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s a history of the popes yale university press isbn 978 0 300 07332 4 durant william james 1980 1950 the story of civilization vol iv the age of faith a history of medieval civilization christian islamic and judaic from constantine to dante a d 325 1300 new york simon schuster isbn 978 0 671 01200 7 durant william james 1980 1957 the story of civilization vol vi the reformation new york simon schuster isbn 978 0 671 61050 0 franzen august dolan john 1969 a history of the church herder and herder granfield patrick 1987 the limits of the papacy authority and autonomy in the church new york crossroad isbn 978 0 8245 0839 5 grisar hartmann 1912 history of rome and the popes in the middle ages london kegan paul trench trübner oclc 11025456 john paul ii pope 22 february 1996 universi dominici gregis vatican publishing house archived from the original on 8 april 2012 retrieved 15 march 2020 kelly j n 1986 oxford dictionary of the popes prentice hall isbn 978 0 19 190935 1 kerr william shaw 1950 a handbook on the papacy london marshall morgan scott oclc 51018118 küng hans 2003 the catholic church a short history random house isbn 978 0 8129 6762 3 loomis louise ropes 2006 1916 the book of the popes liber pontificalis to the pontificate of gregory i merchantville new jersey evolution publishing isbn 978 1 889758 86 2 noble thomas strauss barry 2005 western civilization houghton mifflin isbn 978 0 618 43277 6 orlandis josé 1993 a short history of the catholic church scepter isbn 978 1 85182 125 9 pastor ludwig von 1891 1930 the history of the popes from the close of the middle ages drawn from the secret archives of the vatican and other original sources london j hodges oclc 270566224 walsh james joseph 1908 the popes and science the history of the papal relations to science during the middle ages and down to our own time new york fordham university press oclc 08015255 archived from the original on 25 january 2022 retrieved 15 august 2015 further reading brusher joseph s 1959 popes through the ages princeton nj van nostrand oclc 742355324 chamberlin e r 1969 the bad popes new york dial press oclc 647415773 dollison john 1994 pope pourri new york simon schuster isbn 978 0 671 88615 8 maxwell stuart p g 1997 chronicle of the popes the reign by reign record of the papacy from st peter to the present london thames and hudson isbn 978 0 500 01798 2 norwich john julius 2011 the popes a history london chatto windus isbn 978 0 7011 8290 8 rollo koster joëlle ventresca robert a eichbauer melodie h pattenden miles eds 2025 the cambridge history of the papacy cambridge united kingdom cambridge university press external links wikimedia commons has media related to papae category wikisource has the text of the 1913 catholic encyclopedia article pope wikisource has the text of the 1911 encyclopædia britannica article papacy the holy father vatican webpage about past and present popes since pope leo xiii links to related articles v t e popes of the catholic church list of popes graphical canonised papal names tombs extant non extant antipope pope emeritus papal resignation pope elect apocryphal pope donus ii 1st 4th centuries peter linus anacletus clement i evaristus alexander i sixtus i telesphorus hyginus pius i anicetus soter eleutherius victor i zephyrinus callixtus i urban i pontian anterus fabian cornelius lucius i stephen i sixtus ii dionysius felix i eutychian caius marcellinus marcellus i eusebius miltiades sylvester i mark julius i liberius damasus i siricius anastasius i 5th 8th centuries innocent i zosimus boniface i celestine i sixtus iii leo i hilarius simplicius felix iii gelasius i anastasius ii symmachus hormisdas john i felix iv boniface ii john ii agapetus i silverius vigilius pelagius i john iii benedict i pelagius ii gregory i sabinian boniface iii boniface iv adeodatus i boniface v honorius i severinus john iv theodore i martin i eugene i vitalian adeodatus ii donus agatho leo ii benedict ii john v conon sergius i john vi john vii sisinnius constantine gregory ii gregory iii zachary stephen ii paul i stephen iii adrian i leo iii 9th 12th centuries stephen iv paschal i eugene ii valentine gregory iv sergius ii leo iv benedict iii nicholas i adrian ii john viii marinus i adrian iii stephen v formosus boniface vi stephen vi romanus theodore ii john ix benedict iv leo v sergius iii anastasius iii lando john x leo vi stephen vii john xi leo vii stephen viii marinus ii agapetus ii john xii benedict v leo viii john xiii benedict vi benedict vii john xiv john xv gregory v sylvester ii john xvii john xviii sergius iv benedict viii john xix benedict ix sylvester iii gregory vi clement ii damasus ii leo ix victor ii stephen ix nicholas ii alexander ii gregory vii victor iii urban ii paschal ii gelasius ii callixtus ii honorius ii innocent ii celestine ii lucius ii eugene iii anastasius iv adrian iv alexander iii lucius iii urban iii gregory viii clement iii celestine iii innocent iii 13th 16th