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c conquests they made incursions into mauritania and were established in the region by the end of the seventh century 25 many berber tribes in mauritania fled the arrival of the arabs to the gao region in mali 25 other peoples also migrated south past the sahara and into west africa in the 11th century several nomadic berber confederations in the desert regions overlapping present day mauritania joined to form the almoravid movement they expanded north and south spawning an important empire that stretched from the sahara to the iberian peninsula in europe 26 27 according to a disputed arab tradition 28 29 the almoravids traveled south and conquered the ancient and extensive ghana empire around 1076 30 from 1644 to 1674 the indigenous peoples of the area that is modern mauritania made what became their final effort to repel the maqil arabs who were invading their territory this effort which was unsuccessful is known as the char bouba war the invaders were led by the beni hassan tribe the descendants of the beni hassan warriors became the upper stratum of moorish society hassaniya a bedouin arabic dialect named for the beni hassan became the dominant language among the largely nomadic population 31 colonial history edit main article colonial mauritania this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed july 2024 learn how and when to remove this message the portuguese empire ruled arguin portuguese arguim from 1445 after prince henry the navigator set up a feitoria until 1633 after the portuguese the dutch and then the french took control of arguin until abandoning it in 1685 starting in the late 19th century france laid claim to the territories of present day mauritania from the senegal river area northwards in 1901 xavier coppolani took charge of the imperial mission 32 through a combination of strategic alliances with zawaya tribes and military pressure on the hassane warrior nomads he managed to extend french rule over the mauritanian emirates beginning in 1903 and 1904 the french armies succeeded in occupying trarza brakna and tagant however the northern emirate of adrar held out longer the emirate was aided by the anticolonial rebellion or jihad of shaykh maa al aynayn and by insurgents from tagant and the other occupied regions in 1904 france organized the territory of mauritania and it became part of french west africa first as a protectorate and later as a colony in 1912 the french armies defeated adrar and incorporated it into the territory of mauritania 33 french rule brought legal prohibitions against slavery and an end to interclan warfare during the colonial period 90 of the population remained nomadic gradually many individuals belonging to sedentary peoples whose ancestors had been expelled centuries earlier began to migrate into mauritania until 1902 the capital of french west africa was in modern day senegal it was first established at saint louis and later from 1902 to 1960 in dakar when senegal gained its independence that year france chose nouakchott as the site of the new capital of mauritania at the time nouakchott was little more than a fortified village or ksar 34 after mauritanian independence larger numbers of indigenous sub saharan african peoples haalpulaar soninke and wolof immigrated with most of them settling in the area north of the senegal river many of these new arrivals had been educated in the french language and customs and became clerks soldiers and administrators in the new state at the same time the french were militarily suppressing the most intransigent hassane tribes in the north french pressure on those tribes altered the existing balance of power and new conflicts arose between the southern populations and the moors 35 clarification needed incomprehensible the great sahel droughts of the early 1970s caused massive devastation in mauritania exacerbating problems of poverty and conflict the arabized dominant elites reacted to changing circumstances and to arab nationalist calls from abroad by increasing pressure to arabize many aspects of mauritanian life such as law and the education system this was also a reaction to the consequences of the french domination under the colonial rule various models for maintaining the country s cultural diversity have been suggested but none have been successfully implemented citation needed this ethnic discord was evident during intercommunal violence that broke out in april 1989 the mauritania senegal border war the conflict has since subsided mauritania expelled some 70 000 sub saharan african mauritanians in the late 1980s 36 ethnic tensions and the sensitive issue of slavery past and in some areas present are still powerful themes in the country s political debate a significant number from all groups seek a more diverse pluralistic society citation needed conflict with western sahara edit main articles political status of western sahara and tiris al gharbiyya this section relies on a single source please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources mauritania news newspapers books scholar jstor december 2025 learn how and when to remove this message nouakchott is the capital and largest city of mauritania it is one of the largest cities in the sahara the international court of justice concluded that in spite of some evidence of both morocco s and mauritania s legal ties prior to spanish colonization neither set of ties was sufficient to affect the application of the un general assembly declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples to western sahara 37 in 1976 mauritania along with morocco annexed the territory of western sahara after several military losses to the polisario heavily armed and supported by algeria the regional power and rival to morocco mauritania withdrew in 1979 its claims were taken over by morocco due to economic weakness mauritania has been a negligible player in the territorial dispute with its official position being that it wishes for an expedient solution that is mutually agreeable to all parties while most of western sahara has been occupied by morocco the un still considers the western sahara a territory that needs to express its wishes with respect to statehood a referendum originally scheduled for 1992 is still supposed to be held at some point in the future under un auspices to determine whether or not the indigenous sahrawis wish to be independent as the sahrawi arab democratic republic or to be part of morocco 38 ould daddah era 1960 1978 edit main articles history of mauritania 1960 78 mauritanian people s party and moktar ould daddah this section relies on a single source please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources mauritania news newspapers books scholar jstor december 2025 learn how and when to remove this message in 1960 mauritania became an independent nation 39 in 1964 president moktar ould daddah originally installed by the french formalized mauritania as a one party state with a new constitution setting up an authoritarian presidential regime daddah s own parti du peuple mauritanien became the ruling organization in a one party system the president justified this on the grounds that mauritania was not ready for western style multiparty democracy under this one party constitution daddah was re elected in uncontested elections