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ericans and recent european immigrants reshaped the state s economy culture and politics into the late 19th century the majority of new mexicans remained ethnic mestizos of mixed spanish and native american ancestry primarily pueblo navajo apache genízaro and comanche many of whom had roots going back to spanish settlement in the 16th century this distinctly new mexican ethnic group became known as hispanos and developed a more pronounced identity vis a vis the newer anglo arrivals politically they still controlled most town and county offices through local elections and wealthy ranching families commanded considerable influence preferring business legislative and judicial relations with fellow indigenous new mexican groups by contrast anglo americans who were outnumbered but well organized and growing 40 tended to have more ties to the territorial government whose officials were appointed by the u s federal government subsequently newer residents of new mexico generally favored maintaining territorial status which they saw as a check on native and hispano influence the indigenous people of northern new mexico by balduin möllhausen 1861 a consequence of the civil war was intensifying conflict with indigenous peoples which was part of the broader american indian wars along the frontier the withdrawal of troops and material for the war effort had prompted raids by hostile tribes and the federal government moved to subdue the many native communities that had been effectively autonomous throughout the colonial period following the elimination of the confederate threat brigadier general james carleton who had assumed command of the military department of new mexico in 1862 led what he described as a merciless war against all hostile tribes that aimed to force them to their knees and then confine them to reservations where they could be christianized and instructed in agriculture 39 with famed frontiersman kit carson placed in charge of troops in the field powerful indigenous groups such as the navajo mescalero apache kiowa and comanche were brutally pacified through a scorched earth policy and thereafter forced into barren and remote reservations sporadic conflicts continued into the late 1880s most notably the guerilla campaigns led by apache chiefs victorio and his son in law nana the political and cultural clashes between these competing ethnic groups sometimes culminated in mob violence including lynchings of native hispanic and mexican peoples as was attempted at the frisco shootout in 1884 nevertheless prominent figures from across these communities and from both the democratic and republican parties attempted to fight this prejudice and forge a more cohesive multiethnic new mexican identity they include lawmen baca and garrett and governors curry hagerman and otero 41 42 indeed some territorial governors like lew wallace had served in both the mexican and american militaries 43 in the early to mid 20th century the art presence in santa fe grew and it became known as one of the world s great art centers 44 45 promotional source the presence of artists such as georgia o keeffe attracted many others including those along canyon road 46 in the late 20th century native americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions in states which had authorized such gaming such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers generate revenues for reinvestment in the economic development and welfare of their peoples the albuquerque metropolitan area is home to several casinos as a result 47 statehood main articles admission to the union and list of u s states by date of admission to the union a hispano boy in chamisal 1940 the united states congress admitted new mexico as the 47th state on january 6 1912 13 166 it had been eligible for statehood 60 years earlier but was delayed due to the perception that its majority hispanic population was alien to u s culture and political values 48 when the u s entered the first world war roughly five years later new mexicans volunteered in significant numbers in part to prove their loyalty as full fledged citizens of the u s the state ranked fifth in the nation for military service enlisting more than 17 000 recruits from all 33 counties over 500 new mexicans were killed in the war 49 indigenous hispanic families had long been established since the spanish and mexican era 50 but most american settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large native american tribes 51 most indigenous new mexicans lived on reservations and near old placitas and villas in 1924 congress passed a law granting all native americans u s citizenship and the right to vote in federal and state elections however anglo american arrivals into new mexico enacted jim crow laws against hispanos hispanic americans and those who did not pay taxes targeting indigenous affiliated individuals 52 because hispanics often had interpersonal relationships