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ᱛᱟᱲᱤ sardu sicilianu scots سنڌي davvisámegiella sängö srpskohrvatski српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina gagana samoa anarâškielâ chishona soomaaliga shqip српски srpski siswati sesotho seeltersk sunda svenska kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ślůnski sakizaya தமிழ் tayal ತುಳು తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ türkmençe tagalog tolışi setswana lea faka tonga toki pona tok pisin türkçe seediq xitsonga татарча tatarça chitumbuka twi reo tahiti удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tshivenda vèneto vepsän kel tiếng việt west vlams volapük walon winaray wolof 吴语 isixhosa მარგალური ייִדיש yorùbá vahcuengh zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikinews wikiquote wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 30 s 25 e 30 s 25 e 30 25 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia country in southern africa this article is about the country for the geographical area see southern africa for other uses see south africa disambiguation mzansi redirects here for other uses see mzansi disambiguation for the republic between 1961 and 1984 see republic of south africa 1961 1984 republic of south africa in other official languages 1 afrikaans republiek van suid afrika southern ndebele iriphabliki yesewula afrika northern sotho repabliki ya afrika borwa swazi iriphabhlikhi yomzantsi afrika sotho rephaboliki ya afrika borwa tswana rephaboliki ya aforika borwa tsonga riphabliki ya afrika dzonga venda riphabuḽiki ya afurika tshipembe xhosa iriphablikhi yomzantsi afrika zulu iriphabhuliki yaseningizimu afrika flag coat of arms motto ǃke e ǀxarra ǁke ǀxam unity in diversity anthem national anthem of south africa show globe show map of south africa capital pretoria executive a 3 cape town legislative b 3 bloemfontein judicial c 3 largest city johannesburg 4 official languages 12 languages 5 6 afrikaans english ndebele sepedi sesotho setswana south african sign language swazi tshivenda xhosa xitsonga zulu languages with special status 5 khoe languages nama khoisan languages german greek gujarati hindi portuguese telugu tamil urdu arabic hebrew sanskrit ethnic groups 2022 7 81 4 black 8 2 coloured 7 3 white 2 7 indian or asian 0 4 other religion 2022 8 85 3 christianity 7 8 traditional faiths 3 1 no religion 1 6 islam 1 1 hinduism 1 1 other demonym south african government unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency president cyril ramaphosa deputy president paul mashatile speaker of the national assembly thoko didiza chairperson of the national council of provinces refilwe mtsweni tsipane chief justice mandisa maya legislature parliament upper house national council of provinces lower house national assembly independence from the united kingdom union 31 may 1910 statute of westminster 11 december 1931 republic 31 may 1961 current constitution 4 february 1997 area total 1 221 037 km 2 471 445 sq mi 24th water 0 380 population 2024 estimate 63 015 904 8 23rd 2022 census 62 027 503 8 23rd density 50 8 km 2 131 6 sq mi 169th gdp ppp 2026 estimate total 1 071 trillion 9 33rd per capita 16 740 9 107th gdp nominal 2026 estimate total 479 964 billion 9 39th per capita 7 503 9 107th gini 2023 63 0 10 very high inequality hdi 2023 0 741 11 high 106th currency south african rand zar time zone utc 2 sast date format short formats yyyy mm dd 12 yyyy mm dd 13 calling code 27 iso 3166 code za internet tld za south africa officially the republic of south africa rsa is the southernmost country in africa d the country consists of nine provinces and is bounded to the south by 2 798 kilometres 1 739 miles of coastline that stretches along the south atlantic and indian ocean 16 17 18 to the north by the neighbouring countries of namibia botswana and zimbabwe and to the east and northeast by mozambique and eswatini south africa also encloses lesotho 19 covering an area of 1 221 037 square kilometres 471 445 square miles the country has a population of over 63 million people making it the sixth most populated country in africa and 24th most in the world pretoria is the administrative capital while cape town as the seat of parliament is the legislative capital and bloemfontein is regarded as the judicial capital 20 the largest and most populous city is johannesburg followed by cape town and durban 21 archaeological findings suggest that various hominid species existed in south africa about 2 5 million years ago and modern humans inhabited the region over 100 000 years ago 22 the first known people were the indigenous khoisan and bantu speaking peoples who migrated in waves from west and central africa to the region 2 000 to 1 000 years ago 23 in the north the kingdom of mapungubwe formed in the 13th century and the venda kingdom in the 17th century in 1652 the dutch established the first european