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of food and the presence or absence of predators every species has particular habitat requirements habitat generalist species are able to thrive in a wide array of environmental conditions while habitat specialist species require a very limited set of factors to survive the habitat of a species is not necessarily found in a geographical area it can be the interior of a stem a rotten log a rock or a clump of moss a parasitic organism has as its habitat the body of its host part of the host s body such as the digestive tract or a single cell within the host s body 3 habitat types are environmental categorizations of different environments based on the characteristics of a given geographical area particularly vegetation and climate 2 thus habitat types do not refer to a single species but to multiple species living in the same area for example terrestrial habitat types include forest steppe grassland semi arid or desert fresh water habitat types include marshes streams rivers lakes and ponds marine habitat types include salt marshes the coast the intertidal zone estuaries reefs bays the open sea the sea bed deep water and submarine vents habitat types may change over time causes of change may include a violent event such as the eruption of a volcano an earthquake a tsunami a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents or change may occur more gradually over millennia with alterations in the climate as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation other changes come as a direct result of human activities such as deforestation the plowing of ancient grasslands the diversion and damming of rivers the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed the introduction of alien species can have a devastating effect on native wildlife through increased predation through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which the indigenous species have no immunity definition and etymology edit the word habitat has been in use since about 1755 and derives from the latin habitāre to inhabit from habēre to have or to hold habitat can be defined as the natural environment of an organism the type of place in which it is natural for it to live and grow 4 5 it is similar in meaning to a biotope an area of uniform environmental conditions associated with a particular community of plants and animals 6 environmental factors edit the chief environmental factors affecting the distribution of living organisms are temperature humidity climate soil and light intensity and the presence or absence of all the requirements that the organism needs to sustain it generally speaking animal communities are reliant on specific types of plant communities 7 some plants and animals have habitat requirements which are met in a wide range of locations the small white butterfly pieris rapae for example is found on all the continents of the world apart from antarctica its larvae feed on a wide range of brassicas and various other plant species and it thrives in any open location with diverse plant communities 8 the large blue butterfly phengaris arion is much more specific in its requirements it is found only in chalk grassland areas its larvae feed on thymus species and because of complex life cycle requirements it inhabits only areas in which myrmica ants live 9 disturbance is important in the creation of biodiverse habitat types in the absence of disturbance a climax vegetation cover develops that prevents the establishment of other species wildflower meadows are sometimes created by conservationists but most of the flowering plants used are either annuals or biennials and disappear after a few years in the absence of patches of bare ground on which their seedlings can grow 10 lightning strikes and toppled trees in tropical forests allow species richness to be maintained as pioneering species move in to fill the gaps created 11 similarly coastal habitat types can become dominated by kelp until the seabed is disturbed by a storm and the algae swept away or shifting sediment exposes new areas for colonisation another cause of disturbance is when an area may be overwhelmed by an invasive introduced species which is not kept under control by natural enemies in its new habitat 12 types edit terrestrial edit rich rainforest habitat in dominica terrestrial habitat types include forests grasslands wetlands and deserts within these broad biomes are more specific habitat types with varying climate types temperature regimes soils altitudes and vegetation many of these habitat types grade into each other and each one has its own typical communities of plants and animals a habitat type may suit a particular species well but its presence or absence at any particular location depends to some extent on chance on its dispersal abilities and its efficiency as a colonizer 13 arid edit desert scene in egypt arid habitats are those where there is little available water the most extreme arid habitats are deserts desert animals have a variety of adaptations to survive the dry conditions some frogs live in deserts creating moist habitat types underground and hibernating while conditions are adverse couch s spadefoot toad scaphiopus couchii emerges from its burrow when a downpour occurs and lays its eggs in the transient pools that form the tadpoles develop with great rapidity sometimes in as little as nine days undergo metamorphosis and feed voraciously before digging a burrow of their own 14 list of arid habitat types edit desert fog desert polar desert steppe savanna wetland and riparian edit other organisms cope with the drying up of their aqueous habitat in other ways vernal pools are ephemeral ponds that form in the rainy season and dry up afterwards they have their specially adapted characteristic flora mainly consisting of annuals the seeds of which survive the drought but also some uniquely adapted perennials 15 animals adapted to these extreme habitat types also exist fairy shrimps can lay winter eggs which are resistant to desiccation sometimes being blown about with the dust ending up in new depressions in the ground these can survive in a dormant state for as long as fifteen years 16 some killifish behave in a similar way their eggs hatch and the juvenile fish grow with great rapidity when the conditions are right but the whole population of fish may end up as eggs in diapause in the dried up mud that was once a pond 17 examples of wetland and riparian habitat types edit bog marsh fen flooded grasslands and savannas floodplain shrub swamp swamp vernal pool wet meadow forest edit examples of forest habitat types edit boreal forest cloud forest peat swamp forest temperate coniferous forest temperate deciduous forest temperate rain forest thorn forest tropical dry forest tropical moist forest tropical rain forest woodland freshwater edit wetland habitat types in borneo freshwater habitat types include rivers streams lakes ponds marshes and bogs 18 they can be divided into running waters rivers streams and standing waters lakes ponds marshes bogs 19 although some organisms are found across most of these habitat types the majority have more specific requirements the water velocity its temperature and oxygen saturation are important factors but in river systems there are fast and slow sections pools bayous and backwaters which provide a range of habitat types similarly aquatic plants can be floating semi submerged submerged or grow in permanently