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were transferred to the communities and the regions with regard to agriculture fisheries foreign trade development cooperation auditing of electoral expenses and the supplementary financing of the political parties the regions became responsible for twelve regional taxes and local and provincial government became a matter for the regions the first municipal and provincial elections under the supervision of the regions were in 2006 the functioning of the brussels institutions was also amended during the fifth state reform which resulted among other things in a guaranteed representation of the flemish inhabitants in the parliament of the brussels capital region at the end of 2011 following the longest political crisis in belgium s contemporary history a constitutional accord between the four main political families socialists liberals social christians ecologists but excluding the flemish nationalists ushered in the sixth state reform which provided for major institutional changes and additional transfers of competences from the federal level to the communities and the regions among other changes the senate ceased to be directly elected to become an assembly of regional parliaments the brussels capital region was granted constitutive autonomy and the regions received economic employment and family welfare competences as well as greater fiscal autonomy 142 belgium was one of the founders of the european common market between 1999 and 2002 the euro gradually replaced the belgian franc the currency of belgium since 1830 at the rate of 1 eur 40 3399 bef 143 belgian euro coins usually depict king albert ii on the obverse political parties edit see also political parties in belgium from the 1960s most political parties which had previously stood in elections in both flemish and walloon areas split down linguistic divides the catholic party split in 1968 while the belgian socialist party split in 1978 into the french speaking parti socialiste and flemish socialistische partij 144 the liberals also split on regional lines in 1992 green politics in belgium became quite successful in the aftermath of the marc dutroux scandal and the dioxin affair 1990 to present edit marc dutroux scandal edit main article marc dutroux in 1996 confidence in the political and criminal justice systems was shaken by the news that marc dutroux and his accomplices had kidnapped tortured and murdered young girls parliamentary inquiries found the police forces were incompetent and bureaucratic and the judicial system suffered from bureaucracy very poor communication with and support for the victims slow procedures and many loopholes for criminals on october 26 1996 about 300 000 belgians joined the white march in brussels in protest 145 belgian military intervention since 1990 edit site of the massacre of belgian un personnel in kigali rwanda the united nations mission in rwanda during the rwandan civil war known as unamir involved a significant belgian contingent under the command of roméo dallaire belgium as the former colonial power in the country sent the largest force of around 400 soldiers from the 2nd commando battalion after the downing of the rwandan and burundian presidential plane 10 belgian peacekeepers were murdered by the hutu dominated government army in response belgium withdrew all of its peacekeepers blaming unamir for failing to rescue their men 146 the belgians had represented the largest and most capable element in the unamir mission leaving it incapacitated and unable to cope with the events of the rwandan genocide belgian paratroopers were deployed to somalia during operation restore hope as part of unosom tasked with securing aid deliveries and peacekeeping several belgian soldiers were killed during the deployment during the kosovo crisis of 1999 600 belgian paratroopers participated in operation allied harbour a nato operation to protect and provide assistance to the huge number of ethnic albanian refugees in albania and macedonia that same year 1 100 belgian soldiers participated in the kosovo force kfor a nato led peacekeeping force belgian soldiers have served in lebanon under the united nations interim force in lebanon unifil approximately 394 belgians have served in lebanon in demining and medical operations and a frigate is also present 147 148 149 belgian f 16 conducts a combat patrol over afghanistan 2008 in the 2011 the belgian air force deployed six fighter jets in support of the nato intervention in the libyan civil war in accordance with united nations security council resolution 1973 belgian aircraft were involved in airstrikes on pro ghadaffi forces belgium was part of the isaf mission in afghanistan joint with soldiers from luxembourg the main objective was providing security at kabul international airport while detachments assisted in the northern prts of kunduz and mazar i sharif in september 2008 four f 16 jets with about 140 support personnel were deployed 150 debt and economic