settlement at table bay dutch cape colony its invasion in 1795 and the battle of blaauwberg in 1806 led to british occupation the mfecane a period of significant upheaval led to the formation of various african kingdoms including the zulu kingdom the region was further colonised and the mineral revolution saw a shift towards industrialisation and urbanisation following the second boer war the union of south africa was created in 1910 after the amalgamation of the cape natal transvaal and orange river colonies becoming a republic after the 1961 referendum the multi racial cape qualified franchise in the cape was gradually eroded and the vast majority of black south africans were not enfranchised until 1994 23 the national party imposed apartheid in 1948 institutionalising previous racial segregation after a struggle by the african national congress and other anti apartheid activists both inside and outside the country the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid 1980s universal elections took place in 1994 following which all racial groups have held political representation in the country s liberal democracy which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces recognised as a middle power in international affairs south africa maintains significant regional influence and is a member of brics the african union hosting the seat of the pan african parliament sadc sacu the commonwealth of nations and the g20 24 25 a developing and newly industrialised country it has the largest economy in africa by nominal gdp 26 27 is tied with ethiopia for the most unesco world heritage sites in africa 28 and is a biodiversity hotspot with unique biomes plant and animal life south africa encompasses a variety of cultures languages and religions and has been called the rainbow nation especially in the wake of apartheid to describe its diversity 29 since the end of apartheid government accountability and quality of life have substantially improved for non white citizens 30 however crime violence poverty and inequality remain widespread with about 32 of the population unemployed as of 2024 update 31 32 while some 56 lived below the poverty line in 2014 33 34 having the highest gini coefficient of 0 67 south africa is considered one of the most economically unequal countries in the world 35 36 etymology see also list of official names of south africa the name south africa is derived from the country s geographic location at the southern tip of africa upon formation the country was named the union of south africa in english and unie van zuid afrika in dutch reflecting its origin from the unification of four british colonies since 1961 the long formal name in english has been the republic of south africa and republiek van suid afrika in afrikaans the country has an official name in 12 official languages 37 38 mzansi derived from the xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south is a colloquial name for south africa 39 40 while some pan africanist political parties prefer the term azania which is a word originating from greek and not an african language 41 history main article history of south africa prehistory front of maropeng at the cradle of humankind south africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world 42 43 44 archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in gauteng known as the cradle of humankind which has been declared a unesco world heritage site the sites include sterkfontein one of the richest sites for hominin fossils in the world as well as swartkrans gondolin cave kromdraai cooper s cave and malapa the first hominin fossil discovered in africa the taung child was found near taung in 1924 other hominin remains have come from the sites of makapansgat in limpopo cornelia and florisbad in the free state border cave in kwazulu natal klasies river caves in the eastern cape and pinnacle point elandsfontein and die kelders cave in the western cape 45 these finds suggest that various hominid species existed in south africa from about three million years ago starting with australopithecus africanus 46 followed by australopithecus sediba homo ergaster homo erectus homo rhodesiensis homo helmei homo naledi and modern humans homo sapiens modern humans have inhabited southern africa for at least 170 000 years various researchers have located pebble tools within the vaal river valley 47 48 pre colonial period main article bantu expansion the indigenous san and khoikhoi peoples of southern africa were predominantly hunter gatherers and in the case of the khoikhoi also practised pastoralism 49 khoisan peoples may be the descendants of an early dispersal of anatomically modern humans to southern africa before 150 000 years ago 50 they were largely displaced or absorbed by the bantu expansion which took place between 1 500 and 2 000 years ago 51 mapungubwe hill the site of the former capital of