or temporarily saturated soils besides bodies of water marginal plants provide important habitat for both invertebrates and vertebrates and submerged plants provide oxygenation of the water absorb nutrients and play a part in the reduction of pollution 20 marine edit marine habitats include brackish water estuaries bays the open sea the intertidal zone the seabed reefs and deep shallow water zones 18 further variations include rock pools sand banks mudflats brackish lagoons sandy and pebbly beaches and seagrass beds all supporting their own flora and fauna the benthic zone or seabed provides a home for both static organisms anchored to the substrate and for a large range of organisms crawling on or burrowing into the surface some creatures float among the waves on the surface of the water or raft on floating debris others swim at a range of depths including organisms in the demersal zone close to the seabed and myriads of organisms drift with the currents and form the plankton 21 list of marine habitat types edit abyssal plain aphotic zone benthic zone cold seep coral reef demersal zone estuary hydrothermal vent intertidal zone kelp forest littoral zone oceanic trench photic zone seagrass meadow mangrove swamp seamount tide pool urban edit many animals and plants have taken up residence in urban environments they tend to be adaptable generalists and use the town s features to make their homes rats and mice have followed man around the globe pigeons peregrines sparrows swallows and house martins use the buildings for nesting bats use roof space for roosting foxes visit the garbage bins and squirrels coyotes raccoons and skunks roam the streets about 2 000 coyotes are thought to live in and around chicago 22 a survey of dwelling houses in northern european cities in the twentieth century found about 175 species of invertebrate inside them including 53 species of beetle 21 flies 13 butterflies and moths 13 mites 9 lice 7 bees 5 wasps 5 cockroaches 5 spiders 4 ants and a number of other groups 23 in warmer climates termites are serious pests in the urban habitat 183 species are known to affect buildings and 83 species cause serious structural damage 24 microhabitat types edit microhabitat redirects here for the south korean film see microhabitat film the leaves of an alnus nepalensis tree provide a microhabitat for species like the leaf beetle aulacophora indica a microhabitat consists of the small scale physical requirements of a particular organism or population every habitat includes large numbers of microhabitat types with subtly different exposure to light humidity temperature air movement and other factors the lichens that grow on the north face of a boulder are different from those that grow on the south face from those on the level top and those that grow on the ground nearby the lichens growing in the grooves and on the raised surfaces are different from those growing on the veins of quartz lurking among these miniature forests are the microfauna species of invertebrate each with its own specific habitat requirements 25 there are numerous different microhabitat types in a wood coniferous forest broad leafed forest open woodland scattered trees woodland verges clearings and glades tree trunk branch twig bud leaf flower and fruit rough bark smooth bark damaged bark rotten wood hollow groove and hole canopy shrub layer plant layer leaf litter and soil buttress root stump fallen log stem base grass tussock fungus fern and moss 26 the greater the structural diversity in the wood the greater the number of microhabitat types that will be present a range of tree species with individual specimens of varying sizes and ages and a range of features such as streams level areas slopes tracks clearings and felled areas will provide suitable conditions for an enormous number of biodiverse plants and animals for example in britain it has been estimated that various types of rotting wood are home to over 1700 species of invertebrate 26 for a parasitic organism its habitat is the particular part of the outside or inside of its host on or in which it is adapted to live the life cycle of some parasites involves several different host species as well as free living life stages sometimes within vastly different microhabitat types 27 one such organism is the trematode flatworm microphallus turgidus present in brackish water marshes in the southeastern united states its first intermediate host is a snail and the second a glass shrimp the final host is the waterfowl or mammal that consumes the shrimp 28 extreme habitat types edit main article extremophile an antarctic rock split apart to show endolithic lifeforms showing as a green layer a few millimeters thick although the vast majority of life on earth lives in mesophyllic moderate environments a few organisms most of them microbes have managed to colonise extreme environments that are unsuitable for more complex life forms there are bacteria for example living in lake whillans half a mile below the ice of antarctica in the absence of sunlight they must rely on organic material from elsewhere perhaps decaying matter from glacier melt water or minerals from the underlying rock 29 other bacteria can be found in abundance in the mariana trench the deepest place in the ocean and on earth marine snow drifts down from the surface layers of the sea and accumulates in this undersea valley providing nourishment for an extensive community of bacteria 30 other microbes live in environments lacking in oxygen and are dependent on chemical reactions other than photosynthesis boreholes drilled 300 m 1 000 ft into the rocky seabed have found microbial communities apparently based on the products of reactions between water and the constituents of rocks these communities have not been studied much but may be an important part of the global carbon cycle 31 rock in mines two miles deep also harbour microbes these live on minute traces of hydrogen produced in slow oxidizing reactions inside the rock these metabolic reactions allow life to exist in places with no oxygen or light an environment that had previously been thought to be devoid of life 32 33 the intertidal zone and the photic zone in the oceans are relatively familiar habitat types however the vast bulk of the ocean is inhospitable to air breathing humans with scuba divers limited to the upper 50 m 160 ft or so 34 the lower limit for photosynthesis is 100 to 200 m 330 to 660 ft and below that depth the prevailing conditions include total darkness high pressure little oxygen in some places scarce food resources and extreme cold this habitat is very challenging to research and as well as being little studied it is vast with 79 of the earth s biosphere being at depths greater than 1 000 m 3 300 ft 35 with no plant life the animals in this zone are either detritivores reliant on food drifting down from surface layers or they are predators feeding on each other some organisms are pelagic swimming or drifting in mid ocean while others are benthic living on or near the seabed their growth rates and metabolisms tend to be slow their eyes may be very large to detect what little illumination there is or they may be blind and rely on other sensory inputs a number of deep sea creatures are bioluminescent this serves a variety of functions including predation protection and social recognition 35 in general the bodies of animals living at great depths are a...
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