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rs of war and indentured servants to bermuda and barbados were carried out under the command of other generals after cromwell had left for england 149 some point to his actions on entering ireland cromwell demanded that no supplies be seized from civilian inhabitants and that everything be fairly purchased i do hereby warn all officers soldiers and others under my command not to do any wrong or violence toward country people or any persons whatsoever unless they be actually in arms or office with the enemy as they shall answer to the contrary at their utmost peril 150 the massacres at drogheda and wexford were in some ways typical of the day especially in the context of the recently ended thirty years war 151 152 although there are few comparable incidents during the civil wars in england or scotland which were fought mainly between protestant adversaries albeit of differing denominations one possible comparison is cromwell s siege of basing house in 1645 the seat of the prominent catholic the marquess of winchester which resulted in about 100 of the garrison of 400 being killed after being refused quarter contemporaries also reported civilian casualties six catholic priests and a woman 153 the scale of the deaths at basing house was much smaller 154 cromwell himself said of the slaughter at drogheda in his first letter back to the council of state i believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants i do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives 155 cromwell s orders in the heat of the action i forbade them to spare any that were in arms in the town followed a request for surrender at the start of the siege which was refused the military protocol of the day was that a town or garrison that rejected the chance to surrender was not entitled to quarter 156 157 the refusal of the garrison at drogheda to do this even after the walls had been breached was to cromwell justification for the massacre 158 where cromwell negotiated the surrender of fortified towns as at carlow new ross and clonmel some historians who argue that he respected the terms of surrender and protected the townspeople s lives and property 159 at wexford he again began negotiations for surrender the captain of wexford castle surrendered during the negotiations and in the confusion some of cromwell s troops began indiscriminate killing and looting 160 161 162 163 although cromwell s time spent on campaign in ireland was limited and he did not take on executive powers until 1653 he is often the central focus of wider debates about whether as historians such as mark levene and john morrill suggest the commonwealth conducted a deliberate programme of ethnic cleansing in ireland 164 faced with the prospect of an irish alliance with charles ii cromwell carried out a series of massacres to subdue the irish then once cromwell had returned to england the english commissary general henry ireton cromwell s son in law and key adviser adopted a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation total excess deaths for the entire period of the wars of the three kingdoms in ireland was estimated by william petty the 17th century economist to be 600 000 out of a total irish population of 1 400 000 in 1641 165 166 167 the sieges of drogheda and wexford have been prominently mentioned in histories and literature up to the present day james joyce for example mentioned drogheda in his novel ulysses what about sanctimonious cromwell and his ironsides that put the women and children of drogheda to the sword with the bible text god is love pasted round the mouth of his cannon similarly winston churchill writing in 1957 described cromwell s impact on anglo irish relations u pon all of these cromwell s record was a lasting bane by an uncompleted process of terror by an iniquitous land settlement by the virtual proscription of the catholic religion by the bloody deeds already described he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds hell or connaught were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants and they for their part across three hundred years have used as their keenest expression of hatred the curse of cromwell on you upon all of us there still lies the curse of cromwell 168 a key surviving statement of cromwell s views on the conquest of ireland is his declaration of the lord lieutenant of ireland for the undeceiving of deluded and seduced people of january 1650 169 in this he was scathing about catholicism saying i shall not where i have the power suffer the exercise of the mass 170 but he also wrote as for the people what thoughts they have in the matter of religion in their own breasts i cannot reach but i shall think it my duty if they walk honestly and peaceably not to cause them in the least to suffer for the same 170 private soldiers who surrendered their arms and shall live peaceably and honestly at their several homes they shall be permitted so to do 171 in 1965 the irish