with indigenous peoples they were often subject to segregation social inequality and employment discrimination 51 a homesteader and his children at the new mexico fair in pie town new mexico 1940 during the fight for women s suffrage in the united states new mexico s hispano and mexican women at the forefront included trinidad cabeza de baca dolores lola armijo mrs james chavez aurora lucero anita mrs secundino romero arabella mrs cleofas romero and her daughter marie 53 54 a major oil discovery in 1928 near the town of hobbs brought greater wealth to the state especially in surrounding lea county 55 the new mexico bureau of mines and mineral resources called it the most important single discovery of oil in new mexico s history 56 nevertheless agriculture and cattle ranching remained the primary economic activities world war ii and aftermath new mexico was greatly transformed by the u s entry into the second world war in december 1941 as in the first world war patriotism ran high among new mexicans including among marginalized hispanic and indigenous communities on a per capita basis new mexico produced more volunteers and suffered more casualties than any other state the war also spurred economic development particularly in extractive industries with the state becoming a leading supplier of several strategic resources new mexico s rough terrain and geographic isolation made it an attractive location for several sensitive military and scientific installations the most famous was los alamos one of the central facilities of the manhattan project where the first atomic bombs were designed and manufactured the first bomb was tested at trinity site in the desert between socorro and alamogordo which is today part of the white sands missile range 13 179 180 as a legacy of the second world war new mexico continues to receive large amounts of federal government spending on major military and research institutions that continue to this day 57 in addition to the white sands missile range the state hosts three u s air force bases that were established or expanded during the war while the high military presence brought considerable investment it has also been the center of controversy on may 22 1957 a b 36 accidentally dropped a nuclear bomb 4 5 miles from the control tower while landing at kirtland air force base in albuquerque only its conventional trigger detonated 58 59 the los alamos national laboratory and sandia national laboratories two of the nation s leading federal scientific research facilities originated from the manhattan project the focus on high technology is still a top priority of the state to the extent that it became a center for unidentified flying objects especially following the 1947 roswell incident new mexico s population nearly doubled from roughly 532 000 in 1940 to over 954 000 by 1960 60 61 in addition to federal personnel and agencies many residents and businesses moved to the state particularly from the northeast often drawn by its warm climate and low taxes 62 the pattern continues into the 21st century with new mexico adding over 400 000 residents between 2000 and 2020 native americans from new mexico fought for the united states in both world wars returning veterans were disappointed to find their civil rights limited by state discrimination in arizona and new mexico veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting in 1948 after veteran miguel trujillo sr of isleta pueblo was told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote he filed suit against the county in federal district court a three judge panel overturned as unconstitutional new mexico s provisions that native americans who did not pay taxes and could not document if they had paid taxes could not vote 52 note 2 21st century in the 21st century employment growth areas in new mexico include electronic circuitry scientific research information technology casinos art of the american southwest food film and media particularly in albuquerque 63 the state was the founding location of micro instrumentation and telemetry systems which led to the founding of microsoft in albuquerque 64 intel maintains their f11x in rio rancho which also hosts an it center for hp inc 65 66 new mexico s culinary scene became recognized and is now a source of revenue for the state 67 68 69 albuquerque studios has become a filming hub for netflix and it was brought international media production companies to the state like nbcuniversal 70 71 72 the covid 19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the u s state of new mexico on march 11 2020 on december 23 2020 the new mexico department of health reported 1 174 new covid 19 cases and 40 deaths bringing the cumulative statewide totals to 133 242 cases and 2 243 deaths since the start of the pandemic 73 geography further information list of counties in new mexico see also geography of new mexico and delaware basin wheeler peak in the sangre de cristo range carlsbad caverns national park white