Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, bikini, to, atoll, culture, resident, trust, failed, world, site, nuclear, kili, island, diving, program, contents, etymology, environment, non, population, history, funds, claims, heritage, visitor, access, 21st, century, habitable, condition, in, popular, gallery, see, also, notes, references, external, links, clothing, dress, land, based, wealth, language, test, geography, flora, fauna, climate, japanese, occupation, war, ii, residents, relocated, relocation, lagoon, on, shore, facilities, liveaboard, sportfishing, shipwrecks, cinema, television, shows, swimsuit, design, bibliography, testing, strategic, territory, move, resettlement, return,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (936), and (309), bikini (242), atoll (185), from (169), islands (117), for (99), archived (96), original (92), #island (87), marshall (86), retrieved (83), were (80), nuclear (77), was (74), 2013 (70), with (61), that (61), august (60), islanders (60), they (48), edit (44), trust (43), their (39), june (38), united (38), kili (38), july (37), states (36), testing (35), may (32), fund (31), are (30), tests (29), after (29), land (29), about (28), test (28), history (28), pdf (28), this (27), residents (26), world (25), other (25), people (25), had (25), marshallese (24), 1946 (23), site (22), 2023 (22), million (22), lagoon (22), which (22), there (21), pacific (20), not (20), october (20), have (20), september (19), articles (19), 2024 (19), new (19), 2007 (19), one (19), march (18), but (18), when (18), than (18), food (18), atomic (17), operation (17), first (17), population (17), 2021 (16), all (16), radiation (16), 2012 (16), japanese (16), government (15), majuro (14), kwajalein (14), rongerik (14), two (14), who (14), main (14), home (14), moved (14), fallout (13), culture (13), territory (13), 2010 (13), diving (13), living (13), women (13), during (13), january (12), weapons (12), war (12), has (12), november (12), years (12), return (12), would (12), navy (12), also (12), part (12), relocated (12), been (12), used (12), coconut (12), english (11), heritage (11), through (11), bomb (11), doi (11), isbn (11), 2022 (11), divers (11), coral (11), yield (11), article (11), because (11), year (11), some (11), lived (11), its (11), only (11), caesium (11), use (10), long (10), american (10), december (10), com (10), program (10), april (10), resettlement (10), 2001 (10), time (10), 2016 (10), air (10), ships (10), series (10), fishing (10), community (10), total (10), them (10), between (10), 000 (10), levels (10), 137 (10), uss (10), council (10), based (10), more (10), toggle (9), short (9), atolls (9), crossroads (9), public (9), 2017 (9), what (9), health (9), radiological (9), spongebob (9), while (9), around (9), high (9), made (9), his (9), 100 (9), left (9), found (9), could (9), dive (9), family (9), miles (9), radioactive (9), copra (9), statements (8), links (8), language (8), conducted (8), northern (8), compact (8), department (8), energy (8), press (8), february (8), 2009 (8), popular (8), local (8), claims (8), battle (8), again (8), ocean (8), number (8), out (8), square (8), bottom (8), live (8), then (8), soil (8), map (8), visitors (8), much (8), each (8), began (8), families (8), move (8), wikipedia (7), under (7), containing (7), potentially (7), 2008 (7), 2019 (7), many (7), 2020 (7), chain (7), control (7), hardtack (7), castle (7), jaluit (7), enewetak (7), german (7), university (7), relocation (7), bravo (7), 2015 (7), hawaii (7), 2006 (7), over (7), name (7), another (7), men (7), able (7), traditional (7), can (7), few (7), scientists (7), due (7), century (7), aircraft (7), reef (7), fish (7), most (7), including (7), sea (7), failed (7), 1978 (7), 1948 (7), you (6), cs1 (6), references (6), wayback (6), settlement (6), sites (6), national (6), free (6), association (6), colonial (6), how (6), leaders (6), cultural (6), pmid (6), conditions (6), 978 (6), very (6), king (6), master (6), unesco (6), times (6), state (6), became (6), area (6), 167 (6), although (6), like (6), named (6), along (6), term (6), low (6), longer (6), relocate (6), update (6), combined (6), three (6), contamination (6), location (6), paid (6), produce (6), small (6), needed (6), later (6), inhabitants (6), water (6), ship (6), resident (6), until (6), 165 (6), subsection (6), search (5), additional (5), terms (5), using (5), page (5), link (5), dated (5), dead (5), external (5), republic (5), japan (5), international (5), nevada (5), against (5), human (5), related (5), operations (5), school (5), climate (5), naval (5), machine (5), bibcode (5), encyclopedia (5), 2011 (5), swimsuit (5), news (5), squarepants (5), theory (5), research (5), scuba (5), agency (5), york (5), cleanup (5), age (5), official (5), strategic (5), eschscholtz (5), streck (5), stopped (5), data (5), late (5), place (5), less (5), four (5), detonated (5), where (5), clothing (5), well (5), result (5), once (5), starvation (5), since (5), now (5), end (5), given (5), second (5), larger (5), feet (5), income (5), must (5), environment (5), funds (5), further (5), however (5), safe (5), into (5), provide (5), learned (5), plants (5), evacuated (5), 1972 (5), pandanus (5), both (5), 1958 (5), enough (5), megatons (5), called (5), chief (5), languages (4), table (4), contents (4), view (4), contact (4), commons (4), last (4), 2026 (4), wikidata (4), maint (4), reliable (4), 2014 (4), unsourced (4), ralik (4), org (4), grade (4), project (4), sand (4), submarine (4), defense (4), military (4), rights (4), ujae (4), geography (4), seas (4), base (4), gone (4), resources (4), results (4), media (4), simon (4), 1097 (4), physics (4), 1998 (4), review (4), niedenthal (4), jack (4), facts (4), information (4), social (4), introduced (4), bombs (4), magazine (4), actor (4), liveaboards (4), johnson (4), issn (4), despite (4), bikinians (4), 1983 (4), days (4), 1885 (4), weisler (4), journal (4), early (4), maddison (4), 1954 (4), damages (4), variety (4), among (4), officials (4), resettled (4), did (4), work (4), above (4), seen (4), access (4), those (4), facilities (4), within (4), old (4), design (4), taking (4), season (4), off (4), shows (4), level (4), life (4), habitable (4), expected (4), scientific (4), get (4), shipwrecks (4), amount (4), built (4), vessels (4), evidence (4), construction (4), capital (4), approximately (4), payments (4), 800 (4), annually (4), per (4), hawaiian (4), totaling (4), homes (4), eneu (4), returned (4), increased (4), runway (4), trees (4), citation (4), samples (4), crabs (4), chose (4), way (4), took (4), secure (4), saavedra (4), account (4), ejit (4), wide (4), generation (4), dress (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), safety (3), text (3), available (3), non (3), organization (3), wikimedia (3), foundation (3), inc (3), copy (3), title (3), service (3), lacking (3), value (3), pages (3), coordinates (3), dates (3), louis (3), plutonium (3), compensation (3), experience (3), day (3), south (3), grounds (3), little (3), indicates (3), park (3), anthem (3), president (3), political (3), namu (3), wōdejebato (3), ujelang (3), western (3), likiep (3), blew (3), assessment (3), sunken (3), fleet (3), washington (3), everything (3), bibliography (3), pmc (3), deposition (3), iaea (3), bulletin (3), 1994 (3), good (3), mankind (3), ruth (3), created (3), brief (3), etymology (3), talk (3), big (3), giff (3), business (3), difficult (3), paradise (3), cite (3), robison (3), request (3), congress (3), tribunal (3), court (3), empire (3), hezel (3), francis (3), monograph (3), honolulu (3), 9780824816438 (3), taint (3), civilization (3), caroline (3), pre (3), 1521 (3), von (3), past (3), charles (3), micronesia (3), 1987 (3), natural (3), edward (3), divemaster (3), 1985 (3), survey (3), reparations (3), five (3), emergency (3), countries (3), radioactivity (3), permanent (3), administration (3), following (3), announced (3), study (3), natives (3), source (3), here (3), see (3), woman (3), breasts (3), private (3), modesty (3), received (3), réard (3), create (3), reaction (3), similar (3), explosion (3), paris (3), wears (3), mat (3), far (3), beginning (3), voice (3), true (3), lawrence (3), know (3), direct (3), wildlife (3), experiencing (3), removed (3), back (3), allow (3), descendants (3), currently (3), visited (3), caretakers (3), make (3), potassium (3), close (3), standard (3), weapon (3), collected (3), concentrations (3), 21st (3), battleship (3), saratoga (3), include (3), authorities (3), contaminated (3), reefs (3), humans (3), complete (3), largest (3), remained (3), top (3), vessel (3), self (3), liveaboard (3), still (3), included (3), dozen (3), detailed (3), 500 (3), representatives (3), required (3), artifacts (3), visitor (3), power (3), major (3), determined (3), across (3), step (3), helped (3), stated (3), acres (3), 350 (3), 150 (3), members (3), process (3), produced (3), award (3), down (3), entire (3), caused (3), established (3), affected (3), 1975 (3), drained (3), children (3), 600 (3), locally (3), several (3), supply (3), supplies (3), finally (3), specifically (3), better (3), extended (3), dangerous (3), discovered (3), increase (3), body (3), strontium (3), debris (3), ended (3), 1956 (3), inadequate (3), canoes (3), 184 (3), size (3), begin (3), individuals (3), soon (3), iroij (3), these (3), 