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ory tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from thermonuclear weapons multi stage fusion fission nuclear weapon diagram of the us w88 warhead a standard thermonuclear design the primary a fission weapon that triggers the secondary the secondary fission and fusion fuel imploded by radiation radiation case channels x ray radiation from primary to secondary channel filler plastic foam that improves radiation implosion booster gas canister periodic replacement as tritium gas decays high explosive lenses plutonium 239 hollow pit deuterium and tritium boosting gas lithium deuteride thermonuclear fuel highly enriched uranium sparkplug highly enriched uranium tamper natural uranium case castle bravo thermonuclear test bikini atoll 1954 the largest us nuclear test ever a thermonuclear weapon fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb h bomb is a second generation nuclear weapon using nuclear fusion the most destructive weapons ever created their yields typically exceed first generation nuclear weapons by twenty times with far lower mass and volume requirements characteristics of fusion reactions can make possible the use of non fissile depleted uranium as the weapon s main fuel thus allowing more efficient use of scarce fissile material its multi stage design is distinct from the usage of fusion in simpler boosted fission weapons the first full scale a thermonuclear test ivy mike was carried out by the united states in 1952 and the concept has since been employed by at least the five npt recognized nuclear weapon states the united states russia the united kingdom china and france 1 the design of all thermonuclear weapons is believed to be the teller ulam configuration this relies on radiation implosion in which x rays from detonation of the primary stage a fission bomb are channelled to compress a separate fusion secondary stage containing thermonuclear fuel primarily lithium 6 deuteride during detonation neutrons convert lithium 6 to helium 4 plus tritium the heavy isotopes of hydrogen deuterium and tritium then undergo a reaction that releases energy and neutrons for this reason thermonuclear weapons are often colloquially called hydrogen bombs or h bombs b additionally most weapons use a natural or depleted uranium tamper and case this undergoes fast fission from fast fusion neutrons and is the main contribution to the total yield and radioactive fission product fallout 2 3 thermonuclear weapons were thought possible in 1941 and were the subject of basic research during the manhattan project 4 the first soviet nuclear test triggered an all out pursuit of a thermonuclear weapon in the us despite initial opposition by many former manhattan project scientists the teller ulam configuration named for its chief contributors edward teller and stanisław ulam was outlined in 1951 5 with contribution from john von neumann operation greenhouse investigated thermonuclear reactions before the full scale mike test multi stage devices were later developed and tested largely independently c by the soviet union 1955 the united kingdom 1957 china 1966 and france 1968 6 there is not enough public information to determine whether india 7 8 9 10 11 israel 12 6 or north korea 13 6 possess multi stage weapons pakistan is not considered to have developed them 10 14 after the 1991 collapse of the soviet union ukraine belarus and kazakhstan became the first and only countries to relinquish their thermonuclear weapons although these had never left the operational control of russian forces following the 1996 comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty most countries with thermonuclear weapons maintain their stockpiles and expertise using computer simulations hydrodynamic testing warhead surveillance and inertial confinement fusion experiments thermonuclear weapons are the only artificial source of explosions above one megaton tnt the tsar bomba was the most powerful bomb ever detonated at 50 megatons of tnt 210 pj 15 despite the uranium tamper being replaced with lead to reduce radioactive fallout 16 as they are the most efficient design for yields above 50 kilotons of tnt 210 tj and with decreased relevance of tactical nuclear weapons virtually all nuclear weapons deployed by the five recognized nuclear weapons states today are thermonuclear 17 their development dominated the cold war s nuclear arms race their destructiveness and ability to miniaturize high yields such as in mirv warheads defines nuclear deterrence and mutual assured destruction extensions of thermonuclear weapon design include clean bombs with marginal fallout and neutron bombs with enhanced penetrating radiation nonetheless most thermonuclear weapons designed including all current us and uk nuclear warheads derive most of their energy from fast fission causing high fallout 18 nuclear weapons background nuclear explosion history warfare design testing delivery yield effects humanitarian workers ethics arsenals target selection arms race blackmail deterrence espionage no first use proliferation disarmament sharing strategy terrorism umbrella opposition winter pax atomica nuclear triad nuclear armed states npt recognized united states russia united kingdom france china others india israel undeclared pakistan north korea former south africa belarus kazakhstan ukraine v t e terminology edit the adjectives thermonuclear fusion and hydrogen are used mainly to describe multi stage nuclear weapons which allow large fusion yields these operate on the radiation implosion principle and are synonymous with the teller ulam design independently developed by at least five countries thermonuclear refers to thermonuclear fusion where nuclei are fused via their high collision speeds at high temperatures unlike fission weapons whose detonations are mediated via neutron transport thermonuclear yield is more directly dependent on the temperatures and pressures achieved during compression of the secondary these are in contrast to boosted fission devices which employ thermonuclear fusion but detonate a single stage design theoretically limited to around one megaton 19 despite their name the simplest and most common thermonuclear weapons derive most of their yield 80 for us weapons from fast fission of a natural or depleted uranium tamper clean thermonuclear weapons 10 fission have also been tested and possibly deployed 18 basic principle edit main article nuclear weapon design edward teller in 1958 primary and secondary stages edit the basic principle of the teller ulam configuration is the idea that different parts of a thermonuclear weapon can be chained together in stages with the detonation of each stage providing the energy to ignite the next stage at a minimum this implies a primary section that consists of an implosion type fission bomb a trigger and a secondary section that consists of fusion fuel the energy released by the primary compresses the secondary through the process of radiation implosion at which point it is heated and undergoes nuclear fusion this process could be continued with energy from the secondary igniting a third fusion stage the soviet tsar bomba and us b41 nuclear bombs are believed to have used this design theoretically by continuing this process thermonuclear weapons with arbitrarily high yield could be constructed fission weapons are