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letter was intercepted by the prefect of rome 36 at that time for various reasons the holy see had not exerted effective leadership in the west since the pontificate of gelasius i the episcopacy in gaul was drawn from the great territorial families and identified with them the parochial horizon of gregory s contemporary gregory of tours may be considered typical in visigothic spain the bishops had little contact with rome in italy the territories which had de facto fallen under the administration of the papacy were beset by the violent lombard dukes and the rivalry of the byzantines in the exarchate of ravenna and in the south pope gregory had strong convictions on missions almighty god places good men in authority that he may impart through them the gifts of his mercy to their subjects and this we find to be the case with the british over whom you have been appointed to rule that through the blessings bestowed on you the blessings of heaven might be bestowed on your people also 37 he is credited with re energizing the church s missionary work among the non christian peoples of northern europe he is most famous for sending a mission often called the gregorian mission under augustine of canterbury prior of saint andrew s where he had possibly succeeded gregory to evangelize the pagan anglo saxons of britain it seems that the pope had never forgotten the anglo saxon slaves whom he had once seen in the roman forum 38 the mission was successful and it was from england that missionaries later set out for the netherlands and germany the preaching of non heretical christian faith and the elimination of all deviations from it were a key element in gregory s worldview and it constituted one of the major continuing policies of his pontificate 39 pope gregory the great urged his followers on the value of bathing as a bodily need 40 pope gregory also significantly influenced catholic teaching on the jews based on the writings of st paul and st augustine of hippo but also existing roman law he declared jews should be protected by christians and allowed the practise of judaism unharmed 41 in his letter to the bishop of palermo he laid out that just as jews were not allowed to pursue more freedoms than roman law allowed their position so christians were not allowed to infringe the rights that jews had this letter became later the template for papal protective letters for the jews in the later middle ages like calixtus ii s pontifical bull sicut judaeis just as the jews importantly though he also encouraged bishops to convert the jews pope gregory insisted that jews should not be forced to convert or physically harmed 42 41 it is said he was declared a saint immediately after his death by popular acclamation 1 in his official documents gregory was the first to make extensive use of the term servant of the servants of god servus servorum dei as a papal title thus initiating a practice that was to be followed by most subsequent popes 43 alms edit the church had a practice from early times of passing on a large portion of the donations it received from its members as alms gregory is known for his extensive administrative system of charitable relief of the poor at rome the poor were predominantly refugees from the incursions of the lombards the philosophy under which he devised this system is that the wealth belonged to the poor and the church was only its steward he received lavish donations from the wealthy families of rome who following his own example were eager by doing so to expiate their sins he gave alms equally as lavishly both individually and en masse he wrote in letters 44 i have frequently charged you to act as my representative to relieve the poor in their distress and i hold the office of steward to the property of the poor in gregory s time the church in rome received donations of many different kinds consumables such as food and clothing investment property real estate and works of art and capital goods or revenue generating property such as the sicilian latifundia or agricultural estates the church already had a system for circulating the consumables to the poor associated with each of the main city churches was a deacon he was given a building from which the poor could apply for assistance at any time g 45 the circumstances in which gregory became pope in 590 were of ruination the lombards held the greater part of italy their depredations had brought the economy to a standstill they camped nearly at the gates of rome the city itself was crowded with refugees from all walks of life who lived in the streets and had few of the necessities of life the seat of government was far from rome in constantinople and appeared unable to undertake the relief of italy mass of st gregory c 1490 attributed to diego de la cruz oil and gold on panel philadelphia museum of art in 590 gregory could not wait for constantinople any longer he organized the resources of the church into an administration for general relief in doing so he evidenced a talent and intuitive understanding of the principles of accounting which was not to be invented for centuries the church already had basic accounting documents every expense was recorded in journals called regesta lists of amounts recipients and circumstances revenue was recorded in polyptici books many of these polyptici were ledgers recording the operating expenses of the church and the assets the patrimonia a central papal administration the notarii under a chief the primicerius notariorum kept the ledgers and issued brevia patrimonii or lists of property for which each rector was responsible 46 gregory began by aggressively requiring his churchmen to seek out and relieve needy persons and reprimanded them if they did not in a letter to a subordinate in sicily he wrote i asked you most of all to take care of the poor and if you knew of people in poverty you should have pointed them out i desire that you give the woman pateria forty solidi for the children s shoes and forty bushels of grain 47 soon he was replacing administrators who would not cooperate with those who would and at the same time adding more in a build up to a great plan that he had in mind he understood that expenses must be matched by income to pay for his increased expenses he liquidated the investment property and paid the expenses in cash according to a budget recorded in the polity the churchmen were paid four times a year and also personally given a golden coin for their trouble 48 money however was no substitute for food in a city that was on the brink of famine the church now owned between 1 300 and 1 800 square miles 3 400 and 4 700 km 2 of revenue generating farmland divided into large sections called patrimonia it produced goods of all kinds which were sold but gregory intervened and had the goods shipped to rome for distribution in the diaconia he gave orders to step up production set quotas and put an administrative structure in place to carry it out at the bottom was the rusticus who produced the goods some rustici were or owned slaves he turned over part of his produce to a conductor from whom he leased the land the latter reported to an actionarius who reported to a defensor who reported to a rector grain wine cheese meat fish and oil began to arrive at rome in large quantities where it was given away for nothing as alms 49 fresco of saint gregory the pope of rome at stavronikita theophanes the cretan distributions to qualified persons were monthly however