1947 (3), nations (3), occurred (3), detonations (3), six (3), chosen (3), followed (3), baker (3), personal (3), voluntarily (3), hands (3), heads (3), underwater (3), army (3), effect (3), significant (3), captured (3), species (3), stratigraphic (3), contexts (3), 400 (3), though (3), older (3), primary (3), occupied (3), surrounding (3), northwest (3), led (3), ownership (3), tenure (3), society (3), events (3), clan (3), wealth (3), pikinni (3), tools (3), add (2), privacy (2), policy (2), license (2), categories (2), unfit (2), url (2), deprecated (2), archival (2), permanently (2), too (2), cited (2), description (2), index (2), trinity (2), radio (2), desert (2), proving (2), training (2), range (2), central (2), flat (2), mesa (2), redwing (2), ivy (2), guardian (2), emery (2), arbor (2), house (2), system (2), college (2), education (2), flag (2), ronald (2), reagan (2), ballistic (2), missile (2), law (2), relations (2), sunset (2), eastern (2), change (2), mandate (2), guinea (2), served (2), monitor (2), digital (2), collection (2), want (2), issues (2), chronology (2), beck (2), bouville (2), moroz (2), 142 (2), 20622548 (2), 2904645 (2), 0b013e3181bbbfbd (2), 2010heaph (2), 124b (2), 124 (2), stegnar (2), peter (2), vol (2), assessing (2), prospects (2), weisgall (2), jonathan (2), annapolis (2), 55750 (2), 919 (2), institute (2), judson (2), rosebush (2), science (2), studies (2), tiny (2), bikinis (2), channel (2), bbc (2), david (2), gold (2), 2005 (2), north (2), bombers (2), bradley (2), bill (2), debunks (2), fan (2), qsr (2), los (2), via (2), daily (2), post (2), oliver (2), herbrich (2), mon (2), amour (2), florida (2), list (2), destinations (2), future (2), lost (2), diver (2), 1997 (2), web (2), dose (2), weeks (2), thirty (2), fourth (2), session (2), mckenzie (2), pete (2), 0362 (2), 4331 (2), affairs (2), america (2), force (2), victims (2), hamilton (2), maui (2), share (2), nation (2), kattenburg (2), stranded (2), 1920 (2), 207706 (2), jstor (2), germany (2), 237 (2), johann (2), friedrich (2), present (2), archaeology (2), recent (2), archaeological (2), 256 (2), excavation (2), internationalist (2), ghost (2), outside (2), 1988 (2), 315 (2), vegetation (2), geology (2), reference (2), harold (2), 0017 (2), 9078 (2), 2004 (2), 00004032 (2), 199707000 (2), detonation (2), marine (2), biodiversity (2), decades (2), marianas (2), money (2), 1371 (2), customs (2), dictionary (2), travel (2), model (2), commodore (2), ben (2), wyatt (2), settlers (2), discrepancy (2), lists (2), notes (2), takes (2), bunker (2), located (2), gallery (2), thighs (2), swim (2), fine (2), polyester (2), dries (2), quickly (2), limited (2), hired (2), demonstrate (2), print (2), immediate (2), bernardini (2), revealing (2), style (2), explosive (2), fashion (2), described (2), inches (2), 200 (2), manager (2), mother (2), contrast (2), nieded (2), developing (2), except (2), said (2), don (2), friends (2), asked (2), evolved (2), kenny (2), situated (2), television (2), hiroshima (2), mondo (2), documentary (2), effects (2), cinema (2), thought (2), rest (2), peace (2), stay (2), wrote (2), lack (2), alive (2), ever (2), percent (2), rate (2), increasing (2), 880 (2), inhabited (2), potential (2), substantially (2), livermore (2), laboratory (2), reported (2), changed (2), adding (2), group (2), recommended (2), should (2), environmental (2), tested (2), radionuclide (2), condition (2), cruiser (2), nagato (2), destroyer (2), anderson (2), attack (2), transport (2), apa (2), opened (2), sport (2), recovered (2), sportfishing (2), histories (2), undisturbed (2), contains (2), interest (2), depth (2), regarded (2), truk (2), granted (2), alongside (2), operate (2), aboard (2), lingering (2), imported (2), parts (2), week (2), seat (2), shore (2), fewer (2), experienced (2), cost (2), brought (2), prior (2), pay (2), accompany (2), verify (2), remove (2), wrecks (2), tangible (2), sent (2), crater (2), exposed (2), dawn (2), paradoxical (2), try (2), restore (2), electricity (2), depleted (2), real (2), estate (2), boats (2), limits (2), withdrawals (2), buy (2), plane (2), equipment (2), held (2), paying (2), whether (2), trusts (2), payment (2), grown (2), ruled (2), nct (2), loss (2), actions (2), temporary (2), period (2), provided (2), damage (2), intended (2), effective (2), 1986 (2), added (2), wasn (2), tourism (2), services (2), flooding (2), waves (2), covered (2), wells (2), extremely (2), passed (2), tide (2), attend (2), eighth (2), supported (2), houses (2), rely (2), bags (2), rice (2), items (2), canned (2), provides (2), concrete (2), heavy (2), buildings (2), arrived (2), lawsuit (2), lines (2), building (2), millirems (2), readily (2), same (2), abnormally (2), bodies (2), decided (2), eventually (2), team (2), breadfruit (2), federal (2), costs (2), dangerously (2), patterns (2), fold (2), burdens (2), interior (2), commission (2), crops (2), shortly (2), afterward (2), regular (2), replanted (2), problems (2), shortages (2), without (2), tents (2), uninhabited (2), paramount (2), protected (2), destroyed (2), hopping (2), voyages (2), islets (2), seabees (2), mason (2), immediately (2), medical (2), selected (2), went (2), eat (2), ate (2), got (2), arms (2), fall (2), our (2), dying (2), smaller (2), protect (2), alone (2), starving (2), investigators (2), concluded (2), death (2), headquarters (2), economic (2), lands (2), guam (2), round (2), eleven (2), shot (2), higher (2), spread (2), particularly (2), cloud (2), prepare (2), 1108 (2), sixth (2), proved (2), distant (2), making (2), god (2), otemjej (2), rej (2), ilo (2), bein (2), anij (2), seven (2), wanted (2), devices (2), cold (2), represented (2), line (2), vast (2), relatively (2), soldiers (2), rather (2), eniwetok (2), 1914 (2), outpost (2), occupation (2), coconuts (2), native (2), southern (2), trade (2), captain (2), crew (2), killed (2), wood (2), radiocarbon (2), dating (2), husk (2), grow (2), accepted (2), habitation (2), consequently (2), 1200 (2), bce (2), charcoal (2), shells (2), carbon (2), driftwood (2), derived (2), actual (2), leaving (2), deposits (2), meters (2), 550 (2), methods (2), 850 (2), initially (2), waters (2), adjacent (2), months (2), temperature (2), large (2), explosions (2), distributed (2), skilled (2), taro (2), flora (2), fauna (2), 229 (2), 594 (2), initial (2), technology (2), measure (2), estimated (2), known (2), particles (2), hysplit (2), before (2), 2010s (2), pushed (2), help (2), support (2), become (2), current (2), together (2), relatives (2), chiefs (2), alap (2), dri (2), jerbal (2), umu (2), shorts (2), loose (2), traditionally (2), cover (2), especially (2), wore (2), 19th (2), possible (2), meaning (2), surface (2), pʲiɡinnʲi (2), show (2), megaton (2), band (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, contacts, disclaimers, apply, agree, registered, trademark, profit, creative, attribution, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, category, volume, webarchive, template, infobox, maps, explicitly, gadget, wikiminiatlas, dmy, different, https, php, bikini_atoll, oldid, 1375134858, yale, lux, nara, czech, worldcat, fast, gnd, viaf, authority, databases, vitale, vela, uniform, beyond, reactor, cafe, exposure, act, plowshare, unethical, experimentation, rock, exercises, corbin, harney, chuck, hansen, reed, hadley, alvin, graves, tragedy, museum, topics, atlantic, rifle, parachute, colorado, amchitka, alaska, salmon, mississippi, springs, yucca, rainier, pahute, frenchman, carson, forest, carlsbad, alamogordo, mexico, areas, wigwam, whetstone, upshot, knothole, tumbler, snapper, touchstone, tinderbox, teapot, sunbeam, storax, sculpin, sandstone, roller, coaster, ranger, quicksilver, 58a, praetorian, hood, plumbbob, phalanx, nougat, niblick, musketeer, mandrel, feller, latchkey, julin, teak, cannikin, grommet, grenadier, greenhouse, fusileer, fulcrum, flintlock, fishbowl, starfish, prime, dominic, crosstie, cresset, cornerstone, charioteer, buster, jangle, bowline, bedrock, argus, aqueduct, anvil, parenthesis, feature, indicate, single, italics, populated, bold, roi, namur, memorial, debrum, nrhp, listings, delap, sda, cooperative, usaf, laura, seal, religion, holidays, music, demographics, exports, transportation, telecommunications, economy, parties, lgbtq, legislature, enforcement, foreign, elections, constitution, politics, ebon, namdrik, ailinglaplap, jabat, lib, lemkein, lae, wotho, ailinginae, ruwitūntūn, rongelap, lomilik, limalok, knox, nadikdik, mili, arno, aur, maloelap, erikub, wotje, jemo, ailuk, mejit, toke, utirik, bikar, bokak, taongi, sunrise, ratak, towns, villages, seamounts, administrative, divisions, governors, john, submerged, lagoons, archeology, codename, lauren, donaldson, entry, oceandots, truth, annotated, alsos, library, 2nd, publishers, 982, 9050, pictures, safaritheglobe, 1945, 1950, foster, teacher, 130, 4206, 8030, nonfiction, reading, comprehension, brij, lal, kate, fortune, 2000, 259, 8248, 2265, randomhistory, rocked, hoover, elizabeth, michele, bernadini, westcott, kathryn, affair, universidad, alicante, 7908, 517, etiology, emphasis, germanic, jewish, romance, slavic, campbell, richard, jefferson, carolina, mcfarland, company, 189, 58554961, oclc, 7864, 2139, 186, silverplate, registry, enola, gay, 29s, configured, carry, 