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norman, yir, yoront, yak, thaayorre, ogh, undjan, kunjen, koko, bera, southwest, guugu, yimidhirr, kuku, nyungkal, gugu, yalandyi, barrow, yalanjic, morrobolam, lamalama, lamalamic, ompom, ngathan, mungkan, pakanha, kugu, muminh, ayabadhu, umpila, northeast, angkamuthi, yadhaykenu, wudhadhi, yinwum, atampaya, uradhi, unjadi, ngkoth, ndwa, ndrangith, mbiywom, mpalitjanh, luthigh, awngthim, arritinngithigh, ndra, mpakwithi, linnithigh, alngith, anguthimri, andjingith, adithinngithigh, paman, marcussen, lisa, august, 2015, archived, april, original, collections, selected, bibliography, material, gurndidy, dhaurwurd, held, library, george, robertson, customs, tribes, james, research, school, asian, 0858835436, consolidated, sharnthi, 1996, operative, dictionary, keerraywoorroong, times, standard, mixes, mirring, whole, book, cahir, fred, 2014, station, insights, into, his, work, brett, mark, havea, eds, palgrave, macmillan, 144, 349, 50181, 1057, 9781137475473_9, doi, 129, colonial, contexts, postcolonial, theologies, storyweaving, asia, dooley, clode, wakefield, 74305, 615, wave, exploring, early, coastal, 177, s82, s80, s81, s74, s77, s75, 2002, cambridge, xxxv, their, nature, development, s73, s71, broadsheet, keeps, alive, xiii, see, info, box, bunganditj, primary, list, update, most, amount, clearly, within, five, system, fluctuation, orthography, adopted, back, occurring, before, syllable, final, instead, give, better, idea, more, pronunciation, night, puroyn, older, unclear, determine, whether, consonant, glide, flap, both, approximant, lateral, nasal, stop, velar, alveolar, dental, labial, phonemic, inventory, shown, below, soprano, wrote, settlers, performance, june, featured, mso, chorus, dhungala, children, choir, symphony, orchestra, frontier, deborah, singer, guitarist, director, created, six, seasons, piece, performed, archie, roach, iain, grandage, lesson, series, proponents, vicki, couzens, medium, 1880, another, four, have, census, given, sometimes, translated, cave, park, rock, art, applied, east, 1863, 1924, being, describe, missionaries, watson, compliment, meant, once, largely, fact, could, wellington, wales, reserve, pale, skins, spirits, ancestors, escaped, convict, lived, near, until, 1856, geelong, buckley, white, wuun, gni, gninkeewan, sentiment, articulated, quite, wuunda, kitneean, form, called, turn, tongue, required, grammar, conversations, when, man, mother, law, speaking, company, thus, one, asked, going, just, now, phrased, normal, gnee, wee, banott, says, spoke, wulluwurung, wirngill, gnat, tallinanong, sub, giraiwurrung, wuluwurrung, woolwoowurrong, kii, kayiwurrung, kurnkupanut, tallin, thalayn, tjarcote, dhautgart, wurru, katubanut, yarro, waetch, regards, does, tindale, kirrae, kiriwurrung, etc, spelling, grouping, gives, detail, groupings, suggested, thaguwurung, tyaupurt, wurung, dauwert, woorong, dhauhwurru, dhau, urt, wuru, tourahonong, many, meaning, contemporary, teacher, austlang, effects, 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gnificant words toggle characteristics and significant words subsection 3 1 ngamadjidj 4 status and language revival 5 in popular culture 6 phonology 7 footnotes 8 references 9 further reading toggle the table of contents dhauwurd wurrung language 2 languages español kiswahili edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from gunditjmara language extinct australian aboriginal language gunditjmara dhauwurd wurrung warrnambool gurnditjmara native to australia region victoria ethnicity gunditjmara dhauwurd wurrung djargurd wurrung girai wurrung gadubanud extinct by 1975 revival efforts exist language family pama nyungan kulinic drual 1 gunditjmara dialects keerray woorroong koornkopanoot gaiwurrung djargurd wurrong wulluwurrung wirngilgnad dhalinanong language codes iso 639 3 either gjm gunditjmara wkr keerray woorroong glottolog warr1257 aiatsis 2 s20 dhauwurd wurrung s25 keerray woorroong elp warrnambool dhauwurd wurrung is a term used for a group of languages spoken by various groups of the gunditjmara people of the western district of victoria australia keerray woorroong also spelt girai wurrung and variants is regarded by some as a separate language by others as a dialect the dialect continuum consisted