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n 2016 needs update all but serbia and montenegro were more likely than not to view nato as a protective alliance rather than a threat 158 a 2006 study in the journal security studies argued that nato enlargement contributed to democratic consolidation in central and eastern europe 159 china also opposes further expansion 160 nato defence expenditure direct contributions member states pay for nato s three common funds the civil and military budgets and the security investment programme based on a cost sharing formula that includes per capita gross national income and other factors 161 162 in 2023 2024 the us and germany were the biggest contributors to the nato budget at 16 2 each 162 163 indirect contributions member states pay for and maintain their own troops and equipment 162 163 they contribute to nato operations and missions by committing troops and equipment on a voluntary basis 163 since 2006 the goal has been for each country to spend at least 2 percent of its gross domestic product on its own defence in 2014 a nato declaration said that countries not meeting the goal would aim to move towards the 2 percent guideline within a decade 162 164 in july 2022 nato estimated that 11 members would meet the target in 2023 164 on 14 february 2024 nato secretary general jens stoltenberg said that 18 member states would meet the 2 target in 2024 165 on 17 june 2024 prior to the 2024 washington summit stoltenberg updated that figure and announced that a record 23 of 32 nato member states were meeting their defense spending targets of 2 of their country s gdp 166 167 nato added that defense spending for european member states and canada was up 18 in the past year alone 166 167 as of 2024 the following countries were not meeting the 2 contribution goal spain 1 28 luxembourg 1 29 slovenia 1 29 belgium 1 3 canada 1 37 italy 1 49 portugal 1 55 and croatia 1 81 168 partnerships with third countries main article foreign relations of nato partnership for peace conducts multinational military exercises such as cooperative archer which took place in tbilisi in july 2007 with 500 servicemen from four nato members eight pfp members and jordan a mediterranean dialogue participant 169 the partnership for peace pfp programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and nato each country may choose the extent of its participation 170 members include all current and former members of the commonwealth of independent states 171 the euro atlantic partnership council eapc was first established on 29 may 1997 and is a forum for regular coordination consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants 172 the pfp programme is considered the operational wing of the euro atlantic partnership 170 other third countries have also been contacted for participation in some activities of the pfp framework such as afghanistan 173 the european union eu signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with nato under the berlin plus agreement on 16 december 2002 with this agreement the eu was given the possibility of using nato assets if it wanted to act independently in an international crisis on the condition that nato itself did not want to act the so called right of first refusal 174 for example article 42 7 of the 1982 treaty of lisbon specifies that if a member state is the victim of armed aggression on its territory the other member states shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power the treaty applies globally to specified territories whereas nato is restricted under its article 6 to operations north of the tropic of cancer it provides a double framework for the eu countries that are also linked with the pfp programme 175 176 additionally nato cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non nato members the mediterranean dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with israel and countries in north africa the istanbul cooperation initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialogue forum for the middle east along the same lines as the mediterranean dialogue the four participants are also linked through the gulf cooperation council 177 in june 2018 qatar expressed a wish to join nato 178 who ruled it out saying that only additional european countries could join according to article 10 of nato s founding treaty 179 qatar and nato had earlier signed a joint security agreement in january 2018 180 political dialogue with japan began in 1990 and since then the alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives 181 in 1998 nato established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalization of relations but reflect the allies desire to increase cooperation following extensive debate the term contact countries was agreed by the allies in 2000 by 2012 the alliance had broadened this group which meets to discuss issues such as counter piracy and technology exchange under the names global partners or partners across the globe 182 183 australia and new zealand both global partners 184 are also members of the auscannzukus strategic alliance and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and nato members also aid cooperation nato secretary general jens stoltenberg stated that nato needs to address the rise of china by closely cooperating with australia new zealand japan and south korea 185 colombia is nato s latest partner and has access to the full range of cooperative activities offered it is the only latin american country to cooperate with nato 186 187 structure main article structure of nato the north atlantic council convening in 2010 with a defence foreign minister configuration all agencies and organizations of nato are integrated into either the civilian administrative or military executive roles for the most part they perform roles and functions that directly or indirectly support the security role of the alliance as a whole citation needed the civilian structure includes the north atlantic council nac is the body which has effective governance authority and powers of decision in nato consisting of member states permanent representatives or representatives at higher level ministers of foreign affairs or defence or heads of state or government the nac convenes at least once a week and takes major decisions regarding nato s policies the meetings of the north atlantic council are chaired by the secretary general and when decisions have to be made action is agreed upon by consensus 188 there is no voting or decision by majority each state represented at the council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions 189 the nato parliamentary assembly nato pa is a body that sets broad strategic goals for nato which meets at two session per year nato pa interacts directly with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the member states which appoint permanent members or ambassadors to nato the nato parliamentary assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the north atlantic alliance as well as thirteen associate members it is however officially a structure different from nato and has as aim to join deputies of nato countries in order to discuss security policies on the nato council 190 nato headquarters located on boulevard léopold iii leopold iii laan b 1110 brussels which is in the city of