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on fighting for one more day resulting in the isolation and destruction of the entire jordanian army king hussein has asked me to refer this matter to you for an immediate reply an egyptian order for jordanian forces to withdraw across the jordan river was issued at 10 am on 6 june that afternoon king hussein learned of the impending united nations security council resolution 233 and decided instead to hold out in the hope that a ceasefire would be implemented soon it was already too late as the counterorder caused confusion and in many cases it was impossible to regain positions that had been left 159 david rubinger s iconic photograph of idf paratroopers at jerusalem s western wall shortly after its capture the soldiers in the foreground are from left zion karasenti yitzhak yifat and haim oshri on 7 june dayan ordered his troops not to enter the old city but upon hearing that the un was about to declare a ceasefire changed his mind and without cabinet clearance decided to capture it 140 two paratroop battalions attacked augusta victoria hill high ground overlooking the old city from the east one battalion attacked from mount scopus and another attacked from the valley between it and the old city another paratroop battalion personally led by gur broke into the old city and was joined by the other two battalions after their missions were complete the paratroopers met little resistance the fighting was conducted solely by the paratroopers the israelis did not use armor during the battle out of fear of severe damage to the old city in the north a battalion from peled s division checked jordanian defenses in the jordan valley a brigade from peled s division captured the western part of the west bank one brigade attacked jordanian artillery positions around jenin which were shelling ramat david airbase the jordanian 12th armored battalion which outnumbered the israelis held off repeated attempts to capture jenin israeli air attacks took their toll and the jordanian m48 pattons with their external fuel tanks proved vulnerable at short distances even to the israeli modified shermans twelve jordanian tanks were destroyed and only six remained operational 153 just after dusk israeli reinforcements arrived the jordanians continued to fiercely resist and the israelis were unable to advance without artillery and air support one israeli jet attacked the jordanian commander s tank wounding him and killing his radio operator and intelligence officer the surviving jordanian forces then withdrew to jenin where they were reinforced by the 25th infantry brigade the jordanians were effectively surrounded in jenin 153 jordanian infantry and their three remaining tanks managed to hold off the israelis until 4 00 a m when three battalions arrived to reinforce them in the afternoon the jordanian tanks charged and knocked out multiple israeli vehicles and the tide began to shift after sunrise israeli jets and artillery conducted a two hour bombardment against the jordanians the jordanians lost 10 dead and 250 wounded and had only seven tanks left including two without gas and 16 apcs the israelis then fought their way into jenin and captured the city after fierce fighting 160 after the old city fell the jerusalem brigade reinforced the paratroopers and continued to the south capturing judea and gush etzion hebron was taken with no resistance 161 fearful that israeli soldiers would exact retribution for the 1929 massacre of the city s jewish community hebron s residents flew white sheets from their windows and rooftops 162 the harel brigade proceeded eastward descending to the jordan river from left general uzi narkiss defense minister moshe dayan and chief of staff lt general yitzhak rabin in the old city of jerusalem after its fall to israeli forces on 7 june israeli forces took bethlehem after a brief battle that left some 40 jordanian soldiers dead with the remainder fleeing the same day one of peled s brigades seized nablus it then joined one of central command s armored brigades to fight the jordanian forces as the jordanians held the advantage of superior equipment and were equal in numbers to the israelis again the iaf s air superiority proved paramount as it immobilized the jordanians leading to their defeat one of peled s brigades joined with its central command counterparts coming from ramallah and the remaining two blocked the jordan river crossings together with the central command s 10th engineering corps sappers blew up the abdullah and hussein bridges with captured jordanian mortar shells while elements of the harel brigade crossed the river and occupied positions along the east bank to cover them but quickly pulled back due to american pressure anticipating an israeli offensive deep into jordan the jordanians assembled the remnants of their army and iraqi units in jordan to protect the western approaches to amman and the southern slopes of the golan heights as israel continued its offensive on 7 june