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g undue attention to less important controversies information or praise in the lead section as in the body of the article itself the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic according to reliable published sources lead sections generally contain no more than about 400 words citations are usually but not always optional see wp citelead paragraphs shortcut wp paragraph wp paragraph see also wikipedia manual of style layout paragraphs paragraphs should be short enough to be readable but long enough to develop an idea paragraphs should deal with a particular point or idea and all the sentences within that paragraph should revolve around the same topic when the topic changes a new paragraph should be started overly long paragraphs should usually be split up some paragraphs are really tables or lists in disguise they should be rewritten as prose or converted to their unmasked form wikipedia when to use tables and wikipedia embedded list offer guidance on the proper use of these elements headings headings help clarify articles and create a structure shown in the table of contents to learn about how the mediawiki software uses sections see help section headings are hierarchical the article s title uses a level 1 heading so you should start with a level 2 heading heading and follow it with lower levels subheading subsubheading and so forth whether extensive subtopics should be kept on one page or moved to individual pages is a matter of personal judgment see also below under summary style headings should not contain links this is because headings in themselves introduce information and let the reader know what subtopics will be presented links to other articles should be incorporated in the text of the section images if the article can be illustrated with pictures find an appropriate place to position these images where they relate closely to text they illustrate for more information on using pictures see wikipedia layout images and wikipedia picture tutorial standard appendices as explained in more detail at wikipedia manual of style layout standard appendices and footers optional appendix sections containing the following information may appear after the body of the article in the following order a list of books or other works created by the subject of the article works a list of internal wikilinks to related wikipedia articles see also notes and references notes footnotes or references a list of recommended relevant books articles or other publications that have not been used as sources further reading a list of recommended relevant websites that have not been used as sources external links with some exceptions any links to sister projects appear in further reading or external links sections succession boxes and navigational footers go at the end of the article following the last appendix section but preceding the category and interwiki templates size see also wikipedia article size and wikipedia infobox too large well developed articles typically contain between 2 000 and 5 000 words though some need to be larger excessively large articles can be split into smaller articles to improve readability and ease of editing or may require trimming to remain concise the headed subsection should be retained with a concise version of what has been removed under an italicized header such as main article history of ruritania a list of templates used to create these headers is available at category wikipedia page section templates otherwise context is lost and the general treatment suffers each article on a subtopic should be written as a stand alone article that is it should make sense without reading the main article when a subject is large e g world war ii and has many sub articles try to balance the main article do not put undue weight into one part of an article at the cost of other parts in shorter articles if one subtopic has much more text than another subtopic that may be an indication the subtopic should have its own page with only a summary presented on the main page articles covering subtopics wikipedia articles tend to grow in a way that leads to the natural creation of new articles the text of any article consists of a sequence of related but distinct subtopics when there is enough text in a given subtopic to merit its own article that text can be summarized in the present article and a link provided to the more detailed article cricket is an example of an article covering subtopics it is divided into subsections that give an overview of the sport with each subsection leading to one or more subtopic articles information style and tone shortcuts wp encstyle wp encstyle wp infstyle wp infstyle two styles closely related and not mutually exclusive tend to be used for wikipedia articles the tone however should always remain formal impersonal and dispassionate these styles are summary style which is the arrangement of a broad topic into a main article and side articles each with subtopical sections and inverted pyramid style or news style which places key information at the top followed by supporting material and details with background information at the bottom a feature of both styles and of all wikipedia articles is the presence of the lead section a summarizing overview of the most important facts about the topic the infobox template found at the top of many articles is a further distillation of key points summary style main page wikipedia summary style summary style may apply both across a category of articles and within an article material is grouped and divided into sections that logically form discrete subtopics and which over time may spin off to separate articles in order to prevent excessive article length as the main article grows as each subtopic is spun off a concise summary of it is left behind with a pointer usually using the main template to the new side article there are three main advantages to using summary style different readers want varying amounts of detail and this style permits them to choose how much they are exposed to some readers need just a quick summary and are satisfied by the lead section others seek a moderate amount of info and will find the main article suitable to their needs yet others want a lot of detail and will be interested in reading the side articles an article that is too long becomes tedious to read progressively summarizing and spinning off material avoids overwhelming the reader with too much text at once an excessively detailed article is often one that repeats itself or exhibits writing that could be more concise the development of summary style articles tends to naturally clear out redundancy and bloat though in a multi article topic this comes at the cost of some necessary cross article redundancy i e a summary of one article in another the exact organizing principle of a particular summary style article is highly context dependent with various options such as chronological geographical and alphabetical primarily in lists among others some examples of summary style are the former featured articles association football and music of the lesser antilles inverted pyramid shortcut wp pyramid wp pyramid see also wikipedia too long didn t read some articles follow the inverted pyramid structure of journalism which can be seen in news articles that get directly to the point the main feature of the inverted pyramid is placement of important information first with a decreasing importance as the