of various lects such as kuurn kopan noot big wurrung gai wurrung and others each with variant spellings there was no traditional name for the entire dialect continuum and it has been classified and labelled differently by different linguists and researchers the group of languages is also referred to as gunditjmara and warrnambool efforts to revive the language s are ongoing country edit the language in its several varieties was spoken from glenelg to the gellibrand and through to roughly 100 kilometres 60 mi inland 3 the effects of the colonisation of victoria which included the eumeralla wars along with later government policies leading to the stolen generation had a drastic and ongoing negative effect on the languages today the descendants of the speakers of these lects commonly refer to themselves as gunditjmara a term derived from an affix used to denote membership with a specific group of locality citation needed dialects and alternative names edit aiatsis austlang uses the name and spelling dhauwurd wurrung for the main grouping following the victorian aboriginal corporation for languages and ian clark and gives also detail on alternative groupings and names suggested by various other linguists alternative spellings include djargurd wurrung thaguwurung tyaupurt wurung dauwert woorong dhauhwurru dhau urt wuru tourahonong and many others and the language group is also referred to as the warrnambool language or the gunditjmara language 2 gunditj wurrung meaning gunditj language is used by a contemporary teacher of the language gunditjmara musician corey theatre 4 5 keerray woorroong girai wurrung kirrae wuurong kiriwurrung etc is regarded by the victorian aboriginal corporation for languages following clark as a separate language 6 it is of the girai wurrung people gadubanud tindale katubanut also yarro waetch cape otway tribe was spoken by a group known as the gadubanud of the cape otway area barry blake regards this as a dialect of the warrnambool language but krishna pillay does not 7 djargurd wurrong warn tallin warn thalayn 8 tjarcote dhautgart keerray wurru 9 was the language of the djargurd wurrong people other dialects or alternative names include a koornkopanoot kuurn kopan noot 10 also spelt kurnkupanut by blake 11 bi gwurrung peek whurrung and variants the port fairy tribe 12 9 gaiwurrung kii wuurong kayiwurrung 13 9 wulluwurrung wuluwurrung woolwoowurrong 14 wirngilgnad dhalinanong wirngill gnat tallinanong regarded as a sub dialect of giraiwurrung by clark 15 koort kirrup 9 only recorded by dixon clark says that koort kirrup is the name of a person who spoke wulluwurung 16 characteristics and significant words edit speakers of these languages had a form of avoidance speech called gnee wee banott turn tongue which required special terms and grammar in conversations when a man and mother in law were speaking in each other s company 17 thus if one asked where are you going just now this would be phrased in normal speech as 18 wuunda gnin kitneean in gunditjmara avoidance speech the same sentiment would be articulated quite differently 18 wuun gni gnin gninkeewan ngamadjidj edit the term ngamadjidj was used to denote white people by the gunditjmara 19 20 with the same word used in the wergaia dialect of the wemba wemba language the word is also used to refer to ghosts as people with pale skins were thought to be the spirits of ancestors the first known use is to refer to william buckley an escaped convict who lived with the wathaurong people near geelong from 1803 until 1856 21 the term was also applied to john green manager at coranderrk an aboriginal reserve north east of melbourne between 1863 and 1924 it was also recorded as being used to describe other missionaries such as william watson in wellington new south wales by the local wiradjuri people the term was a compliment as it meant that the local people thought that they had been an aboriginal person once based largely on the fact that they could speak the local language 22 ngamadjidj is also the name given to a rock art site in a shelter in the grampians national park sometimes translated as the cave of ghosts 23 status and language revival edit only three speakers were known to speak the language still by 1880 with another four still fluent in the bi gwurrung peek whurrung