taking no account of the un ceasefire resolution the egyptian jordanian command ordered a full jordanian withdrawal for the second time in order to avoid an annihilation of the jordanian army 163 this was complete by nightfall on 7 june 163 after the old city was captured dayan told his troops to dig in to hold it when an armored brigade commander entered the west bank on his own initiative and stated that he could see jericho dayan ordered him back it was only after intelligence reports indicated that hussein had withdrawn his forces across the jordan river that dayan ordered his troops to capture the west bank 146 according to narkis first the israeli government had no intention of capturing the west bank on the contrary it was opposed to it second there was not any provocation on the part of the idf third the rein was only loosened when a real threat to jerusalem s security emerged this is truly how things happened on june 5 although it is difficult to believe the result was something that no one had planned 164 golan heights the battle of golan heights 9 10 june in may june 1967 in preparation for conflict the israeli government planned to confine the confrontation to the egyptian front whilst taking into account the possibility of some fighting on the syrian front 135 syrian front 5 8 june syria largely stayed out of the conflict for the first four days 165 166 during this period false egyptian reports of a crushing victory over the israeli army 114 and forecasts that egyptian forces would soon attack tel aviv sporadically influenced syria s decision to enter the war 165 syrian artillery began shelling northern israel and 12 syrian jets attacked israeli settlements in the galilee israeli fighter jets intercepted the syrian aircraft shooting down three and driving off the rest 167 in addition two lebanese hawker hunter jets two of the 12 lebanon had crossed into israeli airspace and began strafing israeli positions in the galilee they were intercepted by israeli fighter jets and one was shot down 5 on the evening of 5 june the israeli air force attacked syrian airfields the syrian air force lost some 32 mig 21s 23 mig 15 and mig 17 fighters and two ilyushin il 28 bombers two thirds of its fighting strength the syrian aircraft that survived the attack retreated to distant bases and played no further role in the war after the attack syria realized that the news it had received from egypt of the israeli military s near total destruction could not have been true 167 people in a bomb shelter at kibbutz dan on 6 june a minor syrian force tried to capture the water plants at tel dan the subject of a fierce escalation two years earlier dan and she ar yashuv these attacks were repulsed with the loss of twenty soldiers and seven tanks an israeli officer was also killed but a broader syrian offensive quickly failed syrian reserve units were broken up by israeli air attacks and several tanks were reported to have sunk in the jordan river 167 other problems included tanks being too wide for bridges lack of radio communications between tanks and infantry and units ignoring orders to advance a post war syrian army report concluded our forces did not go on the offensive either because they did not arrive or were not wholly prepared or because they could not find shelter from the enemy s aircraft the reserves could not withstand the air attacks they dispersed after their morale plummeted 168 the syrians bombarded israeli civilian settlements in the galilee panhandle with two battalions of m 46 130mm guns four companies of heavy mortars and dug in panzer iv tanks the syrian bombardment killed two civilians and hit 205 houses as well as farming installations an inaccurate report from a syrian officer said that as a result of the bombardment that the enemy appears to have suffered heavy losses and is retreating 50 israelis debate whether the golan heights should be attacked on 7 and 8 june the israeli leadership debated about whether to attack the golan heights as well syria had supported pre war raids that had helped raise tensions and had routinely shelled israel from the heights so some israeli leaders wanted to see syria punished 169 military opinion was that the attack would be extremely costly since it would entail an uphill battle against a strongly fortified enemy the western side of the golan heights consists of a rock escarpment that rises 500 meters 1 700 feet from the sea of galilee and the jordan river and then flattens to a gently sloping plateau dayan opposed the operation bitterly at first believing such an undertaking would result in losses of 30 000 and might trigger soviet intervention prime minister eshkol on the other hand was more open to the possibility as was the head of the northern command david elazar whose unbridled enthusiasm for and confidence in the operation may have eroded dayan s reluctance citation needed eventually the situation on the southern and central fronts cleared up intelligence estimated that the likelihood of