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orld war ii edit during world war ii efforts were started to develop surface to air missiles as it was generally considered that flak was of little use against bombers of ever increasing performance the lethal radius of a flak shell is fairly small and the chance of delivering a hit is essentially a fixed percentage per round in order to attack a target guns fire continually while the aircraft are in range in order to launch as many shells as possible increasing the chance that one of these will end up within the lethal range against the boeing b 17 which operated just within the range of the numerous german eighty eights an average of 2 805 rounds had to be fired per bomber destroyed 4 bombers flying at higher altitudes require larger guns and shells to reach them this greatly increases the cost of the system and generally slows the rate of fire faster aircraft fly out of range more quickly reducing the number of rounds fired against them against late war designs like the boeing b 29 superfortress or jet powered designs like the arado ar 234 flak would be essentially useless 5 this potential was already obvious by 1942 when walther von axthelm outlined the growing problems with flak defences that he predicted would soon be dealing with aircraft speeds and flight altitudes that will gradually reach 1 000 km h 620 mph and between 10 000 15 000 m 33 000 49 000 ft 5 nb 1 this was seen generally in november 1943 the director of gunnery division of the royal navy concluded that guns would be useless against jets stating no projectile of which control is lost when it leaves the ship can be of any use to us in this matter axis efforts edit a wasserfall missile lifts off during a test flight the first serious consideration of a sam development project was a series of conversations that took place in germany during 1941 in february friederich halder proposed a flak rocket concept which led walter dornberger to ask wernher von braun to prepare a study on a guided missile able to reach between 15 000 and 18 000 m 49 000 and 59 000 ft altitude von braun became convinced a better solution was a crewed rocket interceptor and said as much to the director of the t amt roluf lucht in july the directors of the luftwaffe flak arm were not interested in crewed aircraft and the resulting disagreements between the teams delayed serious consideration of a sam for two years 6 von axthelm published his concerns in 1942 and the subject saw serious consideration for the first time initial development programs for liquid and solid fuel rockets became part of the flak development program of 1942 7 by this point serious studies by the peenemünde team had been prepared and several rocket designs had been proposed including 1940 s feuerlilie and 1941 s wasserfall and henschel hs 117 schmetterling none of these projects saw any real development until 1943 when the first large scale raids by the allied air forces started as the urgency of the problem grew new designs were added including enzian and rheintochter as well as the unguided taifun which was designed to be launched in waves 8 in general these designs could be split into two groups one set of designs would be boosted to altitude in front of the bombers and then flown towards them on a head on approach at low speeds comparable to crewed aircraft these designs included the feuerlilie schmetterling and enzian the second group were high speed missiles typically supersonic that flew directly towards their targets from below these included wasserfall and rheintochter both types used radio control for guidance either by eye or by comparing the returns of the missile and target on a single radar screen development of all these systems was carried out at the same time and the war ended before any of them was ready for combat use the infighting between various groups in the military also delayed development some extreme fighter designs like the komet and natter also overlapped with sams in their intended uses albert speer was especially supportive of missile development in his opinion had they been consistently developed from the start the large scale bomber raids of 1944 would have been impossible 9 allied efforts edit typical of the boost glide type weapons the fairey stooge was an armed drone aircraft flown to a collision with the target enzian and schmetterling were similar in concept design and performance the british developed unguided antiaircraft rockets operated under the name z battery close to the start of world war ii but the air superiority usually held by the allies meant that the demand for similar weapons was not as acute when several allied ships were sunk in 1943 by henschel hs 293 and fritz x glide bombs allied interest changed these weapons were released from stand off distances with the bomber remaining outside the range of the ship s antiaircraft guns and the missiles themselves were too small and fast to be attacked effectively 10 to combat this threat the u s navy launched operation bumblebee to develop a ramjet powered missile to destroy the launching aircraft at long range 10 the initial performance goal was to target an intercept at a horizontal range of 10 miles 16 km and 30 000 feet 9 100 m altitude with a 300 to 600 pounds 140 to 270 kg warhead for a 30 to 60 percent kill probability 11 this weapon did not emerge for 16 years when it entered operation as the rim 8 talos 12 heavy shipping losses to kamikaze attacks during the liberation of the philippines and the battle of okinawa provided additional incentive for guided missile development 10 13 this led to the british fairey stooge and brakemine efforts 14 and the u s navy s sam n 2 lark 15 the lark ran into considerable difficulty and it never entered operational use the end of the war led to the british efforts being used strictly for research and development throughout their lifetime 13 post war deployments edit the nike hercules story 1960 de classified official nike hercules and ajax information film reel in the immediate post war era sam developments were under way around the world with several of these entering service in the early and mid 1950s ready now and ready for tomorrow 1968 de classified us navy naval anti aircraft warfare promotional film reel coming to the same conclusions as the germans regarding flak the u s army started its project nike developments in 1944 led by bell labs the nike ajax was tested in production form in 1952 becoming the first operational sam system when it was activated in march 1954 16 concerns about ajax s ability to deal with formations of aircraft led to greatly updated version of the same basic design entering service in 1958 as the nike hercules the first nuclear armed sam 16 the u s army air forces had also considered collision course weapons like the german radio controlled concepts and launched project thumper in 1946 this was merged with another project wizard and emerged as the cim 10 bomarc in 1959 the bomarc had a range of over 500 km but it was quite expensive and somewhat unreliable 17 development of oerlikon s rsd 58 18 started in 1947 and was a closely held secret until 1955 early versions of the missile were available for purchase as early as 1952 19 but never entered operational service the rsd 58 used beam riding guidance which has limited performance against high speed aircraft as the missile is unable to lead the target to a collision point examples were purchased by several nations for testing and training