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ction 6 1 infrastructure 6 2 industrial growth 6 3 energy 6 4 agriculture 7 culture toggle culture subsection 7 1 literature 7 2 cuisine 7 3 cinema 7 4 music 7 5 festivals 7 6 diffusion of culture 8 tourism toggle tourism subsection 8 1 museums and memorials 8 2 religious sites 8 3 fairs 9 transport toggle transport subsection 9 1 air 9 2 rail 9 3 sea 9 4 road 10 education and research toggle education and research subsection 10 1 universities 10 2 research 11 notable people 12 organised crime 13 sister states 14 see also 15 citations 16 general and cited sources 17 further reading 18 external links toggle the table of contents gujarat 139 languages acèh afrikaans አማርኛ aragonés ænglisc अंगिका العربية مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu अवधी azərbaycanca تۆرکجه basa bali беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български भोजपुरी বাংলা བོད ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী brezhoneg català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн cebuano کوردی čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français nordfriisk frysk gaeilge galego गोंयची कोंकणी gõychi konknni ગુજરાતી hausa 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski hornjoserbsce magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული kumoring ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر latina лезги ladin lietuvių latviešu मगही मैथिली malagasy македонски മലയാളം монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ kapampangan polski پنجابی پښتو português română русский संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ scots سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย türkmençe tagalog tolışi toki pona türkçe татарча tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש yorùbá 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikinews wikiquote wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 23 13 12 n 72 39 18 e 23 220 n 72 655 e 23 220 72 655 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia state in western india this article is about the state in india for other uses see gujrat disambiguation state in west india india gujarat state rani ki vav statue of unity somnath temple dwarkadhish temple great rann of kutch girnar navaratri sasan gir lakshmi vilas palace surat diamond bourse sabarmati riverfront shatrunjaya temple complex emblem of gujarat nickname jewel of western india motto satyameva jayate sanskrit truth alone triumphs anthem jai jai garavi gujarat gujarati victory to proud gujarat 1 location of gujarat in india coordinates 23 13 12 n 72 39 18 e 23 220 n 72 655 e 23 220 72 655 country india region west india previously was bombay state formation by bifurcation 1 may 1960 capital gandhinagar largest city ahmedabad largest metro ahmedabad districts 34 government body government of gujarat governor acharya devvrat chief minister bhupendrabhai patel bjp deputy chief minister harsh sanghavi bjp area total 196 024 km 2 75 685 sq mi rank 5th dimensions length 590 km 370 mi width 500 km 310 mi highest elevation girnar 2 1 145 m 3 757 ft lowest elevation arabian sea 0 m 0 ft population 2011 total 60 439 692 rank 9th density 308 km 2 800 sq mi urban 42 6 rural 57 4 demonym gujarati 3 language official gujarati 4 5 official script gujarati script devanagari script gdp 6 total 2026 2027 3 324 676 crore us 350 billion rank 4th per capita 371 016 us 3 900 9th time zone utc 05 30 ist iso 3166 code in gj vehicle registration gj hdi 2023 0 686 medium 7 25th literacy 2024 84 6 8 20th sex ratio 2011 919 1000 9 16th website gujaratindia gov in symbols of gujarat foundation day gujarat day bird greater flamingo fish blackspotted croaker 10 flower marigold 11 fruit mango 12 mammal asiatic lion 11 tree banyan 11 state highway mark state highway of gujarat gj sh1 gj sh173 list of indian state symbols the state of bombay was divided into two states i e maharashtra and gujarat by the bombay reorganisation act 1960 gujarat gujarati gujarāt pronounced ˈɡudʒəɾaːt ⓘ is a state along the western coast of india its coastline of about 2 340 km 1 450 mi is the longest in the country most of which lies on the kathiawar peninsula gujarat is the fifth largest indian state by area covering some 196 024 km 2 75 685 mi 2 and the ninth most populous state with a population of 60 4 million in 2011 it is bordered by rajasthan to the northeast dadra and nagar haveli and daman and diu to the south maharashtra to the southeast madhya pradesh to the east and the arabian sea and the pakistani province of sindh to the west gujarat s capital city is gandhinagar while its largest city is ahmedabad 13 the gujaratis are indigenous to the state and their language gujarati is the state s official language gujarat state encompasses 23 sites of the ancient indus valley civilisation more than any other