2025, youtube, cast, reunites, krabby, patties, esquire, huffpost, staff, burger, angeles, highbeam, hype, soaking, loves, attention, huffington, answers, questions, archiv, filmarchive, diveadventures, stuff, insureandgo, explore, tips, oriskany, shipwreck, pensacola, adds, faces, 2002, advanced, estimates, indies, trader, committee, office, electronic, bureau, gov, report, evaluating, presented, denial, bombing, endures, rnzi, exiled, rising, flee, cruising, phil, rutherford, consulting, standards, nuclearweaponarchive, ratical, chris, survivors, nuke, seek, justice, rally, story, green, planet, maryland, website, newsweek, embassy, partnership, annex, wise, pictorial, record, 2307, 1920georv, 84c, geographical, churchill, william, 199, conchology, gustav, shellers, kirch, appraisal, 292, 144401071, s2cid, 41053094, 1007, bf02231482, 1990, suppl, micronesica, prehistoric, taggart, stewart, associated, man, 333, scubaboard, dave, pena, tony, borrett, lloyd, gwynne, asterisk, gorvett, zaria, www, happen, fosberg, raymond, 5479, 00775630, kenneth, tracey, ladd, geological, 3133, pp260a, nearby, centre, threat, reduction, andré, brian, steven, 9199235, 00022, 1997heaph, 258s, 258, compilation, zoe, richards, maria, beger, silvia, pinca, carden, wallace, 515, 18187160, 1016, marpolbul, 018, 2008marpb, 503r, 503, pollution, resilience, rnz, mismanagement, views, cultures, guyer, levy, issue, 1376, 11527760, 1446783, 2105, ajph, ann, michigan, grams, fiu, trussel2, bliss, edwin, munsell, 1891, funk, wagnalls, missions, briand, greta, peters, 32398, cjhp, v8isi, 2045, californian, promotion, perspectives, considerations, breast, cervical, cancer, orange, county, california, mcmahon, thomas, 1919, husband, introduction, 9199216, 00003, wendorf, marcia, interestingengineering, kiste, robert, 1974, menlo, calif, cummings, pub, 0846537524, forced, migration, americanhistory, edu, addressing, ambiguity, sources, put, 161, consensus, seems, scaevola, quince, zero, sometimes, doesn, count, widely, summary, attached, cartoon, coast, entrance, sign, rear, exposes, violates, modern, whereas, taboos, regarding, strict, wearing, mainly, restricted, beaches, pools, resorts, 106, 105, muumuus, featured, cloth, newspaper, type, sensation, letters, hoped, commercial, intensity, writer, atom, 104, diana, vreeland, 103, 102, 101, string, briefs, casino, nude, dancer, micheline, device, nicknamed, french, mechanical, engineer, lingerie, shop, garment, pool, piscine, molitor, socially, comfortable, exhibiting, bare, covering, nipples, key, fun, concept, mean, right, sort, gonna, play, apocalyptic, thing, whole, upstairs, believed, false, absolutely, plankton, squidward, rodger, bumpass, kind, ago, nah, think, mutations, interview, intellectualness, replied, tom, animated, primarily, supposedly, underneath, nickelodeon, inspired, movie, godzilla, nagasaki, bombings, 1962, italian, film, cane, rendering, helpless, great, despair, overwhelming, knew, sleeping, pillow, harmony, lore, kessibuki, topsoil, necessary, funding, opportunity, creates, dilemma, near, virtually, none, unemployment, growing, growth, numbers, advantage, immigrated, improved, dropping, considerably, faster, terry, director, radioecology, really, improving, accelerated, option, removing, millirem, roughly, desired, cesium, advisory, formed, response, independent, considering, subjected, validate, previous, surveys, absorption, rates, light, sakawa, 386, pilotfish, 308, apogon, 411, 367, lamson, carlisle, gilliam, arkansas, carrier, bow, flight, deck, blasts, obliterated, largely, attract, predators, absence, offers, sportsmen, pristine, environments, pounds, giant, trevally, barracuda, dogtooth, tuna, receive, lesson, movies, briefings, respective, tour, visit, carriers, accessible, closed, circuit, rebreather, usual, increases, visibility, immensely, locations, sharks, technical, trips, commencing, 2018, having, ongoing, evaluation, pent, demand, onwards, covid

Text of the page (random words):
rn marshall islands had less european contact and settlement than the southern islands but in the 1870s several blackbirding ships kidnapped women from the northern islands to sell into sexual slavery in fiji 48 the german empire annexed the marshall islands in 1885 49 the germans used the atoll to produce copra oil from coconuts although contact with the native population was infrequent the atoll s climate is drier than the more fertile southern marshall islands which produced more copra bikini islanders were recruited into developing the copra trade during the german colonial period 18 better source needed japanese occupation edit bikini was captured along with the rest of the marshall islands by the imperial japanese navy in 1914 during world war i and mandated to the empire of japan by the league