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been made a dux under the emperor probus is probably a fabrication 21 22 he certainly attained the rank of tribunus within the army and during the reign of carus he was raised to the position of praeses or governor of the province of dalmatia 23 it has been conjectured that he switched allegiances to support the claims of the future emperor diocletian just before diocletian defeated carinus the son of carus at the battle of the margus in july 285 24 in 286 diocletian elevated a military colleague maximian to the throne as co emperor of the western provinces 25 while diocletian took over the eastern provinces beginning the process that would eventually see the division of the roman empire into two halves a western and an eastern portion by 288 his period as governor now over constantius had been made praetorian prefect in the west under maximian 26 throughout 287 and into 288 constantius under the command of maximian was involved in a war against the alamanni carrying out attacks on the territory of the barbarian tribes across the rhine and danube rivers 25 to consolidate the ties between himself and emperor maximian constantius married the emperor s daughter theodora 20 elevation as caesar edit on the reverse of this argenteus struck in antioch under constantius chlorus the tetrarchs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the sarmatians by 293 diocletian conscious of the ambitions of his co emperor for his new son in law allowed maximian to promote constantius in a new power sharing arrangement known as the tetrarchy the eastern and western provinces would each be ruled by an augustus supported by a caesar both caesares had the right of succession once the ruling augustus died 27 at mediolanum milan on 1 march 293 constantius was formally appointed as maximian s caesar 28 he adopted diocletian s nomen family name valerius and being equated with maximian also took on herculius 29 his given command consisted of gaul britannia and possibly hispania diocletian the eastern augustus in order to keep the balance of power in the imperium 27 elevated galerius as his caesar possibly on 21 may 293 at philippopolis plovdiv 20 constantius was the more senior of the two caesares and on official documents he always took precedence being mentioned before galerius 29 constantius s capital was to be located at augusta treverorum trier 30 constantius s first task on becoming caesar was to deal with the roman usurper carausius who had declared himself emperor in britannia and northern gaul in 286 20 in late 293 constantius defeated the forces of carausius in gaul capturing bononia boulogne sur mer 31 carausius was then assassinated by his rationalis finance officer allectus who assumed command of the british provinces until his death in 296 32 constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the franks who were the allies of allectus 33 as northern gaul remained under the control of the british usurper until at least 295 34 he also battled against the alamanni achieving some victories at the mouth of the rhine in 295 35 administrative concerns meant he made at least one trip to italy during this time as well 33 only when he felt ready and only when maximian finally came to relieve him at the rhine frontier 36 did he assemble two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the english channel the first was entrusted to julius asclepiodotus constantius s long serving praetorian prefect who sailed from the mouth of the seine while the other under the command of constantius himself was launched from his base at bononia 37 the fleet under asclepiodotus landed near the isle of wight and his army encountered the forces of allectus resulting in the defeat and death of the usurper 38 constantius in the meantime occupied londinium london 39 saving the city from an attack by frankish mercenaries who were now roaming the province without a paymaster constantius massacred all of them 36 portrait head of tetrarch most likely constantius chlorus 40 constantius remained in britannia for a few months replaced most of allectus s officers and the british provinces were probably at this time subdivided along the lines of diocletian s other administrative reforms of the empire 41 the result was the division of britannia superior into maxima caesariensis and britannia prima while flavia caesariensis and britannia secunda were carved out of britannia inferior he also restored hadrian s wall and its forts 42 later in 298 constantius fought in the battle of lingones langres against the alemanni he was shut up in the city but was relieved by his army after six hours and defeated the enemy 43 he defeated them again at vindonissa 44 thereby strengthening the defences of the rhine frontier in 300 he fought against the franks on the rhine frontier 45 and as part of his overall strategy to buttress the frontier constantius settled the franks in the deserted parts of gaul to repopulate the devastated areas 46 