limited in yield because only so much fission fuel can be amassed in one place before the danger of its accidentally becoming supercritical becomes too great the british orange herald was the largest single stage fission test ever at 700 kilotons citation needed one possible version of the teller ulam configuration surrounding the other components is a hohlraum or radiation case a container that traps the first stage or primary s energy inside temporarily the outside of this radiation case which is also normally the outside casing of the bomb is the only direct visual evidence publicly available of any thermonuclear bomb component s configuration numerous photographs of various thermonuclear bomb exteriors have been declassified 20 the primary is a standard implosion method fission bomb though likely with a core boosted by small amounts of fusion fuel usually 1 1 deuterium tritium gas for extra efficiency the fusion fuel releases excess neutrons when heated and compressed inducing additional fission when fired the 239 pu or 235 u core would be compressed to a smaller sphere by special layers of conventional high explosives arranged around it in an explosive lens pattern initiating the nuclear chain reaction that powers the conventional atomic bomb the secondary is usually shown as a column of fusion fuel and other components wrapped in many layers around the column is first a pusher tamper a heavy layer of uranium 238 238 u or lead that helps compress the fusion fuel and in the case of uranium may eventually undergo fission itself inside this is the fusion fuel usually a form of lithium deuteride which is used because it is easier to weaponize than liquefied tritium deuterium gas this dry fuel when bombarded by neutrons produces tritium a heavy isotope of hydrogen that can undergo nuclear fusion along with the deuterium present in the mixture inside the layer of fuel is the spark plug a hollow column of fissile material 239 pu or 235 u often boosted by deuterium gas the spark plug when compressed can undergo nuclear fission because of the shape it is not a critical mass without compression the tertiary if one is present would be set below the secondary and probably be made of the same materials 21 22 interstage edit separating the secondary from the primary is the interstage the fissioning primary produces four types of energy 1 expanding hot gases from high explosive charges that implode the primary 2 superheated plasma that was originally the bomb s fissile material and its tamper 3 the electromagnetic radiation and 4 the neutrons from the primary s nuclear detonation the interstage is responsible for accurately modulating the transfer of energy from the primary to the secondary it must direct the hot gases plasma electromagnetic radiation and neutrons toward the right place at the right time less than optimal interstage designs have resulted in the secondary failing to work entirely on multiple shots known as a fissile fizzle the castle koon shot of operation castle is a good example a small flaw allowed the neutron flux from the primary to prematurely begin heating the secondary weakening the compression enough to prevent any fusion a classified paper by teller and ulam on 9 march 1951 on heterocatalytic detonations i hydrodynamic lenses and radiation mirrors in which they proposed their revolutionary staged implosion idea this declassified version is extensively redacted there is very little detailed information in the open literature about the mechanism of the interstage one of the best sources is a simplified diagram of a british thermonuclear weapon similar to the american w80 warhead it was released by greenpeace in a report titled dual use nuclear technology 23 the major components and their arrangement are in the diagram though details are almost absent what scattered details it does include likely have intentional omissions or inaccuracies they are labeled end cap and neutron focus lens and reflector wrap the former channels neutrons to the 235 u 239 pu spark plug while the latter refers to an x ray reflector typically a cylinder made of an x ray opaque material such as uranium with the primary and secondary at either end it does not reflect like a mirror instead it gets heated to a high temperature by the x ray flux from the primary then it emits more evenly spread x rays that travel to the secondary causing what is known as radiation implosion in ivy mike gold was used as a coating over the uranium to enhance the blackbody effect 24 next comes the reflector neutron gun carriage the reflector seals the gap between the neutron focus lens in the center and the outer casing near the primary it separates the primary from the secondary and performs the same function as the previous reflector there are about six neutron guns seen here from sandia national laboratories 25 each protruding through the outer edge of the reflector with one end in each section all are clamped to the carriage and arranged more or less evenly around the casing s circumference the neutron guns are tilted so the neutron emitting end of each gun end is pointed towards the central axis of the bomb neutrons from each neutron gun pass through and are focused by the neutron focus lens towards the center of primary in order to boost the initial fissioning of the plutonium a polystyrene polarizer plasma source is also shown see below the first us government document to mention the interstage was only recently released to the public promoting the 2004 initiation of the reliable replacement warhead rrw program a graphic includes blurbs describing the potential advantage of a rrw on a part by part level with the interstage blurb saying a new design would replace toxic brittle material and expensive special material that require unique facilities 26 the toxic brittle material is widely assumed to be beryllium which fits that description and would also moderate the neutron flux from the primary some material to absorb and re radiate the x rays in a particular manner may also be used 27 candidates for the special material are polystyrene and a substance called fogbank an unclassified codename fogbank s composition is classified though aerogel has been suggested as a possibility it was first used in thermonuclear weapons with the w76 thermonuclear warhead and produced at a plant in the y 12 complex at oak ridge tennessee for use in the w76 production of fogbank lapsed after the w76 production run ended the w76 life extension program required more fogbank to be made this was complicated by the fact that the original fogbank s properties were not fully documented so a massive effort was mounted to re invent the process an impurity crucial to the properties of the old fogbank was omitted during the new process only close analysis of new and old batches revealed the nature of that impurity the manufacturing process used acetonitrile as a solvent which led to at least three evacuations of the fogbank plant in 2006 widely used in the petroleum and pharmaceutical industries acetonitrile is flammable and toxic y 12 is the sole producer of fogbank 28 summary edit a simplified summary of the above explanation is a relatively small fission bomb known as the primary explodes energy released in the primary is transferred to the secondary or fusion stage this energ...
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