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noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics the city s decline after antiquity led to harbor deterioration marshy conditions and reduced population sand dunes covering the site aided its preservation its remains provide insights into a city of commercial importance as in pompeii ostia s ruins provide details about roman urbanism that are not accessible within the city of rome itself 11 post classical swahili kingdoms are known to have had trade port islands and trade routes 12 with the islamic world and asia they were described by greek historians as metropolises 13 famous african trade ports such as mombasa zanzibar mogadishu and kilwa 14 were known to chinese sailors such as zheng he and medieval islamic historians such as the berber islamic voyager abu abdullah ibn battuta 15 many of these ancient sites no longer exist or function as modern ports even in more recent times ports sometimes fall out of use rye east sussex was an important english port in the middle ages but the coastline changed and it is now 2 miles 3 2 km from the sea while the ports of ravenspurn and dunwich have been lost to coastal erosion a map with the locations and coats of arms of the maritime republics of medieval italy amalfi genoa pisa and venice noli ancona ragusa gaeta the maritime republics italian repubbliche marinare also called merchant republics italian repubbliche mercantili were italian thalassocratic port cities which starting from the middle ages enjoyed political autonomy and economic prosperity brought about by their maritime activities the term coined during the 19th century generally refers to four italian cities whose coats of arms have been shown since 1947 on the flags of the italian navy and the italian merchant navy 16 amalfi genoa pisa and venice in addition to the four best known cities ancona 17 18 gaeta 19 noli 20 21 22 and in dalmatia ragusa are also considered maritime republics in certain historical periods they had no secondary importance compared to some of the better known cities uniformly scattered across the italian peninsula the maritime republics were important not only for the history of navigation and commerce in addition to precious goods otherwise unobtainable in europe new artistic ideas and news concerning distant countries also spread from the 10th century they built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the mediterranean giving them an essential role in reestablishing contacts between europe asia and africa which had been interrupted during the early middle ages they also had an essential role in the crusades and produced renowned explorers and navigators such as marco polo and christopher columbus 23 over the centuries the maritime republics both the best known and the lesser known but not always less important experienced fluctuating fortunes in the 9th and 10th centuries this phenomenon began with amalfi and gaeta which soon reached their heyday meanwhile venice began its gradual ascent while the other cities were still experiencing the long gestation that would lead them to their autonomy and to follow up on their seafaring vocation after the 11th century amalfi and gaeta declined rapidly while genoa and venice became the most powerful republics pisa followed and experienced its most flourishing period in the 13th century and ancona and ragusa allied to resist venetian power following the 14th century while pisa declined to the point of losing its autonomy venice and genoa continued to dominate navigation followed by ragusa and ancona which experienced their golden age in the 15th century in the 16th century with ancona s loss of autonomy only the republics of venice genoa and ragusa remained which still experienced great moments of splendor until the mid 17th century followed by over a century of slow decline that ended with the napoleonic invasion modern ports edit an evergreen ship loading at container terminal altenwerder port of hamburg germany whereas early ports tended to be just simple harbours modern ports tend to be multimodal distribution hubs with transport links using sea river canal road rail and air routes successful ports are located to optimize access to an active hinterland such as the london gateway ideally a port will grant easy navigation to ships and will give shelter from wind and waves ports are often on estuaries where the water may be shallow and may need regular dredging deep water ports such as milford haven are less common but can handle larger ships with a greater draft such as super tankers post panamax vessels and large container ships other businesses such as regional distribution centres warehouses and freight forwarders canneries and other processing facilities find it advantageous to be located within a port or nearby modern ports will have specialised cargo handling equipment such as gantry cranes reach stackers and forklift trucks ports usually have specialised functions some tend to cater mainly for passenger ferries and cruise ships some specialise in container traffic or general cargo and some ports play an important military role for their nation s navy some third world countries and small islands such as ascension and st helena still have limited port facilities so that ships must anchor off while their cargo and passengers are taken ashore by barge or launch respectively in modern times ports survive or decline depending on current economic trends in the uk both the ports of liverpool and southampton were once significant in the transatlantic passenger liner business once airliner traffic decimated that trade both ports diversified to container cargo and cruise ships up until the 1950s the port of london was a major international port on the river thames but changes in shipping and the use of containers and larger ships have led to its decline thamesport 24 a small semi automated container port with links to the port of felixstowe the uk s largest container port thrived for some years but has been hit hard by competition from the emergent london gateway port and logistics hub in mainland europe it is normal for ports to be publicly owned so that for instance the ports of rotterdam and amsterdam are owned partly by the state and partly by the cities themselves 25 even though modern ships tend to have bow thrusters and stern thrusters citation needed many port authorities still require vessels to use pilots and tugboats for manoeuvering large ships in tight quarters for instance ships approaching the belgian port of antwerp an inland port on the river scheldt are obliged to use dutch pilots when navigating on that part of the estuary that belongs to the netherlands ports with international traffic have customs facilities types edit the terms port and seaport are used for different types of facilities handling ocean going vessels and river port is used for river traffic such as barges and other shallow draft vessels seaport edit the port newark elizabeth marine terminal in new jersey u s was the world s first maritime container seaport and is one of the largest and busiest a seaport is a port located on the shore of a sea or ocean it is further categorized as commercial and non commercial 26 commercial ones includes cruise ports and cargo ports additionally cruise ports are also known as a home port or a port of call and cargo port is also further categorized into a