of nations in 1920 the japanese administered the island under the south seas mandate but mostly left local affairs in the hands of traditional local leaders until the start of world war ii at the outset of the war the marshall islands suddenly became a strategic outpost for the japanese they built and manned a watchtower on the island an outpost for the japanese headquarters on kwajalein atoll to guard against an american invasion of the islands 50 world war ii edit main articles battle of kwajalein and battle of eniwetok the islands remained relatively unscathed by the war until february 1944 when in a bloody battle the american forces captured kwajalein atoll at the battle s conclusion there were only five surviving japanese soldiers left on bikini and they chose to die by suicide rather than allow themselves to be captured 50 this was followed by another difficult fight in the battle of eniwetok for the u s the battle represented both the next step in its island hopping march to japan and a significant moral victory as it was the first time the americans had penetrated the outer ring of the japanese pacific sphere for the japanese the battle represented the failure of the beach line defense japanese defenses became prepared in depth and the battles of peleliu guam and the marianas proved far more costly to the u s the base became part of the vast us naval base marshall islands residents relocated edit main article nuclear testing at bikini atoll on 7 march 1946 167 b bikini island residents boarded lst 1108 as they depart from bikini atoll bikini islanders arrive on rongerik atoll and unload pandanus for thatching the roofs of their new buildings 53 after world war ii the united states was engaged in a cold war nuclear arms race with the soviet union to build bigger and more destructive bombs 50 the nuclear weapons testing at bikini atoll program was a series of 23 nuclear devices detonated by the united states between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites the test weapons were detonated on the reef itself on the sea in the air and underwater 21 with a combined explosive yield of about 77 mt shortly after world war ii ended president harry s truman directed army and navy officials to secure a site for testing nuclear weapons on american warships while the army had seen the results of a land based explosion the navy wanted to know the effect of a nuclear weapon on ships they wanted to determine whether ships could be spaced at sea and in ports in a way that would make nuclear weapons ineffective against vessels 54 bikini was distant from both regular sea and air traffic making it an ideal location in february 1946 navy commodore ben h wyatt the military governor of the marshall islands asked the 167 micronesian inhabitants of the atoll to voluntarily and temporarily relocate so the united states government could begin testing atomic bombs for the good of mankind and to end all world wars after confused and sorrowful deliberation among the bikinians their leader king juda agreed to the u s relocation request announcing men otemjej rej ilo bein anij which translates as everything is in god s hands 55 50 nine of the eleven family heads or alaps chose rongerik as their new home 51 in february navy seabees helped them to disassemble their church and community house and prepare to relocate them to their new home on 7 march 1946 the residents gathered their personal belongings and saved building supplies they were transported 125 miles 201 km eastward on u s navy landing ship 1108 to the uninhabited rongerik atoll which was one sixth the size of bikini atoll 51 no one lived on rongerik because it had an inadequate water and food supply and due to deep rooted traditional beliefs that the island was haunted by the demon girls of ujae the navy left them with a few weeks of food and water which soon proved to be inadequate 50 nuclear testing program edit main article nuclear testing at bikini atoll the wilson cloud from test baker situated just offshore from bikini island at top of the picture the weapons testing began with the operation crossroads series in july 1946 the baker test s radioactive contamination of all the target ships was the first case of immediate concentrated radioactive fallout from a nuclear explosion chemist glenn t seaborg the longest serving chairman of the atomic energy commission called baker the world s first nuclear disaster 56 this was followed by a series of later tests that left the islands of the atoll contaminated with enough radioactivity particularly caesium 137 to contaminate food grown in the soil a third nuclear test called charlie was called off after the first two these were the last tests in bikini