brussels municipality 191 the staff at the headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries as well as the international staff and international military staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states 192 non governmental groups have also grown up in support of nato broadly under the banner of the atlantic council atlantic treaty association movement 193 194 shape ac lc mc jfcbs jfcnp jfc nf jsec hq sact jwc jftc jallc locations of nato s two strategic commands allied command transformation act with its subordinate centres blue marks and allied command operations aco headquartered at supreme headquarters allied powers europe shape and including its subordinate and joint force commands red marks the military structure includes the military committee mc is the body of nato that is composed of member states chiefs of defence chod and advises the north atlantic council nac on military policy and strategy the national chods are regularly represented in the mc by their permanent military representatives milrep who often are two or three star flag officers like the council from time to time the military committee also meets at a higher level namely at the level of chiefs of defence the most senior military officer in each country s armed forces the mc is led by its chairman who directs nato s military operations 195 until 2008 the military committee excluded france due to that country s 1966 decision to remove itself from the nato military command structure which it rejoined in 1995 until france rejoined nato it was not represented on the defence planning committee and this led to conflicts between it and nato members 196 such was the case in the lead up to operation iraqi freedom 197 allied command operations aco is the nato command responsible for nato operations worldwide 198 the rapid deployable corps include eurocorps i german dutch corps multinational corps northeast and nato rapid deployable italian corps among others as well as naval high readiness forces hrfs which all report to allied command operations 199 allied command transformation act responsible for transformation and training of nato forces 200 legal authority of nato commanders flags of nato member countries outside the nato headquarters in brussels nato is an alliance of 32 sovereign states and their individual sovereignty is unaffected by participation in the alliance nato has no parliaments no laws no enforcement and no power to punish individual citizens as a consequence of this lack of sovereignty the power and authority of a nato commander are limited nato commanders cannot punish offences such as failure to obey a lawful order dereliction of duty or disrespect to a senior officer 201 nato commanders expect obedience but sometimes need to subordinate their desires or plans to the operators who are themselves subject to sovereign codes of conduct like the ucmj a case in point was the clash between general sir mike jackson and general wesley clark over kfor actions at pristina airport 202 nato commanders can issue orders to their subordinate commanders in the form of operational plans oplans operational orders oporders tactical direction or fragmental orders fragos and others the joint rules of engagement must be followed and the law of armed conflict must be obeyed at all times operational resources remain under national command but have been transferred temporarily to nato although these national units through the formal process of transfer of authority have been placed under the operational command and control of a nato commander they never lose their national character senior national representatives like cds are designated as so called red cardholders caveats are restrictions listed nation by nation that nato commanders must take into account 201 see also canada portal united states portal europe portal modern history portal atlanticism ideology of european and north american friendship common security and defence policy of the european union history of the common security and defence policy list of countries in europe by military expenditures list of military alliances list of military equipment of nato major non nato ally special designation of the united states ranks and insignia of nato military rank equivalents within nato pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets nato strategy in the arctic nato arctic sentry similar organizations anzus australia new zealand united states security treaty aukus australia united kingdom united states balkan pact sfr yugoslavia with nato members greece and turkey collective security treaty organization csto russia and some former soviet republics five eyes australia canada new zealand united kingdom united states intelligence services five power defence arrangements fpda series of commonwealth defence relationships from 1971 free world military assistance forces fwmaf inter american treaty of reciprocal assistance 1947 collective defense treaty islamic military counter terrorism coalition imctc intergovernmental counterterrorist military alliance middle east treaty organization meto cold war military alliance 1955 1979 pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets northeast asia treaty organization neato 1950s proposed collective defense organization shanghai cooperation organisation sco eurasian multilateral security organisation south atlantic peace and cooperation zone southeast asia treaty organization seato collective defense organization 1955 1977 united nations command unc references ˈ n eɪ t oʊ nay toh also called the north atlantic alliance french organisation du traité de l atlantique nord otan final communiqué nato 17 september 1949 archived from the original on 6 december 2006 retrieved 2 march 2024 english and french shall be the official languages for the entire north atlantic treaty organization the north atlantic treaty nato 4 april 1949 archived from the original on 14 september 2011 retrieved 2 march 2024 this treaty of which the english and french texts are equally authentic mark rutte takes office as nato secretary general nato retrieved 1 october 2024 defence expenditure of nato countries 2014 2025 pdf nato defence expenditures and nato s 5 commitment nato retrieved 7 august 2025 funding nato nato retrieved 22 april 2026 nato defense spending tracker atlantic council 20 june 2025 retrieved 22 april 2026 shabad rebecca smith alexander 10 june 2021 biden johnson sign new atlantic charter on trade defense amid covid recovery nbc news retrieved 10 june 2021 the origins of weu western union university of luxembourg december 2009 archived from the original on 21 june 2018 retrieved 23 july 2018 a short history of nato nato archived from the original on 26 march 2017 retrieved 26 march 2017 canada and nato 1949 archived from the original on 8 april 2022 retrieved 14 april 2022 findley paul 2011 speaking out a congressman s lifelong fight against bigotry famine and war chicago review press incorporated isbn 9781569768914 archived from the original on 4 april 2023 retrieved 24 april 2022 the mcgraw hill encyclopedia of world biography an international reference work mcgraw hill 1973 isbn 9780070796331 archived from the original on 4 april 2023 retrieved 24 april 2022 ismay hastings 4 september 2001 nato ...
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