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norsk bokmål occitan polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt yorùbá 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia roman emperor from 283 to 284 numerian antoninianus of numerian roman emperor augustus caesar july 283 november 284 282 july 283 predecessor carus successor diocletian co emperors carinus 283 284 died november 284 emesa spouse daughter of arrius aper names marcus aurelius numerius numerianus marcus aurelius numerianus nobilissimus caesar 282 1 regnal name imperator caesar marcus aurelius numerianus augustus 1 father carus numerian latin marcus aurelius numerius numerianus 2 died november 284 was roman emperor from 283 to 284 with his older brother carinus they were sons of carus a general raised to the office of praetorian prefect under emperor probus in 282 3 early life and carus reign edit possible portrait head of numerian in the museum of fine arts boston 4 numerian was the younger son of carus 3 in 282 the legions of the upper danube in raetia and noricum proclaimed as emperor numerian s father the praetorian prefect marcus aurelius carus after a mutiny against the emperor probus in which the latter was killed 5 by one account carus had himself rebelled against the emperor and probus army stationed in sirmium sremska mitrovica serbia decided they did not wish to fight carus and assassinated their emperor instead 6 according to the historia augusta carus was not responsible for probus s death and inflicted severe punishment upon the murderers 7 carus already sixty wished to establish a dynasty 8 and immediately elevated carinus and numerian to the rank of caesar 9 in 283 carus left carinus in charge of the west and moved with numerian and his praetorian prefect arrius aper to the east to wage war against the sassanid empire the sassanids had been embroiled in a succession dispute since the death of shapur and were in no position to oppose carus advance 10 11 according to zonaras eutropius and festus carus won a major victory against the persians taking seleucia and the sassanid capital of ctesiphon near modern al mada in iraq cities on opposite banks of the tigris 12 in celebration numerian carus and carinus all took the title persici maximi 13 carus died in july or early august of 283 3 allegedly due to a strike of lightning 14 numerian and carinus as augusti edit the death of carus left numerian and carinus as the new augusti carinus quickly made his way to rome from gaul arriving in january 284 while numerian lingered in the east 15 the roman retreat from persia was orderly and unopposed for the persian king bahram ii was still struggling to establish his authority 16 by march 284 numerian had only reached emesa homs in syria by november only asia minor 17 in emesa he was apparently still alive and in good health as he issued the only extant rescript in his name there 18 coins were issued in his name in cyzicus at some time before the end of 284 but it is impossible to know whether he was still in the public eye by that point 19 after emesa numerian s staff including the prefect aper reported that numerian suffered from an inflammation of the eyes and had to travel in a closed coach 20 when the army reached bithynia 15 or thrace 21 some of numerian s soldiers smelled an odor reminiscent of a decaying corpse emanating from the coach 16 they opened its curtains and found numerian dead 22 after numerian s death edit aper officially broke the news of numerian s death in nicomedia i̇zmit in november 284 23 and the discovery which the prefect attempted to conceal as due to the forwardness of the soldiery who forced open the imperial tent to investigate for themselves the situation of their invisible monarch 21 numerian s generals and tribunes called a council for the succession which met at chalcedon across the bosphorus where they chose as emperor diocletian commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard 24 despite aper s attempts to garner support 23 the army of the east unanimously saluted their new augustus diocletian accepted the purple imperial vestments and raised his sword to the light of the sun swearing an oath denying responsibility for numerian s death he asserted that aper had killed numerian and concealed the deed in full view of the army diocletian then turned and killed aper who had been hauled bound before the assembly 25 character edit according to the historia augusta numerian was a man of considerable literary attainments remarkably amiable and known as a great orator and poet allegedly the senate raised him a statue inscribed to the most powerful of orators 26 citations edit 1 2 cooley alison e 2012 the cambridge manual of latin epigraphy cambridge university press p 501 isbn 978 0 521 84026 2 jones martindale morris p 634 1 2 3 leadbetter carus portraiture of emperor numerian rome101 com retrieved 26 march 2023 barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 leadbetter carus odahl constantine and the christian empire p 39 southern severus to constantine p 132 williams diocletian p 32 barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 odahl constantine and the christian empire p 39 southern severus to constantine p 132 edward gibbon the decline and fall of the roman empire the modern library 1932 ch xii pp 291 292 odahl constantine and the christian empire p 39 southern severus to constantine p 132 williams diocletian p 32 barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 odahl constantine and the christian empire p 39 williams diocletian p 32 leadbetter carus odahl constantine and the christian empire p 39 gibbon pp 294 295 zonaras 12 30 eutropius 9 14 1 festus 24 barnes constantine and eusebius 4 leadbetter carus odahl constantine and the christian empire p 39 potter the roman empire at bay p 279 williams diocletian p 33 barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 leadbetter carus barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 leadbetter carus odahl constantine and the christian empire p 39 southern severus to constantine p 133 williams diocletian pp 33 34 1 2 barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 1 2 southern severus to constantine p 133 barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 leadbetter numerianus codex justinianeus 5 52 2 leadbetter numerianus potter the roman empire at bay p 279 roman imperial coinage 5 2 numerian no 462 potter the roman empire at bay pp 279 80 leadbetter numerianus 1 2 gibbon p 301 barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 leadbetter numerianus odahl constantine and the christian empire p 39 williams diocletian p 35 1 2 potter the roman empire at bay p 280 barnes constantine and eusebius p 4 barnes new empire p 31 bowman diocletian p 68 mathisen diocletian williams diocletian p 33 35 36 barnes constantine and eusebius pp 4 5 leadbetter numerian odahl constantine and the christian empire pp 39 40 williams diocletian p 37 gibbon p 300 references edit primary sources edit aurelius victor epitome de caesaribus eutropius breviarium ab urbe condita historia augusta life of carus carinus and numerian joannes zonaras compendium of history extract zonaras alexander severus to diocletian 222 284 secondary sources edit barnes timothy d constantine and eusebius cambridge massachusetts harvard university press 1981 isbn 978 0 674 16531 1 barnes timothy d the new empire of diocletian and constantine cambridge massachusetts harvard university press 1982 isbn 0 7837 2221 4 bowman alan k diocletian and the first tetrarchy in the cambridge ancient history volume xii the crisis of empire edited by alan bowman averil cameron and peter garnsey 67 89 cambridge university press 2005 isbn 0 521 30199 8 jones a h m j r martindale j morris 1971 the prosopography of the later roman empire volume 1 a d 260 395 cambridge university press isbn 0 521 07233 6 leadbetter william carus 282 283 a d de imperatoribus romanis 2001a accessed 16 february 2008 leadbetter william numerianus 283 284 a d de imperatoribus romanis 2001b accessed 16 february 2008 leadbetter william carinus 283 285 a d de imperatoribus romanis 2001c accessed 16 february 2008 mathisen ralph w diocletian 284 305 a d de imperatoribus romanis 1997 accessed 16 february 2008 potter david s the roman empire at bay ad 180 395 new york routledge 2005 hardcover isbn 0 415 10057 7 paperback isbn 0 415 10058 5 southern pat the roman empire from severus to constantine new york routledge 2001 isbn 0 415 23944 3 williams stephen diocletian and the roman recovery new york routledge 1997 isbn 0 415 91827 8 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to numerian leadbetter william numerianus 283 284 a d dir 2001 regnal titles preceded by carus roman emperor 283 284 with carinus succeeded by carinus until 285 and diocletian political offices preceded by carus carinus consul of the roman empire 284 with carinus succeeded by diocletian titus claudius aurelius aristobulus v t e roman and byzantine emperors and empresses regnant principate 27 bc ad 235 augustus tiberius caligula claudius nero galba otho vitellius vespasian titus domitian nerva trajan hadrian antoninus pius marcus aurelius lucius verus commodus pertinax didius julianus septimius severus caracalla geta macrinus w diadumenian elagabalus severus alexander crisis 235 284 maximinus i gordian i gordian ii pupienus balbinus gordian iii philip i w philip ii decius w herennius etruscus licinian trebonianus gallus w hostilian volusianus aemilianus silbannacus valerian gallienus w saloninus claudius ii quintillus aurelian tacitus florianus probus carus carinus numerian later roman empire 284 641 diocletian maximian galerius constantius i severus ii constantine i maxentius domitius alexander licinius maximinus ii valerius valens martinian constantine ii