soviet intervention had been reduced reconnaissance showed some syrian defenses in the golan region collapsing and an intercepted cable revealed that nasser was urging the president of syria to immediately accept a ceasefire at 3 a m on 9 june syria announced its acceptance of the ceasefire despite this dayan became more enthusiastic about the idea and at 7 a m gave the order to go into action against syria e 169 without consultation or government authorization 171 the syrian army consisted of about 75 000 men grouped in nine brigades supported by an adequate amount of artillery and armor israeli forces used in combat consisted of two brigades the 8th armored brigade and the golani brigade in the northern part of the front at givat haem and another two infantry and one of peled s brigades summoned from jenin in the center the golan heights unique terrain mountainous slopes crossed by parallel streams every several kilometers running east to west and the general lack of roads in the area channeled both forces along east west axes of movement and restricted the ability of units to support those on either flank thus the syrians could move north south on the plateau itself and the israelis could move north south at the base of the golan escarpment an advantage israel possessed was the intelligence collected by mossad operative eli cohen who was captured and executed in syria in 1965 regarding the syrian battle positions syria had built extensive defensive fortifications in depths up to 15 kilometers 172 as opposed to all the other campaigns iaf was only partially effective in the golan because the fixed fortifications were so effective the syrian forces proved unable to put up effective defense largely because the officers were poor leaders and treated their soldiers badly often officers would retreat from danger leaving their men confused and ineffective the israelis also had the upper hand during close combat that took place in the numerous syrian bunkers along the golan heights as they were armed with the uzi a submachine gun designed for close combat while syrian soldiers were armed with the heavier ak 47 assault rifle designed for combat in more open areas citation needed israeli attack first day 9 june israeli tanks advancing on the golan heights june 1967 on the morning of 9 june israeli jets began carrying out dozens of sorties against syrian positions from mount hermon to tawfiq using rockets salvaged from captured egyptian stocks the airstrikes knocked out artillery batteries and storehouses and forced transport columns off the roads the syrians suffered heavy casualties and a drop in morale with some senior officers and troops deserting the attacks also provided time as israeli forces cleared paths through syrian minefields the airstrikes did not seriously damage the syrians bunkers and trench systems and the bulk of syrian forces on the golan remained in their positions 173 about two hours after the airstrikes began the 8th armored brigade led by colonel albert mandler advanced into the golan heights from givat haem its advance was spearheaded by engineering corps sappers and eight bulldozers which cleared away barbed wire and mines as they advanced the force came under fire and five bulldozers were immediately hit the israeli tanks with their manoeuvrability sharply reduced by the terrain advanced slowly under fire toward the fortified village of sir al dib with their ultimate objective being the fortress at qala israeli casualties steadily mounted 174 part of the attacking force lost its way and emerged opposite za ura a redoubt manned by syrian reservists with the situation critical colonel mandler ordered simultaneous assaults on za ura and qala heavy and confused fighting followed with israeli and syrian tanks struggling around obstacles and firing at extremely short ranges mandler recalled that the syrians fought well and bloodied us we beat them only by crushing them under our treads and by blasting them with our cannons at very short range from 100 to 500 meters the first three israeli tanks to enter qala were stopped by a syrian bazooka team and a relief column of seven syrian tanks arrived to repel the attackers 174 the israelis took heavy fire from the houses but could not turn back as other forces were advancing behind them and they were on a narrow path with mines on either side the israelis continued pressing forward and called for air support a pair of israeli jets destroyed two of the syrian tanks and the remainder withdrew the surviving defenders of qala retreated after their commander was killed meanwhile za ura fell in an israeli assault and the israelis also captured the ein fit fortress 174 in the central sector the israeli 181st battalion captured the strongholds of dardara and tel hillal after fierce fighting desperate fighting also broke out along the operation s northern axis where golani brigade attacked thirteen syrian positions including the formidable ...
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