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o connor and william trevor well known irish poets include patrick kavanagh thomas mccarthy dermot bolger and nobel prize in literature laureates william butler yeats and seamus heaney born in northern ireland but resided in dublin prominent writers in the irish language are pádraic ó conaire máirtín ó cadhain séamus ó grianna and nuala ní dhomhnaill the history of irish theatre begins with the expansion of the english administration in dublin during the early 17th century and since then ireland has significantly contributed to english drama in its early history theatrical productions in ireland tended to serve political purposes but as more theatres opened and the popular audience grew a more diverse range of entertainments were staged many dublin based theatres developed links with their london equivalents and british productions frequently found their way to the irish stage however most irish playwrights went abroad to establish themselves in the 18th century oliver goldsmith and richard brinsley sheridan were two of the most successful playwrights on the london stage at that time at the beginning of the 20th century theatre companies dedicated to the staging of irish plays and the development of writers directors and performers began to emerge which allowed many irish playwrights to learn their trade and establish their reputations in ireland rather than in britain or the united states following in the tradition of acclaimed practitioners principally oscar wilde literature nobel prize laureates george bernard shaw 1925 and samuel beckett 1969 playwrights such as seán o casey brian friel sebastian barry brendan behan conor mcpherson and billy roche have gained popular success 214 other irish playwrights of the 20th century include denis johnston thomas kilroy tom murphy hugh leonard frank mcguinness and john b keane music and dance main articles irish music and irish dance enya ireland s best selling solo artist 215 u2 best selling irish group in history 216 irish traditional music has remained vibrant despite globalising cultural forces and retains many traditional aspects it has influenced various music genres such as american country and roots music and to some extent modern rock it has occasionally been blended with styles such as rock and roll and punk rock ireland has also produced many internationally known artists in other genres such as rock pop jazz and blues ireland s best selling musical act is the rock band u2 who have sold 170 million copies of their albums worldwide since their formation in 1976 217 there are a number of classical music ensembles around the country such as the rté performing groups 218 ireland also has two opera organisations irish national opera in dublin and the annual wexford opera festival which promotes lesser known operas takes place during october and november ireland has participated in the eurovision song contest since 1965 219 its first win was in 1970 when dana won with all kinds of everything 220 it has subsequently won the competition six more times 221 222 the highest number of wins by any competing country the phenomenon riverdance originated as an interval performance during the 1994 contest 223 irish dance can broadly be divided into social dance and performance dance irish social dance can be divided into céilí and set dancing irish set dances are quadrilles danced by 4 couples arranged in a square while céilí dances are danced by varied formations of couples of 2 to 16 people there are also many stylistic differences between these two forms irish social dance is a living tradition and variations in particular dances are found across the country in some places dances are deliberately modified and new dances are choreographed performance dance is traditionally referred to as stepdance irish stepdance popularised by the show riverdance is notable for its rapid leg movements with the body and arms being kept largely stationary the solo stepdance is generally characterised by a controlled but not rigid upper body straight arms and quick precise movements of the feet the solo dances can either be in soft shoe or hard shoe architecture main article architecture of ireland the dublin custom house is a neoclassical building from the late 18th century powerscourt estate near enniskerry in county wicklow was built in the 18th century ireland has a wealth of structures 224 surviving from the neolithic period such as brú na bóinne poulnabrone dolmen castlestrange stone turoe stone and drombeg stone circle 225 as ireland was never a part of the roman empire ancient architecture in greco roman style is non existent in contrast to most of western europe the country instead had an extended period of iron age architecture 226 the irish round tower originated during the early medieval period and several of these structure are still extant throughout the country christianity introduced simple monastic houses such as clonmacnoise skellig michael and scattery island a stylistic similarity has been remarked between these double monasteries and those of the copts of egypt 227 gaelic kings and aristocrats occupied ringforts or crannógs 228 church reforms during the 12th century via the cistercians stimulated further continental influence with the romanesque styled mellifont boyle and tintern abbeys 229 gaelic settlement had been limited to the monastic proto towns such as kells where the current street pattern preserves the original circular settlement outline to some extent 230 significant urban settlements only developed following the period of viking invasions 228 the major hiberno norse longphorts were located on the coast but with minor inland fluvial settlements such as the eponymous longford the ruins of monasterboice in county louth are of early christian settlements castles were built by the anglo normans during the late 12th century such as dublin castle and kilkenny castle 231 and the concept of the planned walled trading town was introduced which gained legal status and several rights by grant of a charter under feudalism these charters specifically governed the design of these towns 232 two significant waves of planned town formation followed the first being the 16th and 17th century plantation towns which were used as a mechanism for the tudor english kings to suppress local insurgency followed by 18th century landlord towns 233 surviving norman founded planned towns include drogheda and youghal plantation towns include portlaoise and portarlington well preserved 18th century planned towns include westport and ballinasloe these episodes of planned settlement account for many of the present day towns throughout the country brick architecture of multi storey buildings in merrion square dublin gothic cathedrals such as st patrick s were also introduced by the normans 234 franciscans were dominant in directing the abbeys by the late middle ages while elegant tower houses such as bunratty castle were built by the gaelic and norman aristocracy many religious buildings were ruined with the dissolution of the monasteries 235 after the battle of the boyne in the late 1690s and into the 1700s palladianism and interior rococo particularly in country houses expanded throughout ireland under continental influence as well as under the influence of one of ireland s first specifically trained architects edward lovett pearce with the houses of parliament being the most significant 236 with the erection of buildings such as the custom