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n into fierce resistance their tanks fired at point blank range down the street while the paratroopers mounted repeated charges despite repelling repeated israeli charges the jordanians gradually gave way to israeli firepower and momentum the israelis suffered some 30 casualties half the original force while the jordanians lost 45 dead and 142 wounded 154 meanwhile the israeli 71st battalion breached barbed wire and minefields and emerged near wadi joz near the base of mount scopus from where the old city could be cut off from jericho and east jerusalem from ramallah israeli artillery targeted the one remaining route from jerusalem to the west bank and shellfire deterred the jordanians from counterattacking from their positions at augusta victoria an israeli detachment then captured the rockefeller museum after a brief skirmish 154 afterwards the israelis broke through to the jerusalem ramallah road at tel al ful the harel brigade fought a running battle with up to 30 jordanian tanks the jordanians stalled the advance and destroyed some half tracks but the israelis launched air attacks and exploited the vulnerability of the external fuel tanks mounted on the jordanian tanks the jordanians lost half their tanks and retreated towards jericho joining up with the 4th brigade the israelis then descended through shuafat and the site of what is now french hill through jordanian defenses at mivtar emerging at ammunition hill 155 an israeli airstrike near the augusta victoria hospital with jordanian defenses in jerusalem crumbling elements of the jordanian 60th brigade and an infantry battalion were sent from jericho to reinforce jerusalem its original orders were to repel the israelis from the latrun corridor but due to the worsening situation in jerusalem the brigade was ordered to proceed to jerusalem s arab suburbs and attack mount scopus parallel to the brigade were infantrymen from the imam ali brigade who were approaching issawiya the brigades were spotted by israeli aircraft and decimated by rocket and cannon fire other jordanian attempts to reinforce jerusalem were beaten back either by armored ambushes or airstrikes citation needed fearing damage to holy sites and the prospect of having to fight in built up areas dayan ordered his troops not to enter the old city 140 he also feared that israel would be subjected to a fierce international backlash and the outrage of christians worldwide if it forced its way into the old city privately he told david ben gurion that he was also concerned over the prospect of israel capturing jerusalem s holy sites only to be forced to give them up under the threat of international sanctions citation needed the west bank israel gained near total control of the west bank by the evening of 7 june 156 and began its military occupation of the west bank on that day issuing a military order the proclamation regarding law and administration the west bank area no 2 1967 which established the military government in the west bank and granted the commander of the area full legislative executive and judicial power 157 3 jordan had realised that it had no hope of defense as early as the morning of 6 june 158 at nasser s request egypt s abdul munim riad sent a situation update at midday on 6 june 156 the situation on the west bank is rapidly deteriorating a concentrated attack has been launched on all axes together with heavy fire day and night jordanian syrian and iraqi air forces in position h3 have been virtually destroyed upon consultation with king hussein i have been asked to convey to you the following choices 1 a political decision to cease fighting to be imposed by a third party the usa the soviet union or the security council 2 to vacate the west bank tonight 3 to go on fighting for one more day resulting in the isolation and destruction of the entire jordanian army king hussein has asked me to refer this matter to you for an immediate reply an egyptian order for jordanian forces to withdraw across the jordan river was issued at 10 am on 6 june that afternoon king hussein learned of the impending united nations security council resolution 233 and decided instead to hold out in the hope that a ceasefire would be implemented soon it was already too late as the counterorder caused confusion and in many cases it was impossible to regain positions that had been left 159 david rubinger s iconic photograph of idf paratroopers at jerusalem s western wall shortly after its capture the soldiers in the foreground are from left zion karasenti yitzhak yifat and haim oshri on 7 june dayan ordered his troops not to enter the old city but upon hearing that the un was about to declare a ceasefire changed his mind and without cabinet clearance decided to capture it 140 two paratroop battalions attacked augusta victoria hill high ground overlooking the old city from the east one battalion attacked from mount scopus and another attacked from the valley between it and the old city