dialect 24 no fluent speakers have been recorded between 1975 and the 2016 australian census 2 there are several ongoing efforts to revive the gunditjmara language these include the gunditj wurrung online lesson series on youtube 4 and the laka gunditj language program 25 proponents of the revival of the language include vicki couzens and corey theatre who uses music as a medium for language revival 5 in popular culture edit gunditjmara composer singer and guitarist corey theatre in collaboration with australian composer and music director iain grandage created the gunditjmara six seasons the piece is sung entirely in the gunditjmara language and was performed in collaboration with aboriginal gunditjmara and bundjalung australian musician archie roach at the 2016 port fairy spring music festival 26 australian composer and soprano deborah cheetham wrote australia s first requiem based on the frontier wars between aboriginal australian people in south western victoria and settlers which is sung entirely in the gunditjmara language 27 the first performance of the requiem eumeralla a war requiem for peace 27 on 15 june 2019 in melbourne featured cheetham with the melbourne symphony orchestra the mso chorus and the dhungala children s choir 27 phonology edit a likely phonemic inventory for the warrnambool language is shown below consonants labial dental alveolar retroflex palatal velar stop p t̪ t ʈ c k nasal m n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ lateral l̪ l ɭ ʎ rhotic ɾ r ɽ approximant j w rhotic consonants were not distinguished in older sources it is unclear to determine whether the retroflex consonant was a glide ɻ or a flap ɽ both were written as r although most australian aboriginal languages use three vowels a i and u the amount of vowels are not clearly distinguished within the other sources for the warrnambool language although it may be likely that it had a five vowel system as a e i o u there is some fluctuation between i and e and u and o in the orthography adopted by blake where there was a back vowel occurring before a syllable final palatal o was used instead of u to give a better idea of the more likely pronunciation i e puroyn night 28 29 footnotes edit aiatsis primary spellings as of 2021 update are used for this list references edit glottolog 5 3 warrnambool bunganditj glottolog org retrieved 7 march 2026 1 2 3 s20 dhauwurd wurrung at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies see the info box for additional links blake 2003 pp xiii 2 1 2 gunditj wurrung youtube retrieved 21 january 2021 1 2 corey theatre keeps traditional language alive broadsheet retrieved 21 january 2021 s25 keerray woorroong at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies s71 gadubanud at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies s73 djargurd wurrong at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies 1 2 3 4 dixon r m w 2002 australian languages their nature and development cambridge university press p xxxv s75 koornkopanoot at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies blake 2003 pp 8 12 s77 bi gwurrung at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies s74 gaiwurrung at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies s81 wulluwurrung at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies s80 wirngilgnad dhalinanong at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies s82 koort kirrup at the australian indigenous languages database australian institute of aboriginal and torres strait islander studies blake 2003 p 8 1 2 dawson 1881 p 29 clark i 1995 scars in the landscape a register of massacre sites in western victoria 1803 1859 ebl ebooks online aboriginal studies press p 177 isbn 978 0 85575 595 9 retrieved 12 july 2020 clark i 1995 scars in the landscape a register of massacre sites in western victoria 1803 1859 ebl ebooks online aboriginal studies press p 11 isbn 978 0 85575 595 9 retrieved 12 july 2020 dooley g clode d 2019 the first wave exploring early coastal contact history in australia wakefield press p 30 isbn 978 1 74305 615 8 retrieved 12 july 2020 clark ian cahir fred 2014 6 john green manager of coranderrk aboriginal station but also a ngamadjidj new insights into his work with victorian aboriginal people in the nineteenth century in brett