house four courts general post office and king s inns the neoclassical and georgian styles flourished especially in dublin 236 georgian townhouses produced streets of singular distinction particularly in dublin limerick and cork following catholic emancipation cathedrals and churches influenced by the french gothic revival emerged such as st colman s and st finbarre s 236 ireland has long been associated with vernacular thatched roof cottages though these are nowadays in decline 237 capital dock in dublin is the tallest building in the republic of ireland beginning with the american designed art deco church at turner s cross cork in 1927 irish architecture followed the international trend towards modern and sleek building styles since the 20th century 238 other developments include the regeneration of ballymun and an urban extension of dublin at adamstown 239 since the establishment of the dublin docklands development authority in 1997 the dublin docklands area underwent large scale redevelopment which included the construction of the convention centre dublin and grand canal theatre 240 completed in 2018 capital dock in dublin is the tallest building in the republic of ireland achieving 79 metres 259 feet in height the obel tower in belfast northern ireland being the tallest in ireland the royal institute of the architects of ireland regulates the practice of architecture in the state 241 media main article media of the republic of ireland raidió teilifís éireann rté is ireland s public service broadcaster funded by a television licence fee and advertising 242 rté operates two national television channels rté one and rté two the other independent national television channels are virgin media one virgin media two virgin media three virgin media four and tg4 the latter of which is a public service broadcaster for speakers of the irish language all these channels are available on saorview the national free to air digital terrestrial television service 243 additional channels included in the service are rté news rtéjr and rté one 1 subscription based television providers operating in ireland include virgin media and sky the bbc s northern irish division is widely available in ireland bbc one northern ireland and bbc two northern ireland are available in pay television providers including virgin and sky as well as via signal overspill by freeview in border counties supported by the irish film board the irish film industry grew significantly since the 1990s with the promotion of indigenous films as well as the attraction of international productions like braveheart and saving private ryan 244 a large number of regional and local radio stations are available countrywide a survey showed that a consistent 85 of adults listen to a mixture of national regional and local stations on a daily basis 245 rté radio operates four national stations radio 1 2fm lyric fm and rnag it also operates four national dab radio stations there are two independent national stations today fm and newstalk censorship in the republic of ireland is mainly managed by the censorship of publications board coimisiún na meán and irish film classification office ireland has a traditionally competitive print media which is divided into daily national newspapers and weekly regional newspapers as well as national sunday editions the strength of the british press is a unique feature of the irish print media scene with the availability of a wide selection of british published newspapers and magazines 244 eurostat reported that 82 of irish households had internet access in 2013 compared to the eu average of 79 but only 67 had broadband access 246 cuisine see also irish cuisine and list of irish dishes a pint of guinness irish cuisine was traditionally based on meat and dairy products supplemented with vegetables and seafood examples of popular irish cuisine include boxty colcannon coddle stew and bacon and cabbage ireland is known for the full irish breakfast which involves a fried or grilled meal generally consisting of rashers egg sausage white and black pudding and fried tomato apart from the influence by european and international dishes there has been an emergence of a new irish cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways 247 this cuisine is based on fresh vegetables fish oysters mussels and other shellfish and the wide range of hand made cheeses that are now being produced across the country shellfish have increased in popularity especially due to the high quality shellfish available from the country s coastline the most popular fish include salmon and cod traditional breads include soda bread and wheaten bread barmbrack is a yeasted bread with added sultanas and raisins traditionally eaten on halloween 248 popular everyday beverages among the irish include tea and coffee alcoholic drinks associated with ireland include poitín and the world famous guinness which is a dry stout that originated in the brewery of arthur guinness at st james s gate in dublin irish whiskey is also popular throughout the country and comes in various forms including single malt single grain and blended whiskey 247 sports main article sport in ireland croke park stadium is the headquarters of the gaelic athletic association gaelic football and hurling are the traditional sports of ireland as well as popular spectator sports 249 they are administered by the gaelic athletics association on an all ireland basis other gaelic games organised by the association include gaelic handball and rounders 250 association football soccer is the third most popular spectator sport and has the highest level of participation 251 although the league of ireland is the national league the english premier league is the most popular among the public 252 the republic of ireland national football team plays at international level and is administered by the football association of ireland 253 the irish rugby football union is the governing body of rugby union which is played at local and international levels on an all ireland basis and has produced players such as brian o driscoll and ronan o gara who were on the team that won the grand slam in 2009 254 the success of the irish cricket team in the 2007 cricket world cup has led to an increase in the popularity of cricket which is also administered on an all ireland basis by cricket ireland 255 ireland are one of the twelve test playing members of the international cricket council having been granted test status in 2017 professional domestic matches are played between the major cricket unions of leinster munster northern and north west netball is represented by the ireland national netball team golf is another popular sport in ireland with over 300 courses countrywide 256 the country has produced several internationally successful golfers such as pádraig harrington shane lowry and paul mcginley horse racing has a large presence with influential breeding and racing operations in the country racing takes place at courses at the curragh racecourse in county kildare leopardstown racecourse just outside dublin and galway ireland has produced champion horses such as galileo montjeu and sea the stars boxing is ireland s most successful sport at an olympic level administered by the irish athletic boxing association on an all ireland basis it has gained in popularity as a result of the international success of boxers such as bernard dunne andy lee and katie taylor some of ireland s highest ...
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