a certain proportion of the population lived in the streets or were too ill or infirm to pick up their monthly food supply gregory sent out a small army of charitable persons mainly monks every morning with prepared food to them it is said that he would not dine until the indigent were fed when he did dine he shared the family table which he had saved and which still exists with 12 indigent guests to the needy living in wealthy homes he sent meals he had cooked with his own hands as gifts to spare them the indignity of receiving charity hearing of the death of an indigent in a back room he was depressed for days entertaining for a time the conceit that he had failed in his duty and was a murderer 48 such charitable deeds were viewed favourably by the roman people they now looked to the papacy for government ignoring the state at constantinople the office of urban prefect went without candidates works edit liturgical reforms edit john the deacon wrote that pope gregory i made a general revision of the liturgy of the pre tridentine mass removing many things changing a few adding some in his own letters gregory remarks that he moved the pater noster our father to immediately after the roman canon and immediately before the fraction 50 this position is still maintained today in the roman liturgy the pre gregorian position is evident in the ambrosian rite gregory added material to the hanc igitur of the roman canon and established the nine kyries a vestigial remnant of the litany which was originally at that place at the beginning of mass he forbade deacons to perform any of the musical portions of the mass other than singing the gospel 1 sacramentaries directly influenced by gregorian reforms are referred to as sacrementaria gregoriana roman and other western liturgies since this era have a number of prayers that change to reflect the feast or liturgical season these variations are visible in the collects and prefaces as well as in the roman canon itself 51 divine liturgy of the presanctified gifts edit in the eastern orthodox church and eastern catholic churches gregory is credited as the primary influence in constructing the more penitential divine liturgy of the presanctified gifts a fully separate form of the divine liturgy in the byzantine rite adapted to the needs of the season of great lent its roman rite equivalent is the mass of the presanctified used only on good friday the syriac liturgy of the presanctified gifts continues to be used in the malankara rite a variant of the west syrian rite historically practiced in the malankara church of india and now practiced by the several churches that descended from it and at some occasions in the assyrian church of the east 52 gregorian chant edit main article gregorian chant antiphonary of hartker of the monastery of saint gall the mainstream form of western plainchant standardized in the late 9th century 53 was attributed to pope gregory i and so took the name of gregorian chant the earliest such attribution is in john the deacon s 873 biography of gregory almost three centuries after the pope s death and the chant that bears his name is the result of the fusion of roman and frankish elements which took place in the franco german empire under pepin charlemagne and their successors 54 writings edit st gregory the great window episcopal church of the good shepherd rosemont pennsylvania us gregory is commonly credited with founding the medieval papacy and so many attribute the beginning of medieval spirituality to him 55 gregory is the only pope between the fifth and the eleventh centuries whose correspondence and writings have survived enough to form a comprehensive corpus some of his writings are moralia in job this is one of the longest patristic works it was possibly finished as early as 591 it is based on talks gregory gave on the book of job to his brethren who accompanied him to constantinople the work as we have it is the result of gregory s revision and completion of it soon after he acceded to the papal office 56 pastoral care liber regulae pastoralis in which he contrasted the role of bishops as pastors of their flock with their position as nobles of the church the definitive statement of the nature of the episcopal office this was probably begun before he was elected pope and finished in 591 dialogues a collection of four books of miracles signs wonders and healings done by the holy men mostly monastic of sixth century italy with the second book entirely devoted to a popular life of saint benedict 57 sermons including the 22 homilae in hiezechielem homilies on ezekiel dealing with ezekiel 1 1 4 3 in book one and ezekiel 40 in book 2 these were preached during 592 593 the years that the lombards besieged rome and contain some of gregory s most profound mystical teachings they were revised eight years later the homilae xl in evangelia forty homilies on the gospels for the liturgical year delivered during 591 and 592 which were seemingly finished by 593 a papyrus fragment from this codex survives in the british museum london uk 58 expositio in canticis canticorum only two of these sermons on the song of songs survive discussing the text up to song 1 9 in librum primum regum expositio commentary on 1 kings which scholars now think that this is a work by the 12th century monk peter of cava who used no longer extant gregorian material copies of some 854 letters have survived during gregory s time copies of papal letters were made by scribes into a registrum register which was then kept in the scrinium it is known that in the 9th century when john the deacon composed his life of gregory the registrum of gregory s letters was formed of 14 papyrus rolls though it is difficult to estimate how many letters this may have represented though these original rolls are now lost the 854 letters have survived in copies made at various later times the largest single batch of 686 letters being made by order of adrian i 772 795 56 the majority of the copies dating from the 10th to the 15th century are stored in the vatican library 59 gregory wrote over 850 letters in the last 13 years of his life 590 604 that give us an accurate picture of his work 60 a truly autobiographical presentation is nearly impossible for gregory the development of his mind and personality remains speculative 61 opinions of the writings of gregory vary his character strikes us as an ambiguous and enigmatic one historian norman cantor observed on the one hand he was an able and determined administrator a skilled and clever diplomat a leader of the greatest sophistication and vision but on the other hand he appears in his writings as a superstitious and credulous monk hostile to learning crudely limited as a theologian and excessively devoted to saints miracles and relics 62 iconography edit saint gregory the great by josé de ribera in art gregory is usually shown in full pontifical robes with the tiara and double cross despite his actual habit of dress earlier depictions are more likely to show a monastic tonsure and plainer dress orthodox icons traditionally show st gregory vested as a bishop holding a gospel book and blessing with his right hand it is recorded that he permitted his depiction with a square halo then used for the living 63 a dove is his attribute from the well known story attributed to his friend peter the deacon h who tells that when the pope was dictating his homilies on ezechiel a curtain was drawn between his secretary and him...
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