slowdown edit belgium created huge debts during times when rates were low and generated new debts to service the initial debt its debts amounted to about 130 of the gdp in 1992 and were decreased to about 108 2 in 2001 151 this drastic economic policy resulted in deep budget spending cuts such as cuts to scientific research citation needed internal politics edit in the 1999 belgian federal election the traditional government parties suffered a significant defeat due to the so called dioxin affair leading to the fall of jean luc dehaene s government after eight years in office guy verhofstadt formed a government of liberals socialists and greens in july 1999 a government of greens and flemish liberals and democrats announced a gradual phase out of belgium s seven nuclear reactors after 40 years of operation though it was speculated that the next government without greens would immediately revoke this legislation 152 after the 2003 elections there was still no sign of a policy reversal 153 particularly in the aftermath of the incident at tihange reactor in 2002 154 the belgian government was strongly opposed to the iraq war during the iraq crisis of 2003 the verhofstadt government proposed a diplomatic solution regarding wmd 155 on january 30 2003 belgium became the second country in the world to legally recognize same sex marriage a 2005 proposal allowed adoption by same sex partners political crisis 2010 11 edit elio di rupo the prime minister of belgium from 2011 until 2014 see also belgian federal election 2010 and 2010 2011 belgian government formation the 2010 belgian federal election produced a highly fragmented political landscape with 11 parties elected to the chamber of representatives none of which had more than 20 of the seats the separatist new flemish alliance n va the largest party in flanders and the country as a whole controlled 27 of 150 seats in the lower chamber belgium beat the world record for time taken to form a new democratic government after an election at 353 days 156 finally a government coalition was sworn in on 6 december 2011 with socialist elio di rupo becoming prime minister 157 2014 present edit charles michel the prime minister of belgium from 2014 until 2019 the 2014 election resulted in a further electoral gain for the flemish nationalist n va although the incumbent coalition maintained a solid majority on 22 july 2014 king philippe nominated charles michel mr and kris peeters cd v to lead the formation of a new coalition federal cabinet 158 in july 2019 prime minister charles michel was selected as president of the european council 159 his successor sophie wilmès was belgium s first female prime minister 160 alexander de croo became prime minister in october 2020 161 on 9 june 2024 federal elections were held in belgium on the same day as the regional and european elections 162 prime minister alexander de croo resigned after the heavy defeat of his party the open flemish liberals and democrats in federal and regional elections 163 on 3 february 2025 bart de wever leader of the new flemish alliance became the new prime minister he is the first flemish nationalist to be named belgian premier 164 see also edit belvue museum a brussels museum tracing the history of belgium from 1830 until the present history of flanders history of the jews in belgium history of wallonia list of belgian monarchs family tree of belgian monarchs list of world heritage sites in belgium politics of belgium politics of flanders politics of wallonia timeline of belgian history notes edit 1 2 3 roman foederati the chamavi merged into the confederation of the franks the tubantes merged into the confederation of the saxons 1 2 3 part of east francia after 939 divided in upper lorraine as part of west francia and lower lorraine as part of east francia in 959 1 2 3 lower lorraine also referred to as lothier disintegrated into several smaller independent territories and only the title of a duke of lothier remained held by brabant including county of artois part of flanders until 1237 and tournaisis lordship of frisia and lordship of groningen including the ommelanden after 1524 and 1536 respectively including county of zeeland that was ruled by neighboring county of holland and county of flanders until 1432 utrecht included lordship of overijssel until 1528 county of drenthe until 1528 and county of zutphen until 1182 duchy of brabant included since 1288 also the duchy of limburg now part of belgium s liège province and the overmaas lands dalhem valkenburg and herzogenrath now part of the dutch province of limburg the county later duchy of guelders consisted of four quarters as they were separated by rivers situated upstream upper quarter the present day northern half of the dutch province of limburg spatially separated from the three downstream lower quarters county of zutphen after 1182 veluwe quarter and nijmegen quarter the three lower quarters emerged from the historic gau hamaland named after the chamavi tribe and formed the