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t from being kept in the 15 25 c 59 77 f range and do not react well to long cold winter temperatures their immune systems are very weak below 10 c 50 f koi ponds usually have a metre or more of depth in areas of the world that become warm during the summer whereas in areas that have harsher winters ponds generally have a minimum of 1 5 m 5 ft specific pond construction has been evolved by koi keepers intent on raising show quality koi the bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators a white skinned kōhaku is highly noticeable against the dark green of a pond herons kingfishers otters raccoons skunk mink cats foxes and badgers are all capable of spotting out koi and eating them 48 a well designed outdoor pond has areas too deep for herons to stand overhangs high enough above the water that mammals cannot reach in and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers by it may prove necessary to string nets or wires above the surface a pond usually includes a pump and a filtration system to keep the water clear koi are an omnivorous fish they eat a wide variety of foods including peas lettuce and watermelon koi food is designed not only to be nutritionally balanced but also to float so as to encourage them to come to the surface when they are eating koi can be checked for parasites and ulcers naturally koi are bottom feeders with a mouth configuration adapted for that some koi have a tendency to eat mostly from the bottom so food producers create a mixed sinking and floating combination food koi recognize the persons feeding them and gather around them at feeding times they can be trained to take food from one s hand 53 in the winter their digestive systems slow nearly to a halt and they eat very little perhaps no more than nibbles of algae from the bottom feeding is not recommended when the water temperature drops below 10 c 50 f 54 55 care should be taken by hobbyists that proper oxygenation ph stabilization and off gassing occur over the winter in small ponds their appetites do not come back until the water becomes warm in the spring koi have been reported to achieve ages of 100 200 years 56 one famous scarlet koi named hanako was owned by several individuals the last of whom was komei koshihara in july 1974 a study of the growth rings of one of the koi s scales reported that hanako was 226 years old 57 some sources give an accepted age for the species at little more than 50 years 58 59 transport and acclimatisation edit a newly arrived koi is acclimatised by floating its transport container in the holding vat until the water temperatures equalise koi are moved in oxygen filled plastic bags or sealed containers fish are usually fasted for a few days beforehand so that less ammonia accumulates in the transport water on arrival the fish are acclimatised the bag or container is floated in the pond or quarantine tank until the water temperatures equalise after which pond water is added gradually to bridge differences in ph and hardness the transport water itself is discarded rather than added to the pond new koi are then normally quarantined for several weeks to avoid introducing diseases such as koi herpes virus disease edit koi are very hardy with proper care they resist many of the parasites that affect more sensitive tropical fish species such as trichodina epistylis and ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections water changes help reduce the risk of diseases and keep koi from being stressed two of the biggest health concerns among koi breeders are the koi herpes virus khv 60 and rhabdovirus carpio which causes spring viraemia of carp svc no treatment is known for either disease some koi farms in israel use the kv3 vaccine developed by m kotler from the hebrew university of jerusalem and produced by kovax to immunise fish against khv israel is currently the only country in the world to vaccinate koi against the khv the vaccine is injected into the fish when they are under one year old and is accentuated by using an ultraviolet light the vaccine has a 90 success rate 61 and when immunized the fish cannot succumb to a khv outbreak and neither can the immunised koi pass khv onto other fish in a pond 62 only biosecurity measures such as prompt detection isolation and disinfection of tanks and equipment can prevent the spread of the disease and limit the loss of fish stock in 2002 spring viraemia struck an ornamental koi farm in kernersville north carolina and required complete depopulation of the ponds and a lengthy quarantine period for a while after this some koi farmers in neighboring states stopped importing fish for fear of infecting their own stocks 63 64 breeding edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message feeding of a large school when koi naturally breed on their own they tend to spawn in the spring and summer seasons the male will start following the female swimming right behind her and nudging her after the female koi releases her eggs they sink to the bottom of the pond and stay there a sticky outer shell around the egg helps keep it in place so it does not float around although the female can produce many spawns many of the fry do not survive due to being eaten by others like most fish koi reproduce through spawning in which a female lays a vast number of eggs and one or more males fertilize them nurturing the resulting offspring referred to as fry is a tricky and tedious job usually done only by professionals although a koi breeder may carefully select the parents they wish based on their desired characteristics the resulting fry nonetheless exhibit a wide range of color and quality koi produce thousands of offspring from a single spawning however unlike cattle purebred dogs or more relevantly goldfish the large majority of these offspring even from the best champion grade koi are not acceptable as nishikigoi they have no interesting colors or may even be genetically defective these unacceptable offspring are culled at various stages of development based on the breeder s expert eye and closely guarded trade techniques culled fry are usually destroyed or used as feeder fish mostly used for feeding arowana due to the belief that it will enhance its color while older culls within their first year between 3 and 6 inches long also called tosai 65 are often sold as lower grade pond quality koi the semi randomized result of the koi s reproductive process has both advantages and disadvantages for the breeder while it requires diligent oversight to narrow down the favorable result that the breeder wants it also makes possible the development of new varieties of koi within relatively few generations in the wild edit various colors of koi feeding in a pond in qingxiu mountain nanning china see also cyprinus rubrofuscus koi have been accidentally or deliberately released into the wild in every continent except antarctica they quickly revert to the natural coloration of an amur carp within a few generations in many areas they are considered an invasive species and a pest in the states of queensland and new south wales in australia they are considered noxious fish 66 67 in japan koi releases are sometimes held as an event for tourism purposes however as koi is artificial breed this causes genetic pollution by breeding with native carps 68 koi greatly increase the turbidity of the water because they are constantly stirring up the substrate this makes waterways unattractive reduces the abundance of aquatic plants and can render the water unsuitable for swimming or drinking even by livestock in some countries koi have caused so much damage to waterways that vast amounts of money and effort have been spent trying to eradicate them largely unsuccessfully 69 in many areas of north america koi are introduced into the artificial water hazards and ponds on golf courses to keep water borne insect larvae under control through predation in common culture edit 61st nagaoka koi show at yamakoshi branch office nagaoka niigata prefecture japan in japan the koi is a symbol of luck prosperity and good fortune and also of perseverance in the face of adversity 70 ornamental koi are symbolic of japanese culture and are closely associated with the country s national identity 71 the custom of koinobori carp streamers which began in the edo period 1603 1867 is still practiced today and displayed in gardens on children s day 5 may 72 in chinese culture the koi represents fame family harmony and wealth it is a feng shui favorite symbolizing abundance as well as perseverance and strength and has a mythical potential to transform into a dragon 73 since the late 20th century the keeping of koi in outdoor water gardens has become popular among the more affluent chinese koi ponds are found in chinese communities around the world and the 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mabuchi k senou h suzuki t nishida ...
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