another paratroop battalion personally led by gur broke into the old city and was joined by the other two battalions after their missions were complete the paratroopers met little resistance the fighting was conducted solely by the paratroopers the israelis did not use armor during the battle out of fear of severe damage to the old city in the north a battalion from peled s division checked jordanian defenses in the jordan valley a brigade from peled s division captured the western part of the west bank one brigade attacked jordanian artillery positions around jenin which were shelling ramat david airbase the jordanian 12th armored battalion which outnumbered the israelis held off repeated attempts to capture jenin israeli air attacks took their toll and the jordanian m48 pattons with their external fuel tanks proved vulnerable at short distances even to the israeli modified shermans twelve jordanian tanks were destroyed and only six remained operational 153 just after dusk israeli reinforcements arrived the jordanians continued to fiercely resist and the israelis were unable to advance without artillery and air support one israeli jet attacked the jordanian commander s tank wounding him and killing his radio operator and intelligence officer the surviving jordanian forces then withdrew to jenin where they were reinforced by the 25th infantry brigade the jordanians were effectively surrounded in jenin 153 jordanian infantry and their three remaining tanks managed to hold off the israelis until 4 00 a m when three battalions arrived to reinforce them in the afternoon the jordanian tanks charged and knocked out multiple israeli vehicles and the tide began to shift after sunrise israeli jets and artillery conducted a two hour bombardment against the jordanians the jordanians lost 10 dead and 250 wounded and had only seven tanks left including two without gas and 16 apcs the israelis then fought their way into jenin and captured the city after fierce fighting 160 after the old city fell the jerusalem brigade reinforced the paratroopers and continued to the south capturing judea and gush etzion hebron was taken with no resistance 161 fearful that israeli soldiers would exact retribution for the 1929 massacre of the city s jewish community hebron s residents flew white sheets from their windows and rooftops 162 the harel brigade proceeded eastward descending to the jordan river from left general uzi narkiss defense minister moshe dayan and chief of staff lt general yitzhak rabin in the old city of jerusalem after its fall to israeli forces on 7 june israeli forces took bethlehem after a brief battle that left some 40 jordanian soldiers dead with the remainder fleeing the same day one of peled s brigades seized nablus it then joined one of central command s armored brigades to fight the jordanian forces as the jordanians held the advantage of superior equipment and were equal in numbers to the israelis again the iaf s air superiority proved paramount as it immobilized the jordanians leading to their defeat one of peled s brigades joined with its central command counterparts coming from ramallah and the remaining two blocked the jordan river crossings together with the central command s 10th engineering corps sappers blew up the abdullah and hussein bridges with captured jordanian mortar shells while elements of the harel brigade crossed the river and occupied positions along the east bank to cover them but quickly pulled back due to american pressure anticipating an israeli offensive deep into jordan the jordanians assembled the remnants of their army and iraqi units in jordan to protect the western approaches to amman and the southern slopes of the golan heights as israel continued its offensive on 7 june taking no account of the un ceasefire resolution the egyptian jordanian command ordered a full jordanian withdrawal for the second time in order to avoid an annihilation of the jordanian army 163 this was complete by nightfall on 7 june 163 after the old city was captured dayan told his troops to dig in to hold it when an armored brigade commander entered the west bank on his own initiative and stated that he could see jericho dayan ordered him back it was only after intelligence reports indicated that hussein had withdrawn his forces across the jordan river that dayan ordered his troops to capture the west bank 146 according to narkis first the israeli government had no intention of capturing the west bank on the contrary it was opposed to it second there was not any provocation on the part of the idf third the rein was only loosened when a real threat to jerusalem s security emerged this is truly how things happened on june 5 although it is difficult to believe the result was something that no one had planned 164 golan heights the battle of golan heights 9 10 june in may june 1967 in preparation for conflict the israeli government planned to confine the confrontation to the egyptian front whilst taking into account the possibility of some fighting