nevertheless over the next three years the rhine frontier continued to occupy constantius s attention 45 from 303 the beginning of the diocletianic persecution constantius began to enforce the imperial edicts dealing with the persecution of christians which ordered the destruction of churches 19 the campaign was avidly pursued by galerius who noticed that constantius was well disposed towards the christians and who saw it as a method of advancing his career prospects with the aging diocletian 47 of the four tetrarchs constantius made the least effort to implement the decrees in the western provinces that were under his direct authority 48 limiting himself to knocking down a handful of churches 26 eusebius denied that constantius destroyed christian buildings but lactantius records that he did 19 accession as augustus and death edit copy of a medal of constantius i capturing londinium inscribed as lon after defeating allectus the original was part of the beaurains treasure from arras france between 303 and 305 galerius began maneuvering to ensure that he would be in a position to take power from constantius after the death of diocletian 49 in 304 maximian met with galerius probably to discuss the succession issue and constantius either was not invited or could not make it due to the situation on the rhine 45 although prior to 303 there appeared to be tacit agreement among the tetrarchs that constantius s son constantine and maximian s son maxentius were to be promoted to the rank of caesar once diocletian and maximian had resigned the purple 50 by the end of 304 galerius had convinced diocletian who in turn convinced maximian to appoint galerius s nominees severus and maximinus as caesares 45 diocletian and maximian stepped down as co emperors on 1 may 305 possibly due to diocletian s poor health 26 before the assembled armies at mediolanum maximian removed his purple cloak and handed it to severus the new caesar and proclaimed constantius as augustus the same scene played out at nicomedia i̇zmit under the authority of diocletian 51 constantius notionally the senior emperor ruled the western provinces while galerius took the eastern provinces constantine disappointed in his hopes to become a caesar fled the court of galerius after constantius had asked galerius to release his son as constantius was ill 52 constantine joined his father s court at the coast of gaul just as he was preparing to campaign in britain 53 in 305 constantius crossed over into britain travelled to the far north of the island and launched a military expedition against the picts claiming a victory against them and the title britannicus maximus ii by 7 january 306 54 after retiring to eboracum york for the winter constantius had planned to continue the campaign but on 25 july 306 he died 55 as he was dying constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor 56 consequently constantine was declared emperor by the legions at york 57 family edit constantius was married to helena who was probably from nicomedia in asia minor 58 they had one son the future emperor constantine the great in 289 political developments forced him to divorce helena he married theodora maximian s daughter they had six children 21 flavius dalmatius julius constantius flavius hannibalianus flavia julia constantia anastasia married to bassianus eutropia the name of anastasia koine greek ἀναστασία romanized anastasía lit resurrection may indicate a sympathy with christian or jewish culture 3 family tree edit see also constantinian dynasty family of constantius chlorus emperors are shown with a rounded corner border with their dates as augusti names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1 constantine s parents and half siblings maximian 286 305 adoptive father helena constantius chlorus 250 306 flavia maximiana theodora constantine i 306 337 flavius dalmatius hannibalianus flavia julia constantia licinius 308 324 anastasia bassianus galla julius constantius basilina licinius ii eutropia virius nepotianus hannibalianus constantina constantius gallus julian 360 363 helena nepotianus 2 constantine s children minervina constantine i 306 337 fausta crispus constantine ii 337 340 constans 337 350 hannibalianus constantina constantius gallus faustina constantius ii 337 361 helena julian 360 363 gratian 367 383 constantia v t e constantinian dynasty detailed family tree afranius hannibalianus eutropia maximian western emperor theodora constantius i chlorus western emperor 250 305 306 helena 250 330 maxentius western emperor constantia 293 330 licinius 250 308 324 325 flavius dalmatius censor 1 galla julius constantius d 337 2 basilina anastasia eutropia fausta 289 326 constantine i the great 272 306 337 minervina dalmatius caesar hannibalianus 1 constantius gallus 2 julian 331 360 363 helena d 360 constantina 1 hannibalianus 2 constantius gallus constantius ii 317 337 361 faustina constantine ii western emperor 316 337 340 constans i western emperor 320 337 350 daughter justus crispus d 