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h where the city of helena now stands confederate gulch silver bow emigrant gulch and cooke city gold output between 1862 and 1876 reached 144 million after which silver became even more important the largest mining operations were at butte with important silver deposits and expansive copper deposits yogo sapphires are also mined in montana 23 montana territory main articles organic act list of organic acts and montana territory montana territory in 1865 24 before the creation of montana territory 1864 1889 areas within present day montana were part of the oregon territory 1848 1859 washington territory 1853 1863 idaho territory 1863 1864 and dakota territory 1861 1864 montana territory became a territory of the united states on may 26 1864 the first territorial capital was located at bannack sidney edgerton served as the first territorial governor the capital moved to virginia city in 1865 and to helena in 1875 in 1870 the non indian population of the montana territory was 20 595 25 the montana historical society founded on february 2 1865 in virginia city is the oldest such institution west of the mississippi excluding louisiana 26 in 1869 and 1870 respectively the cook folsom peterson and the washburn langford doane expeditions were launched from helena into the upper yellowstone region the extraordinary discoveries and reports from these expeditions led to the creation of yellowstone national park in 1872 conflicts see also list of military installations in montana as settlers began populating montana from the 1850s through the 1870s disputes with native americans ensued primarily over land ownership and control in 1855 washington territorial governor isaac stevens negotiated the hellgate treaty between the united states government and the salish pend d oreille and kootenai people of western montana which established boundaries for the tribal nations the treaty was ratified in 1859 27 while the treaty established what later became the flathead indian reservation trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led settlers to believe the bitterroot valley was opened to settlement but the tribal nations disputed those provisions 28 the salish remained in the bitterroot valley until 1891 29 the first u s army post established in montana was camp cooke in 1866 on the missouri river to protect steamboat traffic to fort benton more than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of montana and surrounding states major battles occurred in montana during red cloud s war the great sioux war of 1876 and the nez perce war and in conflicts with piegan blackfeet the most notable were the marias massacre 1870 battle of the little bighorn 1876 battle of the big hole 1877 and battle of bear paw 1877 the last recorded conflict in montana between the u s army and native americans occurred in 1887 during the battle of crow agency in the big horn country native survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations 30 chief joseph and col john gibbon met again on the big hole battlefield site in 1889 simultaneously with these conflicts bison a keystone species and the primary protein source that native people had survived on for many centuries were being destroyed experts estimate that around 13 million bison roamed montana in 1870 31 in 1875 general philip sheridan pleaded to a joint session of congress to authorize the slaughtering of bison herds to deprive native people of their source of food 32 by 1884 commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction only about 325 bison remained in the entire united states 33 cattle ranching cattle ranching has been central to montana s history and economy since johnny grant began wintering cattle in the deer lodge valley in the 1850s and traded cattle fattened in fertile montana valleys with emigrants on the oregon trail 34 nelson story brought the first texas longhorn cattle into the territory in 1866 35 36 granville stuart samuel hauser and andrew j davis started a major open range cattle operation in fergus county in 1879 37 38 the grant kohrs ranch national historic site in deer lodge is maintained today as a link to the ranching style of the late 19th century operated by the national park service it is a 1 900 acre 7 7 km 2 working ranch 39 railroads buffalo soldiers ft keogh montana 1890 the nickname was given to the black cavalry by the native american tribes they fought tracks of the northern pacific railroad npr reached montana from the west in 1882 and from the east in 1883 however the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with native american tribes in the 1870s jay cooke the npr president launched major surveys into the yellowstone valley in 1871 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the sioux under chief sitting bull these clashes in part contributed to the panic of 1873 a financial crisis that delayed the construction of the railroad into montana 40 surveys in 1874 1875 and 1876 helped spark the great sioux war of 1876 the transcontinental npr was completed on september 8 1883 at gold creek in 1881 the utah and northern railway a branch line of the union pacific completed a narrow gauge line from northern utah to butte 41 a number of smaller spur lines operated in montana from 1881 into the 20th century including the oregon short line montana railroad and milwaukee road tracks of the great northern railroad gnr reached eastern montana in 1887 and when they reached the northern rocky mountains in 1890 the gnr became a significant promoter of tourism to glacier national park region the transcontinental gnr was completed on january 6 1893 at scenic washington 42 and is known as the hi line being the northernmost transcontinental rail line in the united states statehood main articles admission to the union and list of u s states by date of admission to the union reporting statehood from helena full article text is here the official telegram executive mansion washington d c november 7 1889 to hon joseph k toole governor of the state of montana the president signed and issued the proclamation declaring montana a state of the union at 10 40 o clock this morning james g blaine secretary of state 43 this article in a butte newspaper celebrates the blessings of true citizenship 44 under territorial governor thomas meagher montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood a second constitutional convention held in helena in 1884 produced a constitution ratified 3 1 by montana citizens in november 1884 for political reasons congress did not approve montana statehood until february 1889 and president grover cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to montana north dakota south dakota and washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted in july 1889 montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government on november 8 1889 president benjamin harrison proclaimed montana the union s 41st state the first state governor was joseph k toole 45 in the 1880s helena the state capital had more millionaires per capita than any other united states city 46 homesteading the homestead act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and prove up 160 acres 0 65 km 2 of federal land in the midwest and western united states montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres were usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory 47 the first homestead claim under the act in montana was made by david carpenter near helena in 1868 the first claim by a woman was made near warm springs creek by gwenllian evans the daughter of deer lodge montana pioneer morgan evans 48 by 1880 farms were in the more verdant valleys of central and western montana but few were on the eastern plains 49 the desert land act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres 2 6 km 2 to settlers for a fee of 25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land after three years a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the settler would own the land this act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into montana many of whom grazed their herds on the montana prairie for three years did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees 48 some farmers came with the arrival of the great northern and northern pacific railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s though in relatively small numbers 50 mennonite family in montana c 1937 in the early 1900s james j hill of the great northern began to promote settlement in the montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods other railroads followed suit 51 in 1902 the reclamation act was passed allowing irrigation projects to be built in montana s eastern river valleys in 1909 congress passed the enlarged homestead act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres 0 6 to 1 3 km 2 per family and in 1912 reduced the time to prove up on a claim to three years 52 in 1916 the stock raising homestead act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation 53 this combination of advertising and changes in the homestead act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders lured by free land with world war i bringing particularly high wheat prices in addition montana was going through a temporary period of higher than average precipitation 54 homesteaders arriving in this period were known as honyockers or scissorbills 50 the word honyocker possibly derived from the ethnic slur hunyak 55 and was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders who were perceived as being greenhorns new at his business or unprepared 56 however most of these new settlers had farming experience though many did not 57 honyocker scissorbill nester he was the joad of a half century ago swarming into a hostile land duped when he started robbed when he arrived hopeful courageous ambitious he sought independence or adventure comfort and security the honyocker was farmer spinster deep sea diver fiddler physician bartender cook he lived in minnesota or wisconsin massachusetts or maine there the news sought him out jim hill s news of free land in the treasure state joseph kinsey howard montana high wide and handsome 1964 48 however farmers faced a number of problems massive debt was one 58 also most settlers were from wetter regions unprepared for the dry climate lack of trees and scarce water resources 59 in addition small homesteads of fewer than 320 acres 130 ha were unsuited to the environment weather and agricultural conditions are much harsher and drier west of the 100th meridian 60 then the droughts of 1917 1921 proved devastating many people left and half the banks in the state went bankrupt as a result of providing mortgages that could not be repaid 61 as a result farm sizes increased while the number of farms decreased 60 by 1910 homesteaders filed claims on over five million acres and by 1923 over 93 million acres were farmed 62 in 1910 the great falls land office alone had more than a thousand homestead filings per month 63 and at the peak of 1917 1918 it had 14 000 new homesteads each year 58 significant drops occurred following the drought in 1919 60 montana and world war i as world war i broke out jeannette rankin representative of montana and the first woman in the united states to be a member of congress voted against the united states declaration of war her actions were widely criticized in montana where support for the war and patriotism was strong 64 in 1917 1918 due to a miscalculation of montana s population about 40 000 montanans 10 of the state s population 64 volunteered or were drafted into the armed forces this represented a manpower contribution to the war that was 25 higher than any other state on a per capita basis around 1 500 montanans died as a result of the war and 2 437 were wounded also higher than any other state on a per capita basis 65 montana s remount station in miles city provided 10 000 cavalry horses for the war more than any other army post in the country the war created a boom for montana mining lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased 64 in june 1917 the u s congress passed the espionage act of 1917 which was extended by the sedition act of 1918 66 in february 1918 the montana legislature had passed the montana sedition act which was a model for the federal version 67 in combination these laws criminalized criticism of the u s government military or symbols through speech or other means the montana act led to the arrest of more than 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 mostly of german or austrian descent more than 40 spent time in prison in may 2006 then governor brian schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the montana sedition act 68 the montanans who opposed u s entry into the war included immigrant groups of german and irish heritage as well as pacifist anabaptist people such as the hutterites and mennonites many of whom were also of germanic heritage in turn pro war groups formed such as the montana council of defense created by governor samuel v stewart and local loyalty committees 64 war sentiment was complicated by labor issues the anaconda copper company which was at its historic peak of copper production 69 was an extremely powerful force in montana but it also faced criticism and opposition from socialist newspapers and unions struggling to make gains for their members 70 in butte a multiethnic community with a significant european immigrant population labor unions particularly the newly formed metal mine workers union opposed the war on grounds it mostly profited large lumber and mining interests 64 in the wake of ramped up mine production and the speculator mine disaster in june 1917 64 industrial workers of the world organizer frank little arrived in butte to organize miners he gave some speeches with inflammatory antiwar rhetoric on august 1 1917 he was dragged from his boarding house by masked vigilantes and hanged from a railroad trestle considered a lynching 71 little s murder and the strikes that followed resulted in the national guard being sent to butte to restore order 64 overall anti german and antilabor sentiment increased and created a movement that led to the passage of the montana sedition act the following february 72 in addition the council of defense was made a state agency with the power to prosecute and punish individuals deemed in violation of the act the council also passed rules limiting public gatherings and prohibiting the speaking of german in public 64 in the wake of the legislative action in 1918 emotions rose u s attorney burton k wheeler and several district court judges who hesitated to...
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