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a response and resilience edit trauma response behaviors encompass immediate and long term reactions following exposure to traumatic events including fight flight freeze and fawn responses initial responses typically include exhaustion confusion anxiety dissociation and heightened physical arousal long term responses can develop into post traumatic stress disorder ptsd which affects approximately 3 5 of adults annually 93 psychological resilience represents the ability to maintain psychological well being and adaptive functioning in the face of adversity resilient behaviors include cognitive flexibility maintaining optimism developing strong social connections and engaging in meaning making activities resilience can be developed through cognitive behavioral therapy mindfulness training and building self efficacy 94 cognitive biases and decision making edit cognitive biases systematically influence decision making processes and can lead to errors in judgment and reasoning cognitive biases represent systematic patterns of deviation from rationality in judgment and decision making that significantly influence human behavior common biases include confirmation bias availability heuristic and anchoring bias research in behavioral economics demonstrates that these biases have significant effects on economic decision making with explanatory variables accounting for approximately 30 45 of overall response variance in probabilistic judgment errors 95 addiction and compulsive behaviors edit addiction and compulsive behaviors represent persistent engagement in activities despite harmful consequences compulsive behavior consists of repetitive acts characterized by the feeling that one has to perform them while being aware that these acts are not aligned with overall goals addictive behaviors involve hijacking of the brain s dopamine system particularly in the nucleus accumbens leading to neuroadaptations that shift behavior from impulsive to compulsive patterns approximately 10 of the general population exhibits ocd related sub threshold symptoms that include compulsive behaviors 96 personality and individual differences edit the big five personality model demonstrates how individual differences in personality traits influence psychological and behavioral patterns personality traits represent stable individual differences that significantly influence psychological behaviors and mental health outcomes the big five personality model identifies five major dimensions that predict various behavioral patterns extraversion neuroticism conscientiousness agreeableness and openness to experience neuroticism is particularly relevant as it predicts increased vulnerability to anxiety depression and stress related disorders while conscientiousness is associated with better self regulation and more effective stress management 97 mental health interventions and positive psychology edit mental health intervention behaviors encompass therapeutic and self directed actions to improve psychological well being evidence based approaches include acceptance and commitment therapy act which focuses on developing psychological flexibility and dialectical behavior therapy dbt which teaches distress tolerance interpersonal effectiveness and emotion regulation skills contemporary interventions also incorporate technology based solutions including digital therapeutics and smartphone based interventions 90 positive psychology behaviors encompass character strengths positive emotions and actions that allow individuals to build meaningful and fulfilling lives these include practices such as gratitude expression optimism cultivation forgiveness and engagement in activities that provide meaning and purpose research demonstrates that positive psychology interventions can effectively enhance well being and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety 98 cognitive and health behaviors edit memory and learning behaviors encompass psychological processes of acquiring storing and retrieving information that fundamentally shape human experience attention behaviors represent cognitive processes of selectively concentrating on specific information while filtering out distractions with difficulties such as those seen in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adhd significantly impacting behavioral regulation and daily functioning sleep behaviors encompass complex patterns of rest and circadian rhythms that fundamentally influence psychological well being sleep psychology research demonstrates that sleep behaviors are causally related to mental health difficulties with poor sleep increasing negative emotional responses while decreasing positive emotions health psychology behaviors encompass actions individuals take to maintain or improve their physical and mental health with the three primary health behaviors of sleep physical activity and diet showing strong interconnected relationships with mental health and well being 99 physiological behavior edit see also psychophysiology a boy eating in harare zimbabwe 2017 humans undergo many behaviors common to animals to support the processes of the human body humans eat food to obtain nutrition these foods may be chosen for their nutritional value but they may also be eaten for pleasure eating often follows a food preparation process to make it more enjoyable 100 humans dispose of waste through urination and defecation excrement is often treated as taboo particularly in developed and urban communities where sanitation is more widely available and excrement has no value as fertilizer 101 humans also regularly engage in sleep based on homeostatic and circadian factors the circadian rhythm causes humans to require sleep at a regular pattern and is typically calibrated to the day night cycle and sleep wake habits homeostasis is also maintained causing longer sleep longer after periods of sleep deprivation the human sleep cycle takes place over 90 minutes and it repeats 3 5 times during normal sleep 102 there are also unique behaviors that humans undergo to maintain physical health humans have developed medicine to prevent and treat illnesses in industrialized nations eating habits that favor better nutrition hygienic behaviors that promote sanitation medical treatment to eradicate diseases and the use of birth control significantly improve human health 103 humans can also engage in exercise beyond that required for survival to maintain health 104 humans engage in hygiene to limit exposure to dirt and pathogens some of these behaviors are adaptive while others are learned basic behaviors of disgust evolved as an adaptation to prevent contact with sources of pathogens resulting in a biological aversion to feces body fluids rotten food and animals that are commonly disease vectors personal grooming disposal of human corpses use of sewerage and use of cleaning agents are hygienic behaviors common to most human societies 105 humans reproduce sexually engaging in sexual intercourse for both reproduction and sexual pleasure human reproduction is closely associated with human sexuality and an instinctive desire to procreate though humans are unique in that they intentionally control the number of offspring that they produce 106 humans engage in a large variety of reproductive behaviors relative to other animals with various mating structures that include forms of monogamy polygyny and polyandry how humans engage in mating behavior is heavily influenced by