present day province of gelderland guelders did not include the cleves enclave huissen and the independent counties of buren and culemborg that were much later seceded to the province of gelderland throughout the middle ages the bishopric was further expanded with the duchy of bouillon in 1096 ceded to france in 1678 the acquisition of the county of loon in 1366 and the county of horne in 1568 the lordship of mechelen was also part of the prince bishopric of liège 1 2 the name seventeen provinces came in use after the habsburg emperor charles v had re acquired the duchy of guelders and an continuous territory arose hellburners were a special type of fireship designed by an italian engineer federigo giambelli for a religion map see http www quirksmode org politics kuyper html the kazerne dossin memorial museum and documentation centre museum van deportatie en verzet puts the number at 20 000 jews including 3 000 children fogelman supplies a figure of 20 000 adults and 8 000 children in hiding 127 references edit van der essen leon 1925 notre nom national revue belge de philologie et d histoire vol 4 no 1 pp 121 131 doi 10 3406 rbph 1925 6335 caesar gallic war 8 46 in online english translations this sentence is often included in the next paragraph 8 47 gonzález villaescusa jacquemin 2011 gallia belgica an entity with no national claim études rurales vol 2 no 2 pp 93 111 doi 10 4000 etudesrurales 9499 wightman edith 1985 gallia belgica university of california press p 12 isbn 978 0 5200 5297 0 descriptions of fossil neandertals bone and stone archived from the original on 2012 03 14 retrieved 2012 11 07 boerderij uit de jonge steentijd ontdekt in riemst archived from the original on 2016 04 01 retrieved 2011 09 30 1 2 3 vanmontfort 2007 bridging the gap the mesolithic neolithic transition in a frontier zone documenta praehistorica 34 105 118 doi 10 4312 dp 34 8 100 000 year old dna sequence allows new look at neandertal s genetic diversity sciencedaily com 2006 06 07 retrieved 2012 11 07 constantin ilett burnez lanotte 2011 la hoguette limburg and the mesolithic in vanmontfort kooijmans amkreutz eds pots farmers and foragers how pottery traditions shed a light on social interaction in the earliest neolithic of the lower rhine area amsterdam university press vanmontfort 2004 inhabitées ou invisibles pour l archéologie pdf anthropologia et praehistorica vol 115 archived pdf from the original on 2022 10 09 tussen som en trb enige gedachten over het laat neolithicum in nederland en belgië pdf bulletin voor de koninklijke musea voor kunst en geschiednis vol 54 1983 archived from the original pdf on 2007 07 26 1 2 lamarcq danny rogge marc 1996 de taalgrens van de oude tot de nieuwe belgen davidsfonds wightman 1985 pp 12 14 wightman 1985 p 14 1 2 povinzen antikefan archived from the original on 2005 12 17 retrieved 2005 08 17 howe jeffrey 1997 architecture in belgium antwerp www bc edu boston college archived from the original on 23 october 2017 ott mack 2012 the political economy of nation building the world s unfinished business transaction publishers p 92 isbn 978 1 4128 4742 1 van der wee herman 1963 the growth of the antwerp market and the european economy interpretation nijhoff p 127 ol 10679393w tracy james donald 1993 the rise of merchant empires long distance trade in the early modern world 1350 1750 cambridge university press p 263 isbn 978 0 5214 5735 4 ol 2206050m sugg richard 2012 mummies cannibals and vampires the history of corpse medicine from the renaissance to the victorians taylor francis p 198 isbn 978 1 1365 7736 9 parker geoffrey 1990 the dutch revolt revised ed penguin books isbn 978 0 1401 3712 5 sharp hume martín andrew the spanish people their origin growth and influence p 372 gillespie alexander 2017 the causes of war volume iii 1400 ce to 1650 ce bloomsbury publishing p 131 bart de groof alexander farnese and the origins of modern belgium bulletin de l institut historique belge de rome 1993 vol 63 pp 195 219 1 2 3 4 violet soen reconquista and reconciliation in the dutch revolt the campaign of governor general alexander farnese 1578 1592 journal of early modern history 2012 16 1 pp 1 22 black jeremy 1996 the cambridge illustrated atlas of warfare renaissance to revolution 1492 1792 vol 2 cambridge university press p 58 isbn 978 0 5214 7033 9 geert h janssen the counter reformation of the refugee exile and the shaping of catholic militancy in the dutch revolt journal of ecclesiastical history 2012 63 4 pp 671 692 nolan cathal j 2008 wars of the age of louis xiv 1650 1715 an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization bloomsbury academic p 444 isbn 978 0 3133 3046 9 belgium encyclopedia britannica britannica online encyclopedia retrieved 3 november 2012 jacques godechot the business classes and the revolution outside france american historical review 1958 64 1 p 7 in jstor janet l polasky and michael j sydenham the french revolution a belgian perspective 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