atoll until 1954 when it was chosen as the location for operation castle series the first shot bravo had a higher yield than expected to due an unexpected lithium 7 reaction this along with freak weather occurrences caused the fallout to spread much further than anticipated affecting neighbouring atolls and the japanese fishing boat daigo fukuryū maru 57 fallout from bravo nuclear test the bomb yield was 15 megatons with an expected yield of 4 8 megatons marking it as the largest bomb detonated by the us four more detonations occurred as part of the castle series with a combined yield of 46 5 megatons in 1956 operation redwing was conducted at the atoll with six total detonations and a combined yield of 18 2 megatons the final round of tests occurred in 1958 as part of the larger operation hardtack i eleven detonations occurred with a combined yield of 21 megatons strategic trust territory edit main article trust territory of the pacific islands in 1947 the united states convinced the united nations to designate the islands of micronesia a united nations strategic trust territory this was the only trust ever granted by the u n 58 the united states navy controlled the trust from a headquarters in guam until 1951 when the united states department of the interior took over control administering the territory from a base in saipan 59 the directive stated that the united states should promote the economic advancement and self sufficiency of the inhabitants and to this end shall protect the inhabitants against the loss of their lands and resources 50 despite the promise to protect the inhabitants from july 1946 through july 1947 the residents of bikini atoll were left alone on rongerik atoll and were starving for lack of food a team of u s investigators concluded in late 1947 that the islanders must be moved immediately press from around the world harshly criticized the u s navy for ignoring the people harold ickes a syndicated columnist wrote the natives are actually and literally starving to death 50 the islanders were moved again this time to kwajalein atoll 5 move to kili island edit further information kili island kili island of the marshall islands although not one of the smaller islands it is not an atoll with a protected lagoon in january 1948 leonard mason an anthropologist from the university of hawaii visited rongerik atoll and was horrified at what he found one resident of rongerik commented 16 we d get a few fish then the entire community would have to share this meager amount the fish were not fit to eat there they were poisonous because of what they ate on the reef we got sick from them like when your arms and legs fall asleep and you can t feel anything we d get up in the morning to go to our canoes and fall over because we were so ill then we started asking these men from america to bring us food we were dying but they didn t listen to us mason requested that food be brought to the islanders on rongerik immediately along with a medical officer the navy then selected ujelang atoll for their temporary home and some young men from the bikini atoll population went ahead to begin constructing living accommodations but u s trust authorities changed their mind they decided to use enewetak atoll as a second nuclear weapons test site and relocated the residents to ujelang atoll instead and to the homes built for the bikini islanders 50 in march 1948 184 malnourished bikini islanders were relocated again to kwajalein atoll they were given tents on a strip of grass alongside the airport runway to live in 58 in june 1948 the bikini residents chose kili island as a long term home 50 the extremely small 200 acres 81 ha 36 square miles 0 93 km 2 island was uninhabited and wasn t ruled by a paramount iroij or king due to its size it also lacks a coral reef in june the bikini community chose two dozen men to accompany eight seabees to kili to begin construction of a village in november 1948 the residents now totaling 184 individuals moved to kili island 50 at 0 36 square miles 0 93 km 2 one of the smallest islands in the marshall island chain they soon learned they could no longer fish the way they had on bikini atoll kili lacked the calm protected lagoon 58 living on kili island effectively destroyed their culture that had been based on fishing and island hopping canoe voyages to various islets around bikini atoll kili did not provide enough food for the transplanted residents 16 failed resettlement edit after their relocation to kili the bikini residents continued to suffer from inadequate food supplies kili is a small island without a lagoon and most of the year it is exposed to 10 to 20 ft 3 0 to 6 1 m waves that make fishing and putting canoes out