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id fuel te m 385 star 13 e retrorockets each spherical in shape except for its rocket nozzle which were structurally attached to two beams that reached across the diameter of the retro module crossing at right angles in the center 22 re entry began with the retrorockets firing one at a time abort procedures at certain periods during lift off would cause them to fire at the same time thrusting the descent module away from the titan rocket equipment module edit gemini was equipped with an orbit attitude and maneuvering system oams containing sixteen thrusters for translation control in all three perpendicular axes forward backward left right up down in addition to attitude control pitch yaw and roll angle orientation as in mercury translation control allowed changing orbital inclination and altitude necessary to perform space rendezvous with other craft and docking with the agena target vehicle atv with its own rocket engine which could be used to perform greater orbit changes early short duration missions had their electrical power supplied by batteries later endurance missions used the first fuel cells in crewed spacecraft gemini was in some regards more advanced than apollo because the latter program began almost a year earlier it became known as a pilot s spacecraft due to its assortment of jet fighter like features in no small part due to gus grissom s influence over the design and it was at this point where the us manned space program clearly began showing its superiority over that of the soviet union with long duration flight rendezvous and extravehicular capability note 4 the soviet union during this period was developing the soyuz spacecraft intended to take cosmonauts to the moon but political and technical problems began to get in the way leading to the ultimate end of their crewed lunar program launch vehicle edit main article titan ii glv the titan ii debuted in 1962 as the air force s second generation icbm to replace the atlas by using hypergolic fuels it could be stored longer and be easily readied for launch in addition to being a simpler design with fewer components the only caveat was the propellant mix nitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine were extremely toxic compared to the atlas liquid oxygen rp 1 however the titan had considerable difficulty being man rated due to early problems with pogo oscillation the launch vehicle used a radio guidance system that was unique to launches from cape kennedy astronauts edit astronauts white and mcdivitt inside the gemini 4 spacecraft 1965 gemini 8 prime crew and other astronauts at prelaunch breakfast 1966 deke slayton as director of flight crew operations had primary responsibility for assigning crews for the gemini program each flight had a primary crew and backup crew and the backup crew would rotate to primary crew status three flights later slayton intended for first choice of mission commands to be given to the four remaining active astronauts of the mercury seven alan shepard grissom cooper and schirra john glenn had retired from nasa in january 1964 and scott carpenter who was blamed by some in nasa management for the problematic reentry of aurora 7 was on leave to participate in the navy s sealab project and was grounded from flight in july 1964 due to an arm injury sustained in a motorbike accident slayton himself continued to be grounded due to a heart problem as for shepard during training on the gemini project his inner ear deficiency due to menière s disease would effectively ground him as well and keep him removed from the flight roster until he underwent corrective surgery and would not fly on gemini at all but return to flight with apollo 14 as commander titles used for the left hand command and right hand pilot seat crew positions were taken from the u s air force pilot ratings command pilot and pilot sixteen astronauts flew on 10 crewed gemini missions yuri gagarin shakes hand with gemini 4 astronauts 1965 group astronaut service mission prime crew position mission backup crew position astronaut group 1 gordon cooper usaf gemini 5 command pilot gemini 12 command pilot virgil gus grissom gemini 3 command pilot gemini 6a command pilot walter m schirra usn gemini 6a command pilot gemini 3 command pilot astronaut group 2 neil armstrong civilian note 5 gemini 8 command pilot gemini 5 command pilot gemini 11 command pilot frank borman usaf gemini 7 command pilot gemini 4 command pilot charles pete conrad usn gemini 5 pilot gemini 8 command pilot gemini 11 command pilot jim lovell usn gemini 7 pilot gemini 4 pilot gemini 12 command pilot gemini 9a command pilot james mcdivitt usaf gemini 4 command pilot n a thomas p stafford gemini 6a pilot gemini 3 pilot note 6 gemini 9a command pilot ed white gemini 4 pilot gemini 7 command pilot john young usn gemini 3 pilot gemini 6a pilot gemini 10 command pilot astronaut group 3 edwin buzz aldrin usaf gemini 12 pilot gemini 9a pilot eugene cernan usn gemini 9a pilot gemini 