state the most important sites are lothal the world s first dry dock dholavira the fifth largest site and gola dhoro where five uncommon seals were found lothal is believed to have been one of the world s first seaports 14 gujarat s coastal cities chiefly bharuch and khambhat 15 served as ports and trading centres during the maurya and gupta empires and during the succession of royal saka dynasties in the western satraps era 16 17 along with bihar mizoram and nagaland gujarat is one of four indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol 18 the gir national park in gujarat is home to the only wild population of the asiatic lion in the world 19 gujarat is regarded as one of the most industrialised states and has a low unemployment rate 20 the economy of gujarat is the fourth largest in india with a gross state domestic product gsdp of 33 24 trillion us 350 billion and has the country s ninth highest gsdp per capita of 371 000 us 3 900 21 gujarat has the highest exports of all states accounting for around one third of national exports 22 it ranks 21st among indian states and union territories in human development index 23 the world s largest data center will also be built in jamnagar gujarat by reliance industries 24 the state has one of the lowest crime rates with ahmedabad vadodara and surat crowned among the five safest cities in india 25 26 etymology parts of modern rajasthan and gujarat were known as the gurjarat or gurjaradesha region for centuries before the mughal period 27 it is generally believed that the region derived its name from the gurjars 28 29 history main article history of gujarat ancient history gujarat was one of the main central areas of the indus valley civilisation which was spread across modern day northern india and pakistan 30 it contains ancient metropolitan cities from the indus valley civilisation such as lothal dholavira and gola dhoro 31 the ancient city of lothal was where india s first port was established 14 the ancient city of dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in india belonging to the indus valley civilisation the most recent discovery was gola dhoro altogether about fifty indus valley settlement ruins have been discovered in gujarat 32 indus valley civilisation dholavira one of the largest cities of indus valley civilisation with stepwell steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs 33 archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at lothal the ancient history of gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants there is clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with egypt bahrain and sumer in the persian gulf during the time period of 1000 to 750 bce 32 34 there was a succession of various polities such as the mauryan dynasty satavahana dynasty gupta empire gurjara pratihara empire as well as regional ones such as the western satraps the kingdom of valabhi the kingdom of gujarat the sultanate of gujarat and finally the kingdom of baroda the early history of gujarat includes the imperial grandeur of chandragupta maurya who conquered a number of earlier states in what is now gujarat pushyagupta a vaishya was appointed the governor of saurashtra by the mauryan regime he ruled girinagar modern day junagadh 322 bce to 294 bce and built a dam on the sudarshan lake emperor ashoka the great the grandson of chandragupta maurya not only ordered his edicts engraved in the rock at junagadh but also asked governor tusherpha to cut canals from the lake where an earlier indian governor had built a dam between the decline of mauryan power and saurashtra coming under the sway of the samprati mauryas of ujjain there was an indo greek defeat in gujarat of demetrius in 16th century manuscripts there is an apocryphal story of a merchant of king gondophares landing in gujarat with apostle thomas the incident of the cup bearer torn apart by a lion might indicate that the port city described is in gujarat 35 36 for nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century ce saka rulers played a prominent part in gujarat s history the weather beaten rock at junagadh gives a glimpse of the ruler rudradaman i 100 ce of the saka satraps known as western satraps or kshatraps mahakshatrap rudradaman i founded the kardamaka dynasty which ruled from anupa on the banks of the narmada up to the aparanta region bordering punjab in gujarat several battles were fought between the indian dynasties such as the satavahana dynasty and the western satraps the greatest and the mightiest ruler of the satavahana dynasty was gautamiputra satakarni who defeated the western satraps and conquered some parts of gujarat in the 2nd century ce 37 the kshatrapa dynasty was replaced by the gupta empire with the conquest of gujarat by chandragupta vikramaditya vikramaditya s successor skandagupta left an inscription 450 ce on a