cultural norms and customs 107 unlike most mammals humans ovulate spontaneously rather than seasonally with a menstrual cycle that typically lasts 25 35 days 108 humans are bipedal and move by walking human walking corresponds to the bipedal gait cycle which involves alternating heel contact and toe off with the ground and slight elevation and rotation of the pelvis balance while walking is learned during the first 7 9 years of life and individual humans develop unique gaits while learning to displace weight adjust center of mass and coordinate neural control with movement 109 humans can achieve higher speed by running the endurance running hypothesis proposes that humans can outpace most other animals over long distances through running though human running causes a higher rate of energy exertion the human body self regulates through perspiration during periods of exertion allowing humans more endurance than other animals 110 the human hand is prehensile and capable of grasping objects and applying force with control over the hand s dexterity and grip strength this allows the use of complex tools by humans 111 economic behavior edit further information behavioral economics humans engage in predictable behaviors when considering economic decisions and these behaviors may or may not be rational humans make basic decisions through cost benefit analysis and the acceptable rate of return at the minimum risk human economic decision making is often reference dependent in which options are weighed in reference to the status quo rather than absolute gains and losses humans are also loss averse fearing loss rather than seeking gain 112 advanced economic behavior developed in humans after the neolithic revolution and the development of agriculture these developments led to a sustainable supply of resources that allowed specialization in more complex societies 113 work edit main article work human activity women tending to farm animals in mangskogs sweden 1911 the nature of human work is defined by the complexity of society the simplest societies are tribes that work primarily for sustenance as hunter gatherers in this sense work is not a distinct activity but a constant that makes up all parts of life as all members of the society must work consistently to stay alive more advanced societies developed after the neolithic revolution emphasizing work in agricultural and pastoral settings in these societies production is increased ending the need for constant work and allowing some individuals to specialize and work in areas outside of food production this also created non laborious work as increasing occupational complexity required some individuals to specialize in technical knowledge and administration 113 laborious work in these societies has variously been carried out by slaves serfs peasants and guild craftsmen the nature of work changed significantly during the industrial revolution in which the factory system was developed for use by industrializing nations in addition to further increasing general quality of life this development changed the dynamic of work under the factory system workers increasingly collaborate with others employers serve as authority figures during work hours and forced labor is largely eradicated further changes occur in post industrial societies where technological advance makes industries obsolete replacing them with mass production and service industries 114 humans approach work differently based on both physical and personal attributes and some work with more effectiveness and commitment than others some find work to contribute to personal fulfillment while others work only out of necessity 115 work can also serve as an identity with individuals identifying themselves based on their occupation work motivation is complex both contributing to and subtracting from various human needs the primary motivation for work is for material gain which takes the form of money in modern societies it may also serve to create self esteem and personal worth provide activity gain respect and express creativity 116 modern work is typically categorized as laborious or blue collar work and non laborious or white collar work 117 leisure edit main article leisure men playing association football in kilkenny ireland 2007 leisure is activity or lack of activity that takes place outside of work it provides relaxation entertainment and improved quality of life for individuals 118 engaging in leisure can be beneficial for physical and mental health it may be used to seek temporary relief from psychological stress to produce positive emotions or to facilitate social interaction however leisure can also facilitate health risks and negative emotions caused by boredom substance abuse or high risk behavior 119 leisure may be defined as serious or casual 118 120 serious leisure behaviors involve non professional pursuit of arts and sciences the development of hobbies or career volunteering in an area of expertise 120 casual leisure behaviors provide short term gratification but they do not provide long term gratification or personal identity these include play relaxation casual social interaction volunteering passive entertainment active entertainment and sensory stimulation passive entertainment is typically derived from mass media which may include written works or digital media active entertainment involves games in which individuals participate sensory stimulation is immediate gratification from behaviors such as eating or sexual intercourse 118 consumption edit main article consumer behaviour humans operate as consumers that obtain and use goods all production is ultimately designed for consumption and consumers adapt their behavior based on the availability of production mass consumption began during the industrial revolution caused by the development of new technologies that allowed for increased production 121 many factors affect a consumer s decision to purchase goods through trade they may consider the nature of the product its associated cost the convenience of purchase and the nature of advertising around the product cultural factors may influence this decision as different cultures value different things and subcultures may have different priorities when it comes to purchasing decisions social class including wealth education and occupation may affect one s purchasing behavior a consumer s interpersonal relationships and reference groups may also influence purchasing behavior 122 digital behavior edit main articles cyberpsychology and cyberpsychology behavior and social networking see also internet addiction social media and digital divide people using smartphones in public illustrating the ubiquity of digital behavior in modern society digital behavior encompasses human actions and decision making processes that occur through digital technology systems including smartphones social media platforms and internet connections modern humans spend an average of 6 5 hours per day engaged in online activities primarily for information retrieval and social interaction 123 digital environments have fundamentally altered how humans interact and process information creating new social patterns that differ from traditional face to face relationships and establishing complex effects on mental health and cognitive development 124 social media and interpersonal relationships edit social media platforms have fundamentally changed human social behavior by establishing new 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