12 pilot michael collins usaf gemini 10 pilot gemini 7 pilot richard f gordon usn gemini 11 pilot gemini 8 pilot david scott usaf gemini 8 pilot n a astronauts selected but did not fly astronaut group 1 alan shepard usn gemini 3 command pilot note 7 n a astronaut group 2 elliot see civilian note 8 gemini 9 command pilot note 9 gemini 5 pilot astronaut group 3 william anders usaf n a gemini 11 pilot charles bassett gemini 9 pilot note 9 n a alan bean usn n a gemini 10 command pilot clifton williams usmc n a gemini 10 pilot crew selection edit in late 1963 slayton selected shepard and stafford for gemini 3 mcdivitt and white for gemini 4 and schirra and young for gemini 5 which was to be the first agena rendezvous mission the backup crew for gemini 3 was grissom and borman who were also slated for gemini 6 to be the first long duration mission finally conrad and lovell were assigned as the backup crew for gemini 4 delays in the production of the agena target vehicle caused the first rearrangement of the crew rotation the schirra and young mission was bumped to gemini 6 and they became the backup crew for shepard and stafford grissom and borman then had their long duration mission assigned to gemini 5 the second rearrangement occurred when shepard developed ménière s disease an inner ear problem grissom was then moved to command gemini 3 slayton felt that young was a better personality match with grissom and switched stafford and young finally slayton tapped cooper to command the long duration gemini 5 again for reasons of compatibility he moved conrad from backup commander of gemini 4 to pilot of gemini 5 and borman to backup command of gemini 4 finally he assigned armstrong and elliot see to be the backup crew for gemini 5 the third rearrangement of crew assignment occurred when slayton felt that see wasn t up to the physical demands of eva on gemini 8 he reassigned see to be the prime commander of gemini 9 and put scott as pilot of gemini 8 and charles bassett as the pilot of gemini 9 the fourth and final rearrangement of the gemini crew assignment occurred after the deaths of see and bassett when their trainer jet crashed coincidentally into a mcdonnell building which held their gemini 9 capsule in st louis the backup crew of stafford and cernan was then moved up to the new prime crew of gemini 9a lovell and aldrin were moved from being the backup crew of gemini 10 to be the backup crew of gemini 9 this cleared the way through the crew rotation for lovell and aldrin to become the prime crew of gemini 12 along with the deaths of grissom white and roger chaffee in the fire of apollo 1 this final arrangement helped determine the makeup of the first seven apollo crews and who would be in position for a chance to be the first to walk on the moon missions edit gemini mission control in houston during gemini 5 in april 1964 and january 1965 two gemini missions were flown without crews to test systems and the heat shield these were followed by 10 flights with crews in 1965 and 1966 all were launched by titan ii launch vehicles some highlights from the gemini program gemini 3 grissom and young was the first crewed gemini mission first multi crewed us mission and the first crewed spacecraft to use thrusters to change its orbit on gemini 4 ed white became the first american to make an extravehicular activity eva or spacewalk on june 3 1965 gemini 5 august 21 29 1965 demonstrated the 8 day endurance necessary for an apollo lunar mission with the first use of fuel cells to generate its electrical power gemini 6a accomplished the first space rendezvous with its sister craft gemini 7 in december 1965 with gemini 7 setting a 14 day endurance record for its flight gemini 8 achieved the first space docking with an uncrewed agena target vehicle gemini 10 established that radiation at high altitude was not a problem further demonstrated the ability to rendezvous with a passive object and was the first gemini mission to fire the agena s own rocket michael collins would be the first person to meet another spacecraft in orbit during his second successful eva gemini 11 first direct ascent first orbit rendezvous with an agena target vehicle docking with it 1 hour 34 minutes after launch set a crewed earth orbital altitude record of 739 2 nautical miles 1 369 0 km in september 1966 using the agena target vehicle s propulsion system this record was broken in september 2024 by the polaris dawn mission and again in april 2026 by the artemis ii mission on gemini 12 edwin buzz aldrin became the first space traveler to prove that useful work eva could be done outside a spacecraft without life threatening exhaustion due to newly implemented footholds handholds and scheduled rest periods rendezvous in orbit is not a straightforward maneuver should a spacecraft increase its speed to catch up with another the result is that it goes into a higher and slower orbit and the distance thereby increases the right procedure is to go to a lower orbit first which increases relative speed and