purposes but no operational sales were made 20 nike ajax was the first operational sam system the soviet union began development of a sam system in earnest with the opening of the cold war joseph stalin was worried that moscow would be subjected to american and british air raids like those against berlin and in 1951 he demanded that a missile system to counter a 900 bomber raid be built as quickly as possible this led to the s 25 berkut system nato reporting name sa 1 guild which was designed developed and deployed in a rush program early units entered operational service on 7 may 1955 and the entire system ringing moscow was completely activated by june 1956 21 the system failed however to detect track and intercept the only overflight of the soviet capital moscow by a u 2 reconnaissance plane on july 5 1956 22 23 the s 25 was a static system but efforts were also put into a smaller design that would be much more mobile this emerged in 1957 as the famous s 75 dvina sa 2 guideline a portable system with very high performance that remained in operation into the 2000s 24 the soviet union remained at the forefront of sam development throughout its history and russia has followed suit sa 2 guideline surface to air missiles one of the most widely deployed sam systems in the world the early british developments with stooge and brakemine were successful but further development was curtailed in the post war era these efforts picked up again with the opening of the cold war following the stage plan of improving uk air defences with new radars fighters and missiles two competing designs were proposed for stage 1 based on common radar and control units and these emerged as the raf s bristol bloodhound in 1958 25 and the army s english electric thunderbird in 1959 26 a third design followed the american bumblebee efforts in terms of role and timeline and entered service in 1961 as the sea slug 27 war in vietnam edit see also list of us aircraft losses to missiles during the vietnam war a moment after an s 75 dvina sa 2 hits an f 105 over north vietnam the fighter bomber starts to spew flame an s 75 detonates directly below an rf 4c reconnaissance plane the crew ejected and were taken captive the vietnam war was the first modern war in which guided anti aircraft missiles seriously challenged highly advanced supersonic jet aircraft it would also be the first and only time that the latest and most modern air defense technologies of the soviet union and the most modern jet fighter planes and bombers of the united states confronted each other in combat if one does not count the yom kippur war wherein iaf was challenged by syrian sa 3s clarification needed 28 the usaf responded to this threat with increasingly effective means early efforts to directly attack the missiles sites as part of operation spring high and operation iron hand were generally unsuccessful but the introduction of wild weasel aircraft carrying shrike missiles and the standard arm missile changed the situation dramatically feint and counterfeint followed as each side introduced new tactics to try to gain the upper hand by the time of operation linebacker ii in 1972 the americans had gained critical information about the performance and operations of the s 75 via arab s 75 systems captured by israel and used these missions as a way to demonstrate the capability of strategic bombers to operate in a sam saturated environment their first missions appeared to demonstrate the exact opposite with the loss of three b 52s and several others damaged in a single mission 29 dramatic changes followed and by the end of the series missions were carried out with additional chaff ecm iron hand and other changes that dramatically changed the score 30 by the conclusion of the linebacker ii campaign the shootdown rate of the s 75 against the b 52s was 7 52 15 b 52s were shot down 5 b 52s were heavily damaged for 266 missiles 31 during the war the soviet union supplied 7 658 sams to north vietnam and their defense forces conducted about 5 800 launches usually in multiples of three by the war s end the u s lost a total of 3 374 aircraft in combat operations according to the north vietnamese 31 were shot down by s 75 missiles 1 046 aircraft or 5 6 missiles per one kill 60 were shot down by anti aircraft guns and 9 were shot down by mig fighters the s 75 missile system significantly improved the effectiveness of north vietnamese anti aircraft artillery which used data from s 75 radar stations 32 however the u s states only 205 of those aircraft were lost to north vietnamese surface to air missiles 33 smaller faster edit the osa was the first system to include search track and missiles all on a single mobile platform video of launch of poliment redut naval sam all of these early systems were heavyweight designs with limited mobility and requiring considerable set up time however they were also increasingly effective by the early 1960s the deployment of sams had rendered high speed high altitude flight in combat practically suicidal nb 2 the way to avoid this was to fly lower below the line of sight of missile s radar systems this demanded very different aircraft like the f 111 tsr 2 and panavia tornado consequently sams evolved rapidly in the 1960s as their targets were now being forced to fly lower due to the presence of the larger missiles engagements would necessarily be at short ranges and occur quickly shorter ranges meant the missiles could be much smaller which aided them in terms of mobility by the mid 1960s almost all modern armed forces had short range missiles mounted on trucks or light armour that could move with the armed forces they protected examples include the 2k12 kub sa 6 and 9k33 osa sa 8 mim 23 hawk rapier roland and crotale the introduction of sea skimming missiles in the late 1960s and 1970s led to additional mid and short range designs for defence against these targets the uk s sea cat was an early example that was designed specifically to replace the bofors 40 mm gun on its mount and became the first operational point defense sam 34 the american rim 7 sea sparrow quickly proliferated into a wide variety of designs fielded by most navies many of these are adapted from earlier mobile designs but the special needs of the naval role has resulted in the continued existence of many custom missiles manpads edit main article man portable air defense system starstreak laser guided surface to air missile of the british army as aircraft moved ever lower and missile performance continued to improve eventually it became possible to build an effective man portable anti aircraft missile known as a man portable air defense system manpads the first example was a royal navy system known as the holman projector used as a last ditch weapon on smaller ships the germans also produced a similar short range weapon known as fliegerfaust but it entered operation only on a very limited scale the performance gap between this weapon and jet fighters of the post war era was so great that such designs would not be effective by the 1960s technology had closed this gap to a degree leading to the introduction of the fim 43 redeye sa 7 grail and blowpipe rapid improvement in the 1980s led to second generation designs like the fim 92 stinger 9k34 strela 3 sa 14 igla 1 and starstreak with dramatically improved performance by the 1990s to the 2010s the chinese had developed designs drawing influence from these notably the fn 6 and the qw ...
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