constantius ii constans i magnentius nepotianus vetranio julian jovian valentinian i valens procopius gratian theodosius i valentinian ii magnus maximus w victor eugenius western empire 395 476 honorius constantine iii w constans ii priscus attalus constantius iii joannes valentinian iii petronius maximus avitus majorian severus iii anthemius olybrius glycerius julius nepos romulus augustulus eastern empire 395 641 arcadius theodosius ii marcian leo i leo ii zeno basiliscus w marcus anastasius i justin i justinian i justin ii tiberius ii constantine maurice w theodosius phocas heraclius eastern byzantine empire 641 1453 constantine iii heraclonas w tiberius constans ii constantine iv w heraclius tiberius justinian ii leontius tiberius iii justinian ii w tiberius iv philippicus anastasius ii theodosius iii leo iii constantine v artabasdos w nikephoros leo iv constantine vi irene nikephoros i staurakios michael i rangabe w theophylact staurakios leo v w constantine michael ii theophilos w constantine michael iii w thekla basil i w constantine leo vi alexander constantine vii romanos i lekapenos w christopher romanos stephen constantine lekapenos romanos ii nikephoros ii phokas john i tzimiskes basil ii constantine viii zoe romanos iii argyros michael iv michael v constantine ix monomachos theodora michael vi bringas isaac i komnenos constantine x doukas eudokia makrembolitissa romanos iv diogenes w leo nikephoros michael vii doukas w andronikos konstantios constantine doukas nikephoros iii botaneiates alexios i komnenos john ii komnenos w alexios manuel i komnenos alexios ii komnenos andronikos i komnenos w john isaac ii angelos alexios iii angelos john komnenos alexios iv angelos alexios v doukas theodore i laskaris w nicholas john iii vatatzes theodore ii laskaris john iv doukas laskaris michael viii palaiologos andronikos ii palaiologos w irene michael ix palaiologos andronikos iii palaiologos john v palaiologos w anna john vi kantakouzenos w matthew andronikos iv palaiologos john vii palaiologos w andronikos v manuel ii palaiologos john viii palaiologos constantine xi palaiologos related gallic emperors 260 274 palmyrene emperors 271 273 britannic emperors 286 296 trapezuntine emperors 1204 1461 thessalonian emperors 1224 1242 empresses augustae usurpers classical eastern italics indicates a junior co emperor underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper v t e pharaohs protodynastic to first intermediate period 3150 2040 bc period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain protodynastic pre 3150 bc lower hedju hor ny hor ni neith hat hor pu hsekiu khayu tiu thesh neheb wazner mekh a double falcon wash upper a finger snail fish elephant stork taurus scorpion i crocodile iry hor ka scorpion ii narmer menes early dynastic 3150 2686 bc i narmer menes hor aha djer djet den anedjib semerkhet qa a sneferka horus bird ii hotepsekhemwy nebra nynetjer ba nubnefer horus sa weneg wadjenes senedj seth peribsen sekhemib perenmaat neferkare i neferkasokar hudjefa i khasekhemwy old kingdom 2686 2181 bc iii djoser sekhemkhet sanakht nebka khaba sedjes qahedjet huni iv sneferu khufu djedefre khafre bikheris menkaure shepseskaf thamphthis v userkaf sahure neferirkare kakai neferefre shepseskare nyuserre ini menkauhor kaiu djedkare isesi unas vi teti userkare pepi i meryre merenre nemtyemsaf i pepi ii neferkare merenre nemtyemsaf ii netjerkare siptah neferka 1 st intermediate 2181 2040 bc vii viii menkare neferkare ii neferkare neby djedkare shemai neferkare khendu merenhor neferkamin nikare neferkare tereru neferkahor neferkare pepiseneb neferkamin anu qakare ibi neferkaure neferkauhor neferirkare wadjkare khuiqer khui iytjenu ix meryibre khety neferkare vii nebkaure khety setut imhotep x meryhathor neferkare viii wahkare khety merikare middle kingdom and second intermediate period 2040 1550 bc period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain middle kingdom 2040 1802 bc xi mentuhotep i intef i intef ii intef iii mentuhotep ii mentuhotep iii mentuhotep iv nubia segerseni qakare ini iyibkhentre xii amenemhat i senusret i amenemhat ii senusret ii senusret iii amenemhat iii amenemhat iv sobekneferu seankhibtawy seankhibra 2 nd intermediate 1802 1550 bc xiii sekhemre khutawy sobekhotep sekhemkare amenemhat senebef nerikare sekhemkare ameny qemau hotepibre iufni amenemhat vi semenkare nebnuni sehetepibre sewadjkare nedjemibre khaankhre sobekhotep renseneb hor awibre sekhemrekhutawy khabaw djedkheperew sebkay sedjefakare kay amenemhat vii wegaf khendjer imyremeshaw sehetepkare intef seth meribre sobekhotep iii neferhotep i sihathor sobekhotep iv merhotepre sobekhotep khahotepre sobekhotep vi wahibre ibiau merneferre ay merhotepre ini sankhenre sewadjtu mersekhemre ined sewadjkare hori merkawre sobekhotep mershepsesre ini ii sewahenre senebmiu merkheperre merkare sewadja...
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