difficult starvation ensued in 1949 the trust territory administration donated a 40 foot 12 m ship for transporting copra between kili and jaluit atoll but the ship was wrecked in heavy surf while delivering copra and other fruit 50 the u s trust authorities airdropped food onto kili the residents had to rely on imported usda rice and canned goods and had to buy food with their supplemental income 50 during 1955 and 1956 ships dispatched by the u s trust territory continually experienced problems unloading food because of the rough seas around the island leading to additional food shortages the people once again suffered from starvation and the shortages increased in 1956 the u s suggested that some of the bikini islanders move to jaluit where food was more readily available a few people moved 58 the united states opened a satellite community for the families on public land on jaluit atoll 30 miles 48 km north three families moved there to produce copra for sale and other families rotated living there later on 50 their homes on both kili and jaluit were struck by typhoons during 1957 and 1958 sinking their supply ship and damaging crops return to bikini atoll edit houses built for the first return to bikini in the 1960s in june 1968 based on scientific advice that the radiation levels were sufficiently reduced president lyndon b johnson promised the 540 bikini atoll family members living on kili and other islands that they would be able to return to their home the atomic energy commission cleared radioactive debris from the island and the u s trust territory was in charge of rebuilding structures and replanting crops on the atoll but shortly afterward the trust territory ended regular air flights between kwajalein atoll and bikini atoll which seriously impeded progress coconut trees were finally replanted in 1972 but the aec learned that the coconut crabs retained high levels of radioactivity and could not be eaten the bikini council voted to delay a return to the island as a result 50 three extended families eventually totaling about 100 people moved back to their home island in 1972 despite the risk but 3 years later a team of scientists performed additional tests on the island and its inhabitants they found some wells were too radioactive for use and determined that the pandanus and breadfruit were also dangerous for human consumption urine samples from the islanders on bikini atoll showed low levels of plutonium 239 and plutonium 240 as a result the bikini community filed a federal lawsuit seeking a complete scientific survey of bikini and the northern marshall islands inter departmental squabbling over responsibility for the costs delayed the work for three years 50 then in may 1977 scientists found dangerously high levels of strontium 90 in the well water exceeding the u s maximum allowed limits 60 in june the department of energy stated that all living patterns involving bikini island exceed federal radiation guidelines for thirty year population doses later that year scientists discovered an 11 fold increase in the caesium 137 body burdens in all of the people living on the atoll 50 in may 1978 officials from the u s department of the interior described the 75 increase in radioactive caesium 137 found as incredible 15 women were experiencing miscarriages stillbirths and genetic abnormalities in their children 61 62 better source needed researchers learned that the coral soil behaved differently from mainland soil because it contains very little potassium plants and trees readily absorb potassium as part of the normal biological process but since caesium is part of the same group on the periodic table it is absorbed by plants in a very similar chemical process the islanders who unknowingly consumed contaminated coconut milk were found to have abnormally high concentrations of caesium in their bodies the trust territory decided that the islanders had to be evacuated from the atoll a second time 63 citation needed the islanders received us 75 million in damages in 1986 as part of a new compact of free association with the u s and in 1988 another 90 million to be used specifically for radiological cleanup in 1987 a few bikini elders traveled to eneu island to reestablish old property lines construction crews began building a hotel docks and roads on bikini and installed generators desalinators and power lines a packed coral and sand runway still exists on eneu island the bikini atoll divers was established to provide income but in 1995 the council learned that the us environmental protection agency standard required reducing radiation levels to 15 millirems per year substantially less than the us department of energy standard of 100 millirems this...