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he regenerate soldier of christ was now to do battle against the power of sin 122 on a personal level eschatology was related to sanctification assurance of salvation and the conversion experience on a larger level eschatology was the lens through which events such as the english civil war and the thirty years war were interpreted there was also an optimistic aspect to puritan millennianism puritans anticipated a future worldwide religious revival before the second coming of jesus 123 121 another departure from other protestants was the widespread belief among puritans that the conversion of the jews to christianity was an important sign of the apocalypse 124 cultural consequences edit pilgrims going to church by george henry boughton 1867 further information new england puritan culture and recreation some strong religious beliefs common to puritans had direct impacts on culture puritans believed it was the government s responsibility to enforce moral standards and ensure true religious worship was established and maintained 125 education was essential to every person male and female so that they could read the bible for themselves however the puritans emphasis on individual spiritual independence was not always compatible with the community cohesion that was also a strong ideal 126 anne hutchinson 1591 1643 the well educated daughter of a teacher argued with the established theological orthodoxy and was forced to leave colonial new england with her followers 127 education edit further information history of education in the united states cotton mather influential new england puritan minister portrait by peter pelham at a time when the literacy rate in england was less than 30 per cent the puritan leaders of colonial new england believed that children should be educated for both religious and civil reasons and they worked to achieve universal literacy 41 in 1642 massachusetts required heads of households to teach their wives children and servants basic reading and writing so that they could read the bible and understand colonial laws in 1647 the government required all towns with 50 or more households to hire a teacher and required towns of 100 or more households to hire a grammar school instructor to prepare promising boys for college philemon pormort s boston latin school was the only one in boston the first school of public instruction in massachusetts 128 boys who were interested in the ministry were often sent to colleges such as harvard founded in 1636 or yale founded in 1707 43 aspiring lawyers or doctors apprenticed to a local practitioner or in rare cases were sent to england or scotland 129 puritan scientists edit the merton thesis is an argument about the nature of early experimental science proposed by robert k merton similarly to max weber s famous claim on the link between the protestant work ethic and the capitalist economy merton argued for a similar positive correlation between the rise of english puritanism as well as german pietism and early experimental science 130 as an example seven of 10 nucleus members of the royal society were puritans in the year 1663 62 per cent of the members of the royal society were similarly identified 131 the merton thesis has resulted in continuous debates 132 behavioral regulations edit 1659 public notice in boston forbidding the celebration of christmas puritans in both england and new england believed that the state should protect and promote true religion and that religion should influence politics and social life 133 134 certain holidays were outlawed when puritans came to power in 1647 parliament outlawed the celebration of christmas easter and whitsuntide 135 puritans strongly condemned the celebration of christmas considering it a catholic invention and the trappings of popery or the rags of the beast 136 they also objected to christmas because the festivities surrounding the holiday were seen as impious english jails were usually filled with drunken revelers and brawlers 137 during the years that the puritan ban on christmas was in place in england protests occurred over the repressiveness of the puritan regime 138 pro christmas rioting broke out across england semi clandestine religious services marking christ s birth continued to be held and people sang carols in secret 138 139 following the restoration in 1660 when puritan legislation was declared null and void christmas was again freely celebrated in england 139 christmas was outlawed in boston from 1659 140 the ban was revoked in 1681 by the english appointed governor edmund andros who also revoked a puritan ban on festivities on saturday nights 140 nevertheless it was not until the mid 19th century that celebrating christmas became fashionable in the boston region 141 attempting to force religious and intellectual homogeneity on the whole community civil and religious restrictions were most strictly applied by the puritans of massachusetts which saw various banishments applied to enforce conformity including the branding iron the whipping post the bilboes and the hangman s noose 142 swearing and blasphemy were illegal in 1636 massachusetts made blasphemy defined as a cursing of god by atheism or the like punishable by death 143 puritans were opposed to sunday sport or recreation because these distracted from religious observance of the sabbath 134 in an attempt to offset the strictness of the puritans james i s book of sports 1618 permitted christians to play football every sunday afternoon after worship 144 when the puritans established themselves in power football was among the sports that were banned boys caught playing on sunday could be prosecuted 145 football was also used as a rebellious force when puritans outlawed christmas in england in december 1647 the crowd brought out footballs as a symbol of festive misrule 145 other forms of leisure and entertainment were completely forbidden on moral grounds for example puritans were universally opposed to blood sports such as bearbaiting and cockfighting because they involved unnecessary injury to god s creatures for similar reasons they also opposed boxing 63 these sports were illegal in england during puritan rule 146 while card playing by itself was generally considered acceptable card playing and gambling were banned in england and the colonies as was mixed dancing involving men and women which mather condemned as promiscuous dancing because it was thought to lead to fornication 133 147 folk dance that did not involve close contact between men and women was considered appropriate 148 the branle dance which involved couples intertwining arms or holding hands returned to popularity in england after the restoration when the bans imposed by the puritans were lifted 149 in new england the first dancing school did not open until the end of the 17th century 134 puritans condemned the sexualization of the theatre and its associations with depravity and prostitution london s theatres were located on the south side of the thames which was a center of prostitution a major puritan attack on the theatre was william prynne s book histriomastix which marshals a multitude of ancient and medieval authorities against the sin of dramatic performance puritan authorities shut down english theatres in the 1640s and 1650s shakespeare s globe theatre was demolished and none were allowed to open in puritan controlled colonies 150 151 in january 1643 actors in london protested against the ban with a pamphlet titled