the kingdom of mapungubwe bantu settlers expanded from west africa from approximately 3 000 bce 52 settlements of bantu speaking peoples who were iron using agriculturists and herdsmen were present south of the limpopo river now the northern border with botswana and zimbabwe by the 4th or 5th century the earliest ironworks in modern day kwazulu natal are believed to date from around 1050 53 the southernmost group was the xhosa people whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the khoisan languages and who eventually reached the great fish river in the present day eastern cape as they migrated these larger iron age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples in mpumalanga several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named adam s calendar and the ruins are thought to be created by the bakone a northern sotho group 54 55 around 1220 in the limpopo shashe basin the elite of k2 moved to settle the flat topped summit of mapungubwe hill with the population settling below rainmaking was crucial to the development of sacral kingship and several rainmaking sites have been found nearby including ratho kroonkop by 1250 the capital of the mapungubwe kingdom had a population of 5 000 and the state covered 30 000 km 2 11 500 square miles growing wealthy through the indian ocean trade the events around mapungubwe s collapse circa 1300 are unknown however trade routes shifted north from the limpopo to the zambezi precipitating the rise of great zimbabwe the hill was abandoned and mapungubwe s population scattered 56 in the soutpansberg interactions between early shona inhabitants possible from mapungubwe late comer shona and sotho speakers between the 15th and 17th centuries culminated in the formation of the venda language and identity 57 in the late 17th century a splinter group from the dynasty of the rozvi empire migrated south they were the singo the singo settled at dzata which became the capital of the venda kingdom and came to subdue all of the soutpansberg in the late 18th century following trade routes moving south the state collapsed the most powerful dynasties that remained were the ramabulana singo in the western soutpansberg and the tshivhase singo and mphaphuli singo in the eastern soutpansberg 58 portuguese exploration see also portuguese discoveries portuguese explorer bartolomeu dias planting the cross at cape point after being the first to successfully round the cape of good hope in 1487 the portuguese explorer bartolomeu dias led the first european voyage to land in southern africa 59 on 4 december he landed at walfisch bay now known as walvis bay in present day namibia this was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor the portuguese navigator diogo cão being cape cross north of the bay dias continued down the western coast of southern africa after 8 january 1488 prevented by storms from proceeding along the coast he sailed out of sight of land and passed the southernmost point of africa without seeing it he reached as far up the eastern coast of africa as what he called rio do infante probably the present day groot river in may 1488 on his return he saw the cape which he named cabo das tormentas cape of storms king john ii renamed the point cabo da boa esperança or cape of good hope as it led to the riches of the east indies 60 dias feat of navigation was immortalised in luís de camões 1572 epic poem os lusíadas 61 in 1497 vasco da gama set sail from lisbon and became the first european to reach india in 1498 via the cape of good hope opening up oceanic trade between europe and asia he bypassed the coast of present day south africa and made landfall in present day mozambique 62 dutch and british colonisation of the cape main articles dutch cape colony slavery in south africa and cape colony the dutch first made contact with the coast of southern africa in 1595 with portuguese maritime power declining in the early 17th century english and dutch merchants competed to dislodge portugal s lucrative monopoly on the spice trade 63 british east india company representatives sporadically called at the cape in search of provisions from as early as 1601 but later came to favour ascension island and saint helena as ports of refuge 64 dutch interest was aroused after 1647 when two employees of the dutch east india company were shipwrecked at the cape for several months and managed to survive by obtaining fresh water and meat from the indigenous peoples 64 and sowing crops in the fertile soil 65 upon their return to holland they reported favourably on the cape s potential as a warehouse and garden for provisions to stock passing ships for long voyages 64 charles davidson bell s 19th century painting of jan van riebeeck who founded the first european settlement in south africa arriving in table bay in 1652 in 1652 a century and ...
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