centuries honorius iii gregory ix celestine iv innocent iv alexander iv urban iv clement iv gregory x innocent v adrian v john xxi nicholas iii martin iv honorius iv nicholas iv celestine v boniface viii benedict xi clement v john xxii benedict xii clement vi innocent vi urban v gregory xi urban vi boniface ix innocent vii gregory xii martin v eugene iv nicholas v callixtus iii pius ii paul ii sixtus iv innocent viii alexander vi pius iii julius ii leo x adrian vi clement vii paul iii julius iii marcellus ii paul iv pius iv pius v gregory xiii sixtus v urban vii gregory xiv innocent ix clement viii 17th 21st centuries leo xi paul v gregory xv urban viii innocent x alexander vii clement ix clement x innocent xi alexander viii innocent xii clement xi innocent xiii benedict xiii clement xii benedict xiv clement xiii clement xiv pius vi pius vii leo xii pius viii gregory xvi pius ix leo xiii pius x benedict xv pius xi pius xii john xxiii paul vi john paul i john paul ii benedict xvi francis leo xiv history of the papacy antiquity and early middle ages during the roman empire until 493 under constantine 312 337 ostrogothic papacy 493 537 byzantine papacy 537 752 frankish papacy 756 857 saeculum obscurum 904 964 crescentii era 974 1012 high and late middle ages tusculan papacy 1012 1044 1048 conflicts with the hre 1048 1257 wandering papacy viterbo 1257 1281 orvieto 1262 1297 perugia 1228 1304 avignon papacy 1309 1378 western schism 1378 1417 early modern and modern era papacy during the renaissance 1417 1534 papacy during the reformation 1534 1585 baroque papacy 1585 1689 age of enlightenment c 1640 1740 revolutionary papacy 1775 1848 roman question 1870 1929 vatican city 1929 present world war ii 1939 1945 cold war 1945 1992 category portal v t e papacy episcopate of the bishop of rome jurisdiction holy see full communion pope leo xiv as bishop of the diocese of rome primacy history vatican city index outline enclaved in rome italy lateran treaty 1929 along with extraterritorial properties of the holy see headquarters vatican city apostolic palace papal apartments sistine chapel italy archbasilica of saint john lateran cathedra major basilicas archbasilica of saint john lateran st peter s basilica basilica of saint mary major basilica of saint paul outside the walls titles papal names his holiness bishop of rome vicar of jesus christ successor of the prince of the apostles supreme pontiff of the universal church patriarch of the west primate of italy archbishop and metropolitan of the roman province sovereign of the vatican city state servant of the servants of god symbols coats of arms coat of arms of the holy see cross keys of heaven regalia and insignia rota umbraculum proclamations infallibility apostolic constitution bull list encyclical apostolic exhortation ecclesiastical letter interdict activities arbitration deposition blessing pontifical urbi et orbi conclave list coronation consistory diplomacy inauguration mass high mass travel vestments camauro falda fanon ferula flabellum mantle mitre mozzetta pallium ring of the fisherman shoes slippers subcinctorium tiara list zucchetto transportation popemobile sedia gestatoria shepherd one household camerlengo commander of the swiss guard chaplain palatinus papal majordomo gentlemen preacher prefect prelate of honour prince assistant theologian staff college of cardinals cardinals list roman curia apostolic camera commissions for vatican city state councils congregations dicasteries synods cappella giulia sistine chapel choir related antipope western schism canonised popes fat pope thin pope gammarelli legends orders decorations and medals papabile papal nobility black pontifical academy pontifical colleges in rome major seminary pontifical university in rome popes by country privilège du blanc sexually active popes st peter s square swiss guard vatican city portal catholic church portal v t e catholic church index outline glossary lists of catholics history timeline ecclesiastical legal early church jesus christ ministry crucifixion resurrection great commission apostles succession petrine primacy church fathers apostolic fathers history of the papacy primacy great church ante nicene period constantine first seven ecumenical councils nicaea i chalcedon late antiquity biblical canon monasticism middle ages islamic conquests pope gregory i papal states schism 1054 investiture controversy crusades schism 1378 inquisition universities scholasticism age of discovery modern era protestantism protestant reformation catholic reformation trent thirty years war enlightenment french revolution nazism resistance vatican ii communism sexual abuse scandal islam covid 19 pandemic theology bible tradition catechism general god trinity kingdom body divine grace dogma nicene creed original sin saints salvation sermon on the mount ten commandments vulgate official bible sixtine vulgate sixto clementine vulgate nova vulgata worship ecclesiology communitas perfecta councils ecumenism four marks one true