326 jovian 331 363 364 marina severa valentinian i western emperor valentinianic dynasty justina constantia 361 383 gratian western emperor 359 367 383 galla theodosius i eastern emperor theodosian dynasty legend edit christian legends edit as the father of constantine a number of christian legends have grown up around constantius eusebius s life of constantine claims that constantius was himself a christian although he pretended to be a pagan and while caesar under diocletian took no part in the emperor s persecutions 59 it was claimed that his first wife helena found the true cross citation needed british legends edit constantius s activities in britain were remembered in medieval welsh legend which frequently confused his family with that of magnus maximus who also was said to have wed a saint elen and sired a son named constantine while in britain henry of huntingdon s history of the english identified constantius s wife helen as british 60 and geoffrey of monmouth repeated the claim in his 1136 history of the kings of britain geoffrey related that constantius was sent to britain by the senate after asclepiodotus here a british king was overthrown by coel of colchester coel submitted to constantius and agreed to pay tribute to rome but died only eight days later constantius married his daughter helena and became king of britain he and helena had a son constantine who succeeded to the throne of britain when his father died at york eleven years later 61 these accounts have no historical validity constantius had divorced helena before he went to britain 62 similarly the history of the britons traditionally ascribed to nennius 63 claims the inscribed tomb of constantius the emperor was still present in the 9th century in the roman fort of segontium near present day caernarfon in north wales 64 david nash ford credited the monument to constantine the supposed son of magnus maximus and elen who was said to have ruled over the area prior to the irish invasions 65 notes edit this is the name given by timothy d barnes and the odb 2 3 plre omits the praenomen but does not elaborate 4 marcus appears in some inscriptions 5 but a few others use gaius instead 6 this may just be a confusion as ordinary people had become unaccustomed to varying praenomina the last imperial dynasty to differentiate them having been that of septimius severus 7 either way praenomina were no longer used by this time and emperors after galerius stopped using them altogether on the other hand timothy barnes argues that when ancient writers used the words illyricum and thrace thracians to describe where constantius came from they were speaking of broad geographic terms rather than precise origins 15 his family probably adopted the name flavius after being granted citizenship by one of these emperors as it was common for new romans to adopt the names of their former masters 7 sources edit ancient sources edit aurelius victor epitome de caesaribus liber de caesaribus of sextus aurelius victor translated by bird h w liverpool university press 1994 zosimus historia nova modern sources edit barnes timothy david 1981 constantine and eusebius cambridge mass harvard university press isbn 0 674 16530 6 oclc 7459753 barnes timothy 2011 constantine dynasty religion and power in the later roman empire oxford wiley blackwell isbn 978 1 405 11727 2 birley anthony 2005 the roman government in britain oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 925237 4 dimaio robert constantius i chlorus 305 306 a d de imperatoribus romanis 1996 jones a h m j r martindale j morris 1971 fl val constantius 12 prosopography of the later roman empire vol 1 cambridge university press isbn 0 521 07233 6 kuhoff wolfgang 2001 diokletian und die epoche der tetrarchie das römische reich zwischen krisenbewältigung und neuaufbau 284 313 n chr frankfurt am main peter lang murray alexander 1999 from roman to merovingian gaul a reader university of toronto press isbn 1442604131 odahl charles 2010 constantine and the christian empire routledge isbn 978 1136961281 potter david stone the roman empire at bay ad 180 395 routledge 2004 seeck otto constantius 1 realencyclopädie der classischen altertumswissenschaft volume 7 iv 1 metzlerscher verlag stuttgart 1900 columns 1040 1043 southern pat the roman empire from severus to constantine routledge 2001 references edit http laststatues classics ox ac uk lsa 806 j lenaghan 1 2 barnes timothy d 1982 the new empire of diocletian and constantine cambridge ma harvard university press pp 4 35 doi 10 4159 harvard 9780674280670 isbn 0 674 28066 0 1 2 3 4 gregory timothy e 1991 constantius chlorus in kazhdan alexander p ed oxford dictionary of byzantium oxford university press pp 524 525 doi 10 1093 acref 9780195046526 001 0001 isbn 978 0 19 504652 6 1 2 jones martindale morris p 227 cil viii 608 ils i 649 1 2 salway benet 1994 what s in a name a survey of roman onomastic practice from c 700 b c to a d 700 pdf journal of roman 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