sands national park rio grande gorge and bridge shiprock with a total area of 121 590 square miles 314 900 km 2 74 new mexico is the fifth largest state after alaska texas california and montana its eastern border lies along 103 w longitude with the state of oklahoma and 2 2 miles 3 5 kilometres west of 103 w longitude with texas due to a 19th century surveying error 75 76 on the southern border texas makes up the eastern two thirds while the mexican states of chihuahua and sonora make up the western third with chihuahua making up about 90 of that the western border with arizona runs along the 109 03 w longitude 77 the southwestern corner of the state is known as the bootheel the 37 n parallel forms the northern boundary with colorado the states of new mexico colorado arizona and utah come together at the four corners in new mexico s northwestern corner its surface water area is about 292 square miles 760 km 2 74 despite its popular depiction as mostly arid desert new mexico has one of the most diverse landscapes of any u s state ranging from wide auburn colored deserts and verdant grasslands to broken mesas and high snow capped peaks 78 close to a third of the state is covered in timberland with heavily forested mountain wildernesses dominating the north the sangre de cristo mountains the southernmost part of the rocky mountains run roughly north south along the east side of the rio grande in the rugged pastoral north the great plains extend into the eastern third of the state most notably the llano estacado staked plain whose westernmost boundary is marked by the mescalero ridge escarpment the northwestern quadrant of new mexico is dominated by the colorado plateau characterized by unique volcanic formations dry grasslands and shrublands open pinyon juniper woodland and mountain forests 79 the chihuahuan desert which is the largest in north america extends through the south over four fifths of new mexico is higher than 4 000 feet 1 200 meters above sea level the average elevation ranges from up to 8 000 feet 2 400 meters above sea level in the northwest to less than 4 000 feet 1 200 meters in the southeast 78 the highest point is wheeler peak at over 13 160 feet 4 010 meters in the sangre de cristo mountains while the lowest is the red bluff reservoir at around 2 840 feet 870 meters in the southeastern corner of the state in addition to the rio grande which is tied for the fourth longest river in the u s new mexico has four other major river systems the pecos canadian san juan and gila 80 nearly bisecting new mexico from north to south the rio grande has played an influential role in the region s history its fertile floodplain has supported human habitation since prehistoric times and european settlers initially lived exclusively in its valleys and along its tributaries 78 the pecos which flows roughly parallel to the rio grande to the east was a popular route for explorers as was the canadian river which rises in the mountainous north and flows east across the arid plains the san juan and gila lie west of the continental divide in the northwest and southwest respectively except for the gila all major rivers are dammed in new mexico and provide a major water source for irrigation and flood control climate new mexico has long been known for its dry temperate climate 78 overall the state is semi arid to arid with areas of continental and alpine climates at higher elevations new mexico s statewide average precipitation is 13 7 inches 350 mm a year with average monthly amounts peaking in the summer particularly in the more rugged north central area around albuquerque and in the south generally the eastern third of the state receives the most rainfall while the western third receives the least higher altitudes receive around 40 inches 1 000 mm while the lowest elevations see as little as 8 to 10 inches 200 to 250 mm 78 climate data for new mexico month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high f c 89 32 100 38 103 39 104 40 114 46 122 50 116 47 115 46 113 45 101 38 97 36 90 32 122 50 mean daily maximum f c 49 7 9 8 54 0 12 2 61 8 16 6 69 2 20 7 78 1 25 6 87 8 31 0 88 8 31 6 86 3 30 2 80 4 26 9 70 6 21 4 58 6 14 8 49 4 9 7 69 6 20 9 mean daily minimum f c 21 7 5 7 25 0 3 9 30 4 0 9 36 5 2 5 45 2 7 3 54 4 12 4 59 5 15 3 58 1 14 5 51 1 10 6 39 7 4 3 29 0 1 7 22 0 5 6 39 4 4 1 record low f c 57 49 50 46 34 37 45 43 2 19 10 12 19 7 23 5 8 13 15 26 38 39 47 44 57 49 average precipitation inches mm 0 67 17 0 59 15 0 69 18 0 62 16 0 91 23 1 02 26 2 44 62 2 33 59 1 76 45 1 17 30 0 68 17 0 81 21 13 69 349 source 1 extreme weather watch 81 source 2 noaa 82 köppen climate types of new mexico using 1991 2020 climate normals annual temperatures can range from 65 f 18 c in the southeast to below 40 f 4 c in the northern mountains 77 with the average being the mid 50s f 12 c during the summer daytime temperatures can often exceed 100 f 38 c at elevations below 5 000 feet...
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