mark havea j eds colonial contexts and postcolonial theologies storyweaving in the asia pacific palgrave macmillan pp 129 144 doi 10 1057 9781137475473_9 isbn 978 1 349 50181 6 retrieved 12 july 2020 whole e book ngamadjidj shelter grampians point retrieved 12 july 2020 dawson 1881 p 4 laka gunditj language program gunditj mirring retrieved 21 january 2021 port fairy spring music festival mixes new and old the standard retrieved 24 january 2021 1 2 3 eumeralla a war requiem for peace national indigenous times retrieved 8 may 2019 blake 2003 krishna pillay sharnthi h 1996 a dictionary of keerraywoorroong and related dialects gunditjmara aboriginal co operative further reading edit blake barry j 2003 the warrnambool language a consolidated account of the aboriginal language of the warrnambool area of the western district of victoria based on nineteenth century sources pdf research school of pacific and asian studies australian national university isbn 0858835436 dawson james 1881 australian aborigines the languages and customs of several tribes of aborigines in the western district of victoria australia pdf george robertson marcussen lisa august 2015 selected bibliography of material on gunditjmara gurndidy dhaurwurd wurrung language and people held in the aiatsis library pdf aiatsis collections archived from the original pdf on 12 april 2020 v t e pama nyungan languages paman languages north adithinngithigh andjingith anguthimri alngith linnithigh mpakwithi ndra ngith arritinngithigh awngthim luthigh mpalitjanh mbiywom ndrangith ndwa ngith ngkoth unjadi uradhi atampaya yinwum wudhadhi yadhaykenu angkamuthi northeast umpila wik ayabadhu kugu muminh pakanha wik me nh wik mungkan wik ngathan wik ompom lamalamic lamalama morrobolam yalanjic barrow point gugu yalandyi kuku nyungkal guugu yimidhirr southwest koko bera kok thawa kunjen ogh undjan kuuk thaayorre kuuk yak yir yoront norman kurtjar kuthant thaypan alungul angkula aghu tharrnggala ikarranggal takalak thaypan southern mbara yanga mbabaram walangama wamin other djabugay flinders island gugadj kok narr mbariman gudhinma umbindhamu eastern pama nyungan dyirbalic dyirbal nyawaygi warrgamay wulguru yuru maric badjiri bidjara biri biri proper kingkel bayali darumbal warrongo yanda guwa yirandhali waka kabic barunggam gabi gabi gureng gureng tulua wakawaka wuliwuli durubalic guwar pimpama janday nunukul turrbal gumbaynggiric kumbainggar yaygir wiradhuric gamilaraay ngiyambaa wiradjuri yuin kuric darkinjung dharug dhanggati ngarigo ngunnawal gundungurra tharawal dharawal dhurga dyirringany thawa yugambal marbal worimi awabakal gathang gippsland dhudhuroa gunaikurnai bidhawal pallanganmiddang yugambeh bandjalang waalubal yugambeh githabul bundjalung other anewan kalaw lagaw ya yidiny bigambul guyambal lower burdekin bindal southern pama nyungan yotayotic yabula yabula yorta yorta kulinic kolakngat kulin dja dja wurrung wathaurong western victoria wemba wemba barababaraba ledji ledji madhi madhi nari nari wadi wadi wergaia woiwurrung taungurung bunurong bindjali drual bungandidj dhauwurd wurrung kuurn kopan noot lower murray keramin ngayawung yaralde yitha yitha yuyu thura yura adnyamathanha barngarla kaurna kuyani narungga nauo ngadjuri nukunu wirangu mirniny mirning ngadjunmaya nyungic galaagu kalaamaya natingero nyungar western pama nyungan kartu badimaya malgana thaagurda nhanda nhanhagardi wajarri yinggarda kanyara mantharta kanyara burduna bayungu thalanyji pinikura mantharta tharrgari warriyangka thiin jiwarli ngayarta jurruru kurrama martuthunira ngarla ngarluma kariyarra nhuwala nyamal nyiyaparli panyjima yindjibarndi yinhawangka marrngu karajarri mangala nyangumarta northern pama nyungan ngumpin yapa ngarrga warlmanpa warlpiri ngumpin walmajarri djaru gurindji bilinarra mudburra warumungu warumungu warluwaric wagaya bularnu yindjilandji warluwarra yanyuwa kalkatungic kalkatungu yalarnnga mayi mayi kulan mayi kutuna ngawun yolŋu dhaŋu dhuwal djaŋu djinba djinaŋ ritharrŋu nhaŋu central pama nyungan wati ngardi wanman western desert arandic arrernte kaytetye lower arrernte pertame karnic arabana diyari pirlatapa mithaka ngamini yarluyandi ngura pitta pitta wanggamala wangka yutjurru wilson river bundhamara new wangkumara garlali yandruw...
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