church catholic infallibility mystici corporis christi people of god three states subsistit in in canon law sacraments baptism confirmation eucharist penance anointing of the sick last rites holy orders matrimony mariology assumption history immaculate conception mariology of the popes mariology of the saints mother of god perpetual virginity veneration see also josephology philosophy natural law moral theology personalism social teaching philosophers philosophy of canon law see also science evolution separation of church and state relations politics saints holy family mary joseph patriarchs prophets archangels martyrs doctors of the church evangelists confessors disciples virgins organisation hierarchy canon law laity precedence by country holy see list of popes pope leo xiv ecumenical councils college of cardinals list advisers roman curia dicasteries synod of bishops properties vatican city index outline apostolic palace lateran treaty roman rota st peter s basilica swiss guard vatican museums polity holy orders diocese episcopal conference eparchy bishop patriarch major archbishop primate metropolitan archbishop diocesan coadjutor auxiliary titular emeritus parish priest deacon consecrated life religious superior abbot abbess general provincial prior prioress grand master brother friar monk sister nun hermit novice master oblate postulant particular churches sui iuris latin church eastern catholic churches albanian armenian belarusian bulgarian chaldean coptic croatian and serbian eritrean ethiopian georgian greek hungarian italo albanian macedonian maronite melkite romanian russian ruthenian slovak syriac syro malabar syro malankara ukrainian catholic liturgy eastern catholic liturgy alexandrian antiochian armenian byzantine east syriac west syriac malankara latin ambrosian braga mozarabic roman paul vi tridentine anglican zaire culture art marian artists writers church buildings altarpieces folk library museums music distinctions role in western society science and the catholic church see also criticism of the catholic church anti catholicism media holy see press office vatican media vatican news vatican television center vatican radio vatican press it l osservatore romano acta apostolicae sedis annuario pontificio religious orders institutes societies assumptionists annonciades augustinians basilians benedictines bethlehemites blue nuns camaldoleses camillians carmelites carthusians cistercians clarisses conceptionists crosiers dominicans franciscans good shepherd sisters heralds hieronymites jesuits legionaries mercedarians minims olivetans oratorians piarists premonstratensians redemptoristines servites theatines trappists trinitarians visitandines associations of the faithful confraternities lay marian youth workers third orders saint dominic lay carmelites discalced saint francis secular military orders fimcap catholic action charismatic renewal communion and liberation sant egidio focolare heralds of the gospel international alliance of catholic knights scouting legion of mary neocatechumenal way opus dei schoenstatt charities aid to the church in need caritas catholic charities usa home missions relief services cidse pax christi society of saint vincent de paul see also health care schools universities catholic church portal category v t e vatican city articles index outline holy see properties pope leo xiv list of sovereigns vicar general for vatican city history history of the papacy prisoner in the vatican circus of nero old st peter s basilica papal tombs navicella leonine city cortile del belvedere santo stefano degli ungheresi lateran treaty borgo nuovo borgo vecchio piazza scossacavalli geography major basilica st peter s basilica chair of saint peter door of the dead monument to the royal stuarts st peter s baldachin saint longinus pietà vatican necropolis saint peter s tomb papal tombs tomb of the julii vatican grottoes apostolic palace redemptoris mater chapel borgia apartments clementine hall loggias papal apartments stufetta del cardinal bibbiena cappella paolina raphael rooms niccoline chapel sala ducale sala regia scala regia the vision of constantine sistine chapel altarpiece ceiling room of tears vatican museums historical paintings modern and contemporary art pio clementino chiaramonti gregoriano etrusco gregoriano egiziano pio cristiano ethnographic bramante staircase maps gregorian tower casina pio iv sant anna dei palafrenieri domus sanctae marthae holy spirit chapel gardens santa maria della pietà in camposanto dei teutonici collegio teutonico teutonic cemetery mater ecclesiae monastery sant egidio in borgo santi martino e sebastiano degli svizzeri paul vi audience hall the resurrection passetto di borgo san pellegrino in vaticano st peter s square via della conciliazione fountains porta san pellegrino ricciolo d italia saint john s tower santo stefano degli abissini vatican pharmacy vatican hill politics elections foreign relations vicar general 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