on the syrian front 135 syrian front 5 8 june syria largely stayed out of the conflict for the first four days 165 166 during this period false egyptian reports of a crushing victory over the israeli army 114 and forecasts that egyptian forces would soon attack tel aviv sporadically influenced syria s decision to enter the war 165 syrian artillery began shelling northern israel and 12 syrian jets attacked israeli settlements in the galilee israeli fighter jets intercepted the syrian aircraft shooting down three and driving off the rest 167 in addition two lebanese hawker hunter jets two of the 12 lebanon had crossed into israeli airspace and began strafing israeli positions in the galilee they were intercepted by israeli fighter jets and one was shot down 5 on the evening of 5 june the israeli air force attacked syrian airfields the syrian air force lost some 32 mig 21s 23 mig 15 and mig 17 fighters and two ilyushin il 28 bombers two thirds of its fighting strength the syrian aircraft that survived the attack retreated to distant bases and played no further role in the war after the attack syria realized that the news it had received from egypt of the israeli military s near total destruction could not have been true 167 people in a bomb shelter at kibbutz dan on 6 june a minor syrian force tried to capture the water plants at tel dan the subject of a fierce escalation two years earlier dan and she ar yashuv these attacks were repulsed with the loss of twenty soldiers and seven tanks an israeli officer was also killed but a broader syrian offensive quickly failed syrian reserve units were broken up by israeli air attacks and several tanks were reported to have sunk in the jordan river 167 other problems included tanks being too wide for bridges lack of radio communications between tanks and infantry and units ignoring orders to advance a post war syrian army report concluded our forces did not go on the offensive either because they did not arrive or were not wholly prepared or because they could not find shelter from the enemy s aircraft the reserves could not withstand the air attacks they dispersed after their morale plummeted 168 the syrians bombarded israeli civilian settlements in the galilee panhandle with two battalions of m 46 130mm guns four companies of heavy mortars and dug in panzer iv tanks the syrian bombardment killed two civilians and hit 205 houses as well as farming installations an inaccurate report from a syrian officer said that as a result of the bombardment that the enemy appears to have suffered heavy losses and is retreating 50 israelis debate whether the golan heights should be attacked on 7 and 8 june the israeli leadership debated about whether to attack the golan heights as well syria had supported pre war raids that had helped raise tensions and had routinely shelled israel from the heights so some israeli leaders wanted to see syria punished 169 military opinion was that the attack would be extremely costly since it would entail an uphill battle against a strongly fortified enemy the western side of the golan heights consists of a rock escarpment that rises 500 meters 1 700 feet from the sea of galilee and the jordan river and then flattens to a gently sloping plateau dayan opposed the operation bitterly at first believing such an undertaking would result in losses of 30 000 and might trigger soviet intervention prime minister eshkol on the other hand was more open to the possibility as was the head of the northern command david elazar whose unbridled enthusiasm for and confidence in the operation may have eroded dayan s reluctance citation needed eventually the situation on the southern and central fronts cleared up intelligence estimated that the likelihood of soviet intervention had been reduced reconnaissance showed some syrian defenses in the golan region collapsing and an intercepted cable revealed that nasser was urging the president of syria to immediately accept a ceasefire at 3 a m on 9 june syria announced its acceptance of the ceasefire despite this dayan became more enthusiastic about the idea and at 7 a m gave the order to go into action against syria e 169 without consultation or government authorization 171 the syrian army consisted of about 75 000 men grouped in nine brigades supported by an adequate amount of artillery and armor israeli forces used in combat consisted of two brigades the 8th armored brigade and the golani brigade in the northern part of the front at givat haem and another two infantry and one of peled s brigades summoned from jenin in the center the golan heights unique terrain mountainous slopes crossed by parallel streams every several kilometers running east to west and the general lack of roads in the area channeled both forces along east west axes of movement and restricted the ability of units to support those on either flank thus the syrians could move north south on the plateau itself and the israelis could move no...
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