then approach the target spacecraft from below and decrease orbital speed to meet it 23 to practice these maneuvers special rendezvous and docking simulators were built for the astronauts 24 edward white during spacewalk gemini 4 june 1965 rendezvous of gemini 6a and 7 december 1965 first docking agena target is seen from gemini 8 march 1966 mission lv serial n o spacecraft nº command pilot pilot mission dates launch time duration gemini 1 glv 1 12556 sc1 uncrewed uncrewed 8 12 april 1964 16 00 utc 03d 23h 1 first test flight of gemini spacecraft was intentionally destroyed during re entry 1 the mission duration was 4h 50m sufficient to achieve all of the mission aims in three orbits the spacecraft remained in orbit for 3d 23h gemini 2 glv 2 12557 sc2 uncrewed uncrewed 19 january 1965 14 04 utc 00d 00h 18m 16s suborbital flight to test heat shield gemini 3 glv 3 12558 sc3 grissom young 23 march 1965 14 24 utc 00d 04h 52m 31s first crewed gemini flight three orbits gemini iv glv 4 12559 sc4 mcdivitt white 3 7 june 1965 15 16 utc 04d 01h 56m 12s included first extravehicular activity eva by an american white s space walk was a 22 minute eva exercise gemini v glv 5 12560 sc5 cooper conrad 21 29 august 1965 14 00 utc 07d 22h 55m 14s first week long flight first use of fuel cells for electrical power evaluated guidance and navigation system for future rendezvous missions completed 120 orbits gemini vii glv 7 12562 sc7 borman lovell 4 18 december 1965 19 30 utc 13d 18h 35m 01s when the original gemini vi mission was scrubbed because the launch of the agena docking target failed gemini vii was used as the rendezvous target instead primary objective was to determine whether humans could live in space for 14 days completed 206 orbits gemini vi a glv 6 12561 sc6 schirra stafford 15 16 december 1965 13 37 utc 01d 01h 51m 24s rescheduled from october to rendezvous with gemini vii after the original agena target vehicle launch failed first space rendezvous accomplished station keeping for over five hours at distances from 1 to 300 feet 0 30 to 91 m first musical instruments played in space crew played jingle bells on a harmonica and a ring of small bells as part of a jocular santa claus sighting 25 26 gemini viii glv 8 12563 sc8 armstrong scott 16 17 march 1966 16 41 utc 00d 10h 41m 26s accomplished first docking with another space vehicle an uncrewed agena target vehicle while docked a gemini spacecraft thruster malfunction caused near fatal tumbling of the craft which after undocking armstrong was able to overcome the crew effected the first emergency landing of a crewed u s space mission gemini ix a glv 9 12564 sc9 stafford cernan 3 6 june 1966 13 39 utc 03d 00h 20m 50s rescheduled from may to rendezvous and dock with the augmented target docking adapter atda after the original agena target vehicle launch failed the atda shroud did not completely separate making docking impossible right three different types of rendezvous two hours of eva and 44 orbits were completed gemini x glv 10 12565 sc10 young collins 18 21 july 1966 22 20 utc 02d 22h 46m 39s first use of the agena target vehicle s propulsion systems the spacecraft also rendezvoused with the agena target vehicle from gemini viii collins had 49 minutes of eva standing in the hatch and 39 minutes of eva to retrieve experiments from the agena 43 orbits completed gemini xi glv 11 12566 sc11 conrad gordon 12 15 september 1966 14 42 utc 02d 23h 17m 09s gemini record altitude with apogee of 739 2 nautical miles 1 369 0 km 27 reached using the agena target vehicle propulsion system after first orbit rendezvous and docking gordon made a 33 minute eva and two hour standup eva 44 orbits gemini xii glv 12 12567 sc12 lovell aldrin 11 15 november 1966 20 46 utc 03d 22h 34m 31s final gemini flight rendezvoused and docked manually with the target agena and kept station with it during eva aldrin set an eva record of 5 hours and 30 minutes for one space walk and two stand up exercises and demonstrated solutions to previous eva problems 59 orbits completed gemini titan launches and serial numbers edit main article titan ii glv left all gemini launches from gt 1 through gt 12 right usaf serial number location on titan ii the gemini titan ii launch vehicle was adapted by nasa from the u s air force titan ii icbm similarly the mercury atlas launch vehicle had been adapted from the usaf atlas missile the gemini titan ii rockets were assigned air force serial numbers which were painted in four places on each titan ii on opposite sides on each of the first and second stages usaf crews maintained launch complex 19 and prepared and launched all of the gemini titan ii launch vehicles data and experience operating the titans was of value to both the u s air force and nasa the usaf serial numbers assigned to the gemini titan launch vehicles are given in the tables above fifteen titan iis were ordered in 1962 so the serial is 62 12xxx but only 12xxx is painted on the titan ii the o...
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