article advances originally developed so that the editors could cut from the bottom to fit an item into the available layout space this style encourages brevity and prioritizes information because many people expect to find important material early and less important information later where interest decreases encyclopedia articles are not required to be in inverted pyramid order and often are not especially if a chronological geographical or other structure is a better fit however a familiarity with this convention may help in planning the style and layout of an article for which this approach is a good fit common examples are short term events concise biographies of persons notable for only one thing and other articles where there are not likely to be many logical subtopics but a number of facts to prioritize for the reader the lead section and many stub articles use the inverted pyramid approach at least in part consequently many articles begin as inverted pyramid pieces and add features of summary style later as the article develops individual sections of an article can also use the inverted pyramid structure so that readers skimming the sections get the most important information first before moving to the next section tone shortcuts wp tone wp tone wp slang wp slang wp slang redirects here for the policy that covers writing wikipedia articles about slang terms see wp notslang see also wikipedia neutral point of view impartial tone and wikipedia biographies of living persons tone wikipedia is not a manual guidebook textbook or scientific journal articles and other encyclopedic content should be written in a formal tone standards for formal tone vary depending upon the subject matter but should usually match the style used in featured and good class articles in the same category encyclopedic writing has a fairly academic approach while remaining clear and understandable formal tone means that the article should not be written using argot slang colloquialisms doublespeak legalese or jargon that is unintelligible to an average reader it means that the english language should be used in a businesslike manner e g use feel or atmosphere instead of vibes use of pronouns shortcuts wp pronoun wp pronoun wp pronouns wp pronouns wp narrator wp narrator wp pronouns redirects here for information on the usage of pronouns in relation to gender identity see wikipedia manual of style biography gender identity see also wikipedia manual of style pronouns articles should not be written from a first person i me my and we us our or second person you and your point of view the first person often inappropriately implies a point of view inconsistent with the neutrality policy while the second person is associated with the step by step instructions of a how to guide which wikipedia is not first and second person pronouns should ordinarily be used only in attributed direct quotations relevant to the subject of the article there can be exceptions to these guidelines for instance the inclusive we widely used in professional mathematics writing is sometimes used to present and explain examples in articles although discouraged on wikipedia even for that subject avoid gendered language when possible for example write the children or the actors rather than the boys and girls or the actors and actresses use the singular they instead of the generic he or write sentences in plural see wikipedia manual of style identity and wikipedia gender neutral language for further advice news style or persuasive writing shortcuts wp newsstyle wp newsstyle wp persuasive wp persuasive a wikipedia article should not sound like a news article especially avoid bombastic wording attempts at humor or cleverness over reliance on primary sources editorializing recentism pull quotes journalese and headlinese similarly avoid persuasive writing which has many of those faults and more of its own most often various kinds of appeals to emotion and related fallacies this style is used in press releases advertising editorial writing activism propaganda proposals formal debate reviews and much tabloid and sometimes investigative journalism it is not wikipedia s role to try to convince the reader of anything only to provide the salient facts as best they can be determined and the reliable sources for them comparison of styles news style persuasive style encyclopedic style at a press conference on monday evening sue speaker the spokesperson for the agency announced that the investigation had been officially closed the previous day the recently closed investigation demonstrates again why everyone should support restrictions on social media use by children and teenagers since it harms their privacy safety finances and mental health the investigation was closed colloquial emphatic or poetic language shortcuts wp colloquial wp colloquial wp colloquialism wp colloquialism wp emphatic wp emphatic wp formal wp formal wp informal wp informal wp poetic wp poetic see also wikipedia manual of style words to watch puffery wikipedia manual of style words to watch editorializing and wikipedia manual of style words to watch euphemisms another error of writing approach is attempting to make bits of material pop an undue weight problem such as with excessive emphasis over capitalization use of contractions unnecessary acronyms and other abbreviations the inclusion of hyperbolic adjectives and adverbs or the use of unusual synonyms or loaded words present the sourced information without embellishment agenda fanfare cleverness or conversational tone an extreme example of hyperbole and emphatic language taken from star canopus diving accident as of 28 december 2019 fixed in the next two revisions read miraculously both divers survived the 294 foot fall but now they faced a harrowing predicament helplessly trapped with nothing to keep them warm all they could do was huddle together and pray that rescuers would find them in time but time was not on their side this was fixed to both divers survived the 294 foot fall see wikipedia manual of style words to watch for other examples avoid using words and phrases like terrible rising star curiously championed the likes of or on the other side of the pond unless part of a quotation or stated as an external viewpoint punctuation marks that appear in the article should be used only per generally accepted practice exclamation marks should be used only if they occur in direct quotations rhetorical questions shortcut wp rhetorical wp rhetorical see also mos socratic as with exclamation marks question marks should also generally only be used if they occur in direct quotations do not pose rhetorical questions for the reader for example do not write there are many environmental concerns when it comes to industrial effluent how can these be solved well one solution involves rhetorical questions can occasionally be used when appropriate in the presentation of material but only when the question is asked by the material under consideration not being asked in wikipedia s own voice for example one model of policy analysis is the five e approach which consists of examining a policy in terms of effectiveness how well does it work or how well will it be predicted to work efficiency how much work does or will it entail are there significant costs associated with this solution and are they worth it 1 inappropriate lists see also wikipedia manual of style lists use prose where understood easily a re...
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