in 1976 and 1978 daddah was ousted in a bloodless coup on 10 july 1978 he had brought the country to near collapse through the disastrous war to annex the southern part of western sahara this potential annexation was framed as an attempt to create a greater mauritania cmrn and cmsn military governments 1978 1984 edit chinguetti was a center of islamic scholarship in west africa mustafa ould salek s military committee for national recovery proved incapable of either establishing a strong base of power or extracting the country from its destabilizing conflict with the sahrawi resistance movement the polisario front it quickly fell to be replaced by another military government the military committee for national salvation colonel mohamed khouna ould haidallah soon emerged as its strongman by giving up all claims to western sahara he found peace with the polisario and improved relations with its main backer algeria but relations with morocco the other party to the conflict and its european ally france deteriorated instability continued and haidallah s ambitious reform attempts foundered his regime was plagued by attempted coups and intrigue within the military establishment citation needed it became increasingly contested due to his harsh and uncompromising measures against opponents many dissidents were jailed and some executed slavery in mauritania still exists despite being officially abolished three times in 1905 1981 and again in august 2007 anti slavery activists are persecuted imprisoned and tortured 40 41 42 in 1981 united states newspapers mistakenly reported that the central intelligence agency planned a covert operation to overthrow the government of mauritania as part of the u s cold war strategy 43 journalist bob woodward later wrote that the mistake was made by white house aides unfamiliar with the world who meant to leak news about an operation planned for mauritius 44 ould taya s rule 1984 2005 edit main article history of mauritania 1984 present see also foreign relations of mauritania in december 1984 haidallah was deposed by colonel maaouya ould sid ahmed taya who while retaining tight military control relaxed the political climate ould taya moderated mauritania s previous pro algerian stance and re established ties with morocco during the late 1980s he deepened these ties during the late 1990s and early 2000s as part of mauritania s drive to attract support from western states and western aligned arab states its position on the western sahara conflict has been since the 1980s one of strict neutrality the mauritania senegal border war started as a result of a conflict in diawara between moorish mauritanian herders and senegalese farmers over grazing rights 45 on 9 april 1989 mauritanian guards killed two senegalese 46 following the incident several riots erupted in bakel dakar and other towns in senegal directed against the mainly arabized mauritanians who dominated the local retail business the rioting adding to the already existing tensions led to a campaign of terror against black mauritanians 47 black mauritanians are often seen as senegalese by the bidān white moors regardless of their nationality as low scale conflict with senegal continued into 1990 91 the mauritanian government engaged in and encouraged acts of violence and seizures of property directed against the halpularen ethnic group the tension culminated in an international airlift agreed to by senegal and mauritania under international pressure to prevent further violence the mauritanian government expelled thousands of black mauritanians most of these so called senegalese had few or no ties with senegal and many have been repatriated from senegal and mali after 2007 48 the exact number of expulsions is not known however the united nations high commissioner for refugees unhcr estimated that as of june 1991 52 995 mauritanian refugees were living in senegal and at least 13 000 in mali 49 27 opposition parties were legalized and a new constitution approved in 1991 which put an end to formal military rule but president ould taya s election wins were dismissed as fraudulent by some opposition groups citation needed in the late 1980s ould taya had established close co operation with iraq and pursued a strongly arab nationalist line mauritania grew increasingly isolated internationally and tensions with western countries grew dramatically after it took a pro iraqi position during the 1991 gulf war citation needed during the mid to late 1990s mauritania shifted its foreign policy to one of increased co operation with the united states and europe it was rewarded with diplomatic normalization and aid projects on 28 october 1999 mauritania joined egypt palestine and jordan as the only members of the arab league to officially recognize israel ould taya also started co operating with the u s in anti terrorism activities a policy that was criticized by some human rights organizations 50 51 during the regime of president ould taya mauritania developed economically oil was discovered in 2001 by the woodside company 52 august 2005 military coup edit main article 2005 mauritanian coup d état on 3 august 2005 a military coup led by colonel ely ould mohamed vall ended president maaouya ould sid ahmed taya s 21 years of rule 53 taking advantage of ould taya s attendance at the funeral of saudi king fahd the military including members of the presidential guard basep seized control of key points in the capital nouakchott the coup proceeded without loss of life 54 calling themselves the military council for justice and democracy the officers released the following statement the national armed forces and security forces have unanimously decided to put a definitive end to the oppressive activities of the defunct authority which our people have suffered from during the past years 55 the military council later issued another statement naming colonel ould mohamed vall as president and director of the national police force the sûreté nationale vall once regarded as a firm ally of the now ousted president had aided ould taya in the coup that had originally brought him to power and had later served as his security chief sixteen other officers were listed as members of the council though cautiously watched by the international community 56 the coup came to be generally accepted with the military junta organizing elections within a promised two year timeline in a referendum on 26 june 2006 97 of mauritanians approved a new constitution that limited the duration of a president s stay in office the leader of the junta col vall promised to abide by the referendum and relinquish power peacefully mauritania s establishment of relations with israel it was one of only three arab states to recognize israel was maintained by the new regime despite widespread criticism from the opposition parliamentary and municipal elections in mauritania took place on 19 november and 3 december 2006 2007 presidential elections edit this section relies on a single source please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources mauritania news newspapers books scholar jstor december 2025 learn how and when to remove this message sidi ould cheikh abdallahi mauritania s first fully democratic presidential elections took place on 11 march 2007 the elections effected the f...
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