rock at junagadh which gives details of the governor s repairs to the embankment surrounding sudarshan lake after it was damaged by floods the anarta and saurashtra regions were both parts of the gupta empire towards the middle of the 5th century the gupta empire went into decline senapati bhatarka the general of the guptas took advantage of the situation and in 470 set up the kingdom of valabhi he shifted his capital from giringer to valabhi near bhavnagar on saurashtra s east coast the maitrakas of vallabhi became very powerful with their rule prevailing over large parts of gujarat and adjoining malwa a university was set up by the maitrakas which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the noted nalanda university it was during the rule of dhruvasena maitrak that chinese philosopher traveler xuanzang i tsing visited in 640 along the silk road 38 gujarat was known to the ancient greeks and was familiar with other western centres of civilisation through the end of the european middle ages the oldest written record of gujarat s 2 000 year maritime history is documented in a greek book titled the periplus of the erythraean sea travel and trade in the indian ocean by a merchant of the first century 39 40 medieval history sun temple of modhera with stepwell surrounding the kunda tank was built by bhima i king of gujarat in 1026 it is one of the finest examples of stepwell architecture of gujarat in the early 8th century the arabs of the umayyad caliphate established an empire in the name of the rising religion of islam which stretched from spain in the west to afghanistan and modern day pakistan in the east al junaid the successor of qasim finally subdued the hindu resistance within sindh and established a secure base the arab rulers tried to expand their empire southeast which culminated in the caliphate campaigns in india fought in 730 they were defeated and expelled west of the indus river probably by a coalition of the indian rulers nagabhata i of the gurjara pratihara dynasty vikramaditya ii of the chalukya dynasty and bappa rawal of the guhila dynasty after this victory the arab invaders were driven out of gujarat general pulakeshin a chalukya prince of lata received the title avanijanashraya refuge of the people of the earth and honorific of repeller of the unrepellable by the chalukya emperor vikramaditya ii for his victory at the battle at navsari where the arab troops suffered a crushing defeat 41 in the late 8th century the kannauj triangle period started the three major indian dynasties the northwestern indian gurjara pratihara dynasty the southern indian rashtrakuta dynasty and the eastern indian pala empire dominated india from the 8th to 10th centuries during this period the northern part of gujarat was ruled by the northern indian gurjara pratihara dynasty and the southern part of gujarat was ruled by the southern indian rashtrakuta dynasty 42 however the earliest epigraphical records of the gurjars of broach attest that the royal bloodline of the gurjara pratihara dynasty of dadda i ii and iii 650 750 ruled south gujarat 43 southern gujarat was ruled by the indian rashtrakuta dynasty until it was captured by the indian ruler tailapa ii of the western chalukya empire 44 zoroastrians from greater iran migrated to the western borders of india gujarat and sindh during the 8th or 10th century 45 to avoid persecution by muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering iran the descendants of those zoroastrian refugees came to be known as the parsi 46 47 48 49 subsequently lāṭa in southern gujarat was ruled by the rashtrakuta dynasty until it was captured by the western chalukya ruler tailapa ii 44 50 the chaulukya dynasty 51 ruled the kingdom of gujarat from 960 to 1243 gujarat was a major center of indian ocean trade and their capital at anhilwara patan was one of the largest cities in india with a population estimated at 100 000 in the year 1000 under the rule of subhatvarman 1194 1209 ce a parmara ruler in central india jainism faced hardships as a result of the ruler s animosity towards the religion 52 subhatavarman attacked gujarat and plundered large number of jain temples in dabhoi and cambay in 11th century 53 subhatavarman during his campaigns in lata destroyed numerous jain temples 52 after 1243 the solankis lost control of gujarat to their feudatories of whom the vaghela chiefs of dholka came to rule the kingdom of gujarat in 1292 the vaghelas became tributaries of the yadava dynasty of devagiri in the deccan karandev of the vaghela dynasty was the last hindu ruler of gujarat he was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of alauddin khalji from delhi in 1297 with his defeat gujarat became part of the delhi sultanate and the rajput hold over gujarat would never be restored fragments o...
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