufficient to enforce the antislavery law no cases have been successfully prosecuted under the antislavery law despite the fact that de facto slavery exists in mauritania 119 in 2012 it was estimated by a cnn documentary that 10 to 20 of the population of mauritania between 340 000 and 680 000 people live in slavery 124 that estimation is however considered by several academics to be grossly overstated 122 modern day slavery still exists in different forms in mauritania 125 according to some estimates thousands of mauritanians are still enslaved 126 127 128 a 2012 cnn report slavery s last stronghold documents the ongoing slave owning cultures 129 this social discrimination is applied chiefly against the black moors haratin in the northern part of the country where tribal elites among white moors bidh an hassaniya speaking arabs and arabized berbers hold sway 130 slavery practices exist also within the sub saharan african ethnic groups of the south in 2012 a government minister stated that slavery no longer exists in mauritania 131 however according to the walk free foundation s global slavery index there were an estimated 90 000 enslaved people in mauritania in 2018 or around 2 of the population 132 obstacles to ending slavery in mauritania include the difficulty of enforcing any laws in the country s vast desert 124 poverty that limits opportunities for slaves to support themselves if freed 124 belief that slavery is part of the natural order of society 124 culture edit see also mauritanian cuisine mass media in mauritania and music of mauritania mauritania s culture reflects a blend of arab berber african and islamic influences shaped by centuries of trans saharan exchange daily life and social customs vary across ethnic groups islam forms a unifying cultural foundation qur an collection in a library in chinguetti traditional arts and handicrafts edit mauritanian craftsmanship is renowned for its metalwork leatherwork and textiles tuareg and mauritanian silversmiths maintain long standing traditions of berber jewelry design producing ornate pieces worn by both men and women leatherwork including bags saddles cushions and tent decorations remains an important nomadic craft traditionally produced by women loom woven fabrics especially the melfa a long cloth worn by women are also culturally significant tuareg and mauritanian silversmiths have developed traditions of traditional berber jewelry and metalwork that have been worn by mauritanian women and men according to studies of tuareg and mauritanian jewelry the latter are usually more embellished and may carry typical pyramidal elements 133 music edit music in mauritania is structured around modal systems known as al igga performed by hereditary musicians called iggāwen the tidinit a lute ardin a harp like instrument played by women and various percussion instruments form the core of mauritanian musical ensemb...
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