bulk or break bulk port or as a container port non commercial seaports are marina and fishing ports cargo port edit cargo ports are quite different from cruise ports because each handles very different cargo which has to be loaded and unloaded by a variety of mechanical means bulk cargo ports may handle one particular type of cargo or numerous cargoes such as grains liquid fuels liquid chemicals wood and automobiles such ports are known as the bulk or break bulk ports ports that handle containerized cargo are known as container ports most cargo ports handle all sorts of cargo but some ports are very specific as to what cargo they handle additionally individual cargo ports may be divided into different operating terminals which handle the different types of cargoes and may be operated by different companies also known as terminal operators or stevedores 27 cruise port edit a cruise home port is the port where cruise ship passengers board or embark to start their cruise and disembark the cruise ship at the end of their cruise it is also where the cruise ship s supplies are loaded for the cruise which includes everything from fresh water and fuel to fruits vegetables champagne and any other supplies needed for the cruise cruise home ports are very busy places during the day the cruise ship is in port because off going passengers debark their baggage and on coming passengers board the ship in addition to all the supplies being loaded cruise home ports tend to have large passenger terminals to handle the large number of passengers passing through the port the busiest cruise home port in the world is the port of miami florida port of call edit a port of call is an intermediate stop for a ship on its sailing itinerary at these ports cargo ships may take on supplies or fuel as well as unloading and loading cargo while cruise liners have passengers get on or off ship fishing port edit the port of roses catalonia spain both a fishing port and a marina a fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish it may be a recreational facility but it is usually commercial a fishing port is the only port that depends on an ocean product and depletion of fish may cause a fishing port to be uneconomical marina edit izola marina slovenia a marina is a port for recreational boating warm water port edit a warm water port also known as an ice free port is one where the water does not freeze in winter this is mainly used in the context of countries with mostly cold winters where parts of the coastline freezes over every winter because they are available year round warm water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest such settlements as narvik in norway dalian in china murmansk novorossiysk petropavlovsk kamchatsky and vostochny port 28 in russia odesa in ukraine kushiro in japan and valdez at the terminus of the alaska pipeline owe their very existence to being ice free ports the baltic sea and similar areas have ports available year round beginning in the 20th century thanks to icebreakers but earlier access problems prompted russia to expand its territory to the black sea citation needed inland port edit main articles inland port and dry port the darsena milan it italy the inland port of the city an inland port is a port on a navigable lake river fluvial port or canal with access to a sea or ocean which therefore allows a ship to sail from the ocean inland to the port to load or unload its cargo an example of this is the st lawrence seaway which allows ships to travel from the atlantic ocean several thousand kilometers inland to great lakes ports like toronto duluth superior and chicago 29 the term inland port is also used for dry ports a dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations 30 smart port edit main article smart port a smart port uses technologies including the internet of things iot and artificial intelligence ai to be more efficient at handling goods 31 smart ports usually deploy cloud based software as part of the process of greater automation to help generate the operating flow that helps the port work smoothly 32 at present most of the world s ports have somewhat embedded technology if not for full leadership however thanks to global government initiatives and exponential growth in maritime trade the number of intelligent ports has gradually increased a report by business intelligence provider visiongain assessed that smart ports market spending would reach 1 5 bn in 2019 33 environmental issues edit further information environmental impact of shipping ports and their operation are often a cause of environmental issues such as sediment contamination and spills from ships and are susceptible to larger environmental issues such as human caused climate change and its effects 34 dredging edit main article dredging every year 100 million cubic metres of marine sediment are dredged to improve waterways around ports dredging in its practice disturbs local ecosystems brings sediments into the water column and can stir up pollutants captured in the sediments 34 invasive species edit invasive species are often spread by the bilge water and species attached to the hulls of ships 34 it is estimated that there are over 7000 invasive species transported in bilge water around the world on a daily basis 35 invasive species can have direct or indirect interactions with native sea life direct interaction such as predation is when a native species with no natural predator is all of a sudden prey of an invasive specie indirect interaction can be diseases or other health conditions brought by invasive species 36 a ship pumping bilge water into a harbor air pollution edit ports are also a source of increased air pollution as a result of ships and land transportation at the port transportation corridors around ports have higher exhaust emissions and this can have related health effects on local communities 34 water quality edit water quality around ports is often lower because of both direct and indirect pollution from the shipping and other challenges caused by the port s community such as trash washing into the ocean 34 spills pollution and contamination edit sewage from ships and leaks of oil and chemicals from shipping vessels can contaminate local water and cause other effects like nutrient pollution in the water 34 climate change and sea level rise edit ports and their infrastructure are very vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise because many of them are in low lying areas designed for status quo water levels 4 variable weather coastal erosion and sea level rise all put pressure on existing infrastructure resulting in subsidence coastal flooding and other direct pressures on the port 4 reducing impact edit port of koper in slovenia there are several initiatives to decrease negative environmental impacts of ports 37 38 39 the world port sustainability program points to all of the sustainable development goals as potential ways of addressing port sustainability 40 these include simpyc the world ports climate initiative the african green port initiative ecoports and green marine 39 41 world s major ports edit main article lists of ports africa edit the port of tangier med is the largest port on the mediterranean and in africa by capacity and went into service in july 2007 the busiest port in africa is port said in egypt asia edit see...
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