minister for lands stated that his policies were necessary to undo the work of cromwell in 1997 irish taoiseach bertie ahern later said he voiced forthright views to british foreign secretary robin cook when his delegation saw a portrait of cromwell in a room in the foreign office 172 multiple irish folk songs mention cromwell in a negative light a few examples of songs mentioning cromwell include the men behind the wire which has lyrics about cromwell harming england s global reputation and a final toast for oliver cromwell by ye banished privateers which is a modern take on cromwell s legacy 173 174 the song young ned of the hill by the pogues which includes a direct curse onto cromwell has the lyrics a curse upon you oliver cromwell you who raped our motherland i hope you re rotting down in hell for the horrors that you sent to our misfortunate forefathers whom you robbed of their birthright to hell or connaught may you burn in hell tonight 175 military assessment main article new model army cromwell has been credited for the formation of the new model army as a member of parliament he contributed significantly to the reforms contained in the self denying ordinance passed by parliament in early 1645 the ordinance was enacted partly in response to the failure to capitalise on victory at marston moor it decreed that the army be remodeled on a national basis replacing the old county associations it also forced members of the house of commons and the lords such as manchester to choose between civil office and military command all of them except cromwell chose to renounce their military positions in contrast cromwell s commission was given continued extensions and he was allowed to remain in parliament 26 in april 1645 the new model army finally took to the field with thomas fairfax in command and cromwell as lieutenant general of cavalry and second in command 26 some authorities maintain that the army s organisation and the thorough training of its men were accomplished by fairfax not cromwell 176 in contrast to fairfax cromwell had no formal training in military tactics however he is generally accepted to have been a capable military leader particularly as a battlefield commander 177 178 in recruiting he sought loyal and well behaved men regardless of their religion or social status he required good treatment and reliable pay for his soldiers but also enforced strict discipline 177 as a battlefield commander cromwell followed the common practice of ranging his cavalry in three ranks and pressing forward relying on impact rather than firepower his strengths were an instinctive ability to lead and train his men and his moral authority in a war fought mostly by amateurs these strengths were significant and most likely contributed to the discipline of his cavalry 179 cromwell introduced close order cavalry formations with troopers riding knee to knee this was an innovation in england at the time and a major factor in his success he kept his troops close together after skirmishes where they had gained superiority rather than allowing them to chase opponents off the battlefield this facilitated further engagements in short order which allowed greater intensity and quick reaction to battle developments this style of command was decisive at both marston moor and naseby 180 alan marshall was critical for cromwell s approach to warfare i e the war of annihilation style which usually brought swift victory but also contained high risk 181 marshall notes cromwell s shortcomings in ireland highlighting his defeat at clonmel and condemning his act at drogheda as an appalling atrocity even by seventeenth century standards 181 marshall and other historians saw cromwell as less proficient in the field of manoeuvre attrition warfare and at siege warfare 181 marshall also argues that cromwell was not truly revolutionary in his war strategies 181 instead he observes cromwell as a courageous and energetic commander with an eye for discipline and logistics 181 however marshall also suggests that cromwell s military proficiency had improved significantly by 1644 1645 and that he operated efficiently during the operations of those years 181 marshall also points out that cromwell s political career was shaped by his military career advance 181 cromwell s conquest left no significant legacy of bitterness in scotland the rule of the commonwealth and protectorate was largely peaceful apart from the highlands there were no wholesale confiscations of land or property three out of every four justices of the peace in commonwealth scotland were scots and the country was governed jointly by the english military authorities and a scottish council of state 182 monuments and posthumous honours 1899 statue of oliver cromwell westminster by hamo thornycroft outside the palace of westminster in london during the opening of the american revolutionary war in 1776 the connecticut state navy commissioned a corvette named the oliver cromwell one of the first american naval vessels it