the actors remonstrance or complaint for the silencing of their profession and banishment from their severall play houses 152 with the end of puritan rule and the restoration of charles ii theatre among other arts exploded and london s oldest operating theatre drury lane in the west end opened in 1663 153 154 the puppet show punch and judy dominated by the anarchic mr punch made its first recorded appearance in england in may 1662 with show historian glyn edwards stating the character of punch went down particularly well with restoration british audiences fun starved after years of puritanism he became really a spirit of britain a subversive maverick who defies authority 155 puritans were not opposed to drinking alcohol in moderation 156 however alehouses were closely regulated by puritan controlled governments in both england and colonial america 134 laws in massachusetts in 1634 banned the abominable practice of individuals toasting each other s health 157 william prynne the most rabid of the puritan anti toasters wrote a book on the subject health s sicknesse 1628 that this drinking and quaffing of healthes had it origin and birth from pagans heathens and infidels yea from the very deuill himself 157 19th century portrayal of the burning of william pynchon s banned book on boston common after it was deemed blasphemous by the massachusetts bay colony in 1649 english colonist william pynchon the founder of springfield massachusetts wrote a critique of puritanical calvinism entitled the meritorious price of our redemption published in london in 1650 when the book reached boston it was immediately burned on boston common and the colony pressed pynchon to return to england which he did 158 the censorious nature of the puritans and the region they inhabited would lead to the phrase banned in boston being coined in the late 19th century a phrase which was applied to boston up to the mid 20th century 159 bounds were not set on enjoying sexuality within the bounds of marriage as a gift from god 160 spouses were disciplined if they did not perform their sexual marital duties in accordance with 1 corinthians 7 and other biblical passages women and men were equally expected to fulfill marital responsibilities 161 women and men could file for divorce based on this issue alone in massachusetts colony which had some of the most liberal colonial divorce laws one out of every six divorce petitions was filed on the basis of male impotence 162 puritans publicly punished drunkenness and sexual relations outside marriage 133 couples who had sex during their engagement were fined and publicly humiliated 133 men and a handful of women who engaged in homosexual behavior were seen as especially sinful with some executed 133 while death was occasionally the punishment for rape and adultery homosexuality was actually seen as a worse sin 163 passages from the old testament including lev 20 13 were thought to support the disgust for homosexuality and efforts to purge society of it new haven code stated if any man lyeth with mankinde as a man lyeth with a woman both of them have committed abomination they shall surely be put to death 164 and in 1636 the plymouth colony adopted a set of laws that included a sentence of death for sodomy and buggery 165 prominent authors such as thomas cobbert samual danforth and cotton mather wrote pieces condemning homosexuality 163 mather argued that the passage overcome the devil when he tempts you to the youthful sin of uncleanness was referring probably to the young men of sodom 166 political radicalism edit puritan political thought continued to shape political culture on both sides of the atlantic influencing both the ideology of the american revolution the development of british liberal tradition puritanism contributed to the american revolution partly through a sense that america was part of god s plan 167 but mainly through the genesis of the eighteenth century british radical whigs 168 the revolution s ideological basis was largely provided by the radical whigs specifically the commonwealthmen who had been inspired by earlier puritan writers such as algernon sidney 169 john milton james harrington and henry neville 170 robert middlekauff argues that the comparatively secularized radical whig analysis fell on fertile american ground due to the puritanism of the previous century that bequeathed a suspicion of executive authority 171 although there are scholars such as zera fink who argued that puritan political radicalism also owed a debt to classical republicanism ultimately from ancient greece 172 in england the historic alliance between nonconformists and whiggery and later the liberal party was a strong one rooted in shared support for civil and religious liberty this connection culminated by the turn of the twentieth century in what became known as the nonconformist conscience a moral and political movement that sought to apply evangelical principles to public life non conformism edit puritanism played a central role in the development of english nonconformism as many puritans rejected the church of england s hierarchical structure ceremonial practices and other perceived remnants of catholicism 173 their emphasis on individual conscience the authority of scripture and congregational autonomy led to the formation of independent religious groups outside the established church following the restoration in 1660 and the act of uniformity 1662 many puritan ministers refused to conform to the prescribed rites of the church of england and were consequently expelled from their livings in what was known as the great ejection these dissenters or nonconformists formed the basis of later british congregationalist baptist and presbyterian traditions religious toleration in new england edit quaker mary dyer led to execution on boston common 1 june 1660 by an unknown 19th century artist in new england where congregationalism was the official religion the puritans exhibited intolerance of other religious beliefs including quaker anglican and baptist theologies the puritans of the massachusetts bay colony were the most active of the new england persecutors of quakers and the persecuting spirit was shared by the plymouth colony and the colonies along the connecticut river 174 four quakers known as the boston martyrs were executed the first two of the four boston martyrs were executed by the puritans on 27 october 1659 and in memory of this 27 october is now international religious freedom day to recognise the importance of freedom of religion 175 in 1660 one of the most notable victims of the religious intolerance was the english quaker mary dyer who was hanged in boston for repeatedly defying a puritan law which banned quakers from the colony 174 the hanging of dyer on boston common marked the beginning of the end of the puritan theocracy 176 in 1661 king charles ii explicitly forbade massachusetts from executing anyone for professing quakerism 176 in 1684 england revoked the massachusetts charter and in 1686 they sent over a royal governor to enforce english laws and in 1689 they passed a broad toleration act 176 anti catholic sentiment appeared in new england with the first pilgrim and puritan settlers 177 in 1647 massachusetts passed a law which prohibited any jesuit roman catholic priests from entering territory that was under puritan jurisdiction 178 any suspected catholic who could not clear himself was to be banished from the colony a second offens...
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