was captured in battle in 1779 and renamed hms restoration before being commissioned as hms loyalist 183 184 185 the 19th century engineer richard tangye was a noted cromwell enthusiast and collector of cromwell manuscripts and memorabilia 186 his collection included many rare manuscripts and printed books medals paintings objets d art and a bizarre assemblage of relics this includes cromwell s bible button coffin plate death mask and funeral escutcheon on tangye s death the entire collection was donated to the museum of london where it can still be seen 187 in 1875 a statue of cromwell by matthew noble was erected in manchester outside the manchester cathedral a gift to the city by abel heywood in memory of her first husband 188 189 it was the first large scale statue to be erected in the open in england and was a realistic likeness based on the painting by peter lely it showed cromwell in battledress with drawn sword and leather body armour it was unpopular with local conservatives and the large irish immigrant population queen victoria was invited to open the new manchester town hall and she allegedly consented on the condition that the statue be removed the statue remained victoria declined and the town hall was opened by the lord mayor during the 1980s the statue was relocated outside wythenshawe hall which had been occupied by cromwell s troops 190 bust of oliver cromwell 1762 by joseph wilton at the victoria albert museum 191 during the 1890s parliamentary plans to erect a statue of cromwell outside parliament turned controversial pressure from the irish nationalist party 192 forced the withdrawal of a motion to seek public funding for the project the statue was eventually erected but it had to be funded privately by lord rosebery 193 cromwell controversy continued into the 20th century winston churchill was first lord of the admiralty before the first world war and he twice suggested naming a british battleship hms oliver cromwell the suggestion was vetoed by king george v because of his personal feelings and because he felt that it was unwise to give such a name to an expensive warship at a time of irish political unrest especially given the anger caused by the statue outside parliament churchill was eventually told by first sea lord admiral battenberg that the king s decision must be treated as final 194 the cromwell tank was a british medium weight tank first used in 1944 195 and a steam locomotive built by british railways in 1951 was named oliver cromwell 196 other public statues of cromwell are the statue of oliver cromwell st ives in cambridgeshire 197 and the statue of oliver cromwell warrington in cheshire 198 an oval plaque at sidney sussex college cambridge refers to the end of the travels of his head and reads 120 199 near to this place was buried on 25 march 1960 the head of oliver cromwell lord protector of the common wealth of england scotland ireland fellow commoner of this college 1616 7 in 2026 it was reported that the cork city council was satirically considering erecting a statue of the mosquito that gave cromwell malaria as part of the city s public art scheme 200 see also cromwell a 1970 british historical drama film written and directed by ken hughes cromwell s panegyrick a contemporary satirical ballad oliver cromwell a corvette launched in 1776 by the connecticut state navy republicanism in the united kingdom robert walker painted several portraits of cromwell the souldiers pocket bible a booklet cromwell issued to his army in 1643 notes the period from cromwell s appointment in 1653 until his son s resignation in 1659 is known as the protectorate although there is debate over whether cromwell and ireton were the authors of the heads of proposals or acting on behalf of saye and sele 41 42 references dickens charles 1854 a child s history of england volume 3 bradbury and evans p 239 fitzgibbons jonathan 2008 cromwell s head kew national archives isbn 978 1 905615 38 4 ó siochrú 2008 pp 1 2 churchill 1956 p 314 smith ashley carmichael emma barnes jack oliver cromwell regicidal dictator or a hero of liberty new histories 3 7 retrieved 14 november 2025 burch 2003 pp 228 284 plant david oliver cromwell 1599 1658 british civil wars co uk archived from the original on 31 july 2013 retrieved 27 november 2008 lauder frost gregory f s a scot east anglian stewarts in the scottish genealogist dec 2004 vol li no 4 pp 158 159 issn 0300 337x historic england cromwell house huntingdon 1128611 national heritage list for england retrieved 26 may 2025 morrill john s ashley maurice 10 february 2025 oliver cromwell english statesman britannica biographies gaunt 2004 p 31 speech to the first protectorate parliament 4 september 1654 roots 1989 p 42 carlyle thomas ed 1887 oliver cromwell s letters and speeches vol 1 p 17 archived from the original on 19 march 2023 retrieved 6 july 2015 1 2 british civil wars commonwealth and protectorate 1638 1660 cromwell oliver crml616o a 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