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of local fauna flora and funga commonly known as muti medicine to facilitate healing in clients many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining christian and indigenous influences 333 south african muslims comprise mainly coloureds and indians they have been joined by black or white south african converts as well as those from other parts of africa 334 south african muslims describe their faith as the fastest growing religion of conversion in the country with the number of black muslims growing sixfold from 12 000 in 1991 to 74 700 in 2004 334 335 there is a substantial jewish population descended from european jews who arrived as a minority amongst other european settlers this population peaked in the 1970s at 118 000 though only around 75 000 remain today the rest having emigrated mostly to israel 336 the present day jewish community in south africa is the largest on the african continent and the twelfth largest in the world education main article education in south africa the university of cape town the adult literacy rate in 2025 was 95 this was the second highest in africa behind only seychelles 337 south africa has a three tier system of education starting with primary school followed by high school and tertiary education in the form of academic universities and universities of technology learners have twelve years of formal schooling from grade 1 to 12 grade r or grade 0 is a pre primary foundation year 338 primary schools span the first seven years of schooling 339 high school education spans a further five years the national senior certificate examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a south african university 338 public universities are divided into three types traditional universities which offer theoretically oriented university degrees universities of technology formerly called technikons which offer vocationally oriented diplomas and degrees and comprehensive universities which offer both types of qualification there are 23 public universities in south africa 11 traditional universities 6 universities of technology and 6 comprehensive universities there are also a large amount of fet further education and training and tvet technical and vocational education and training colleges in south africa 340 341 342 under apartheid schools for black people were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called bantu education which only taught skills sufficient to work as labourers 343 in 2004 south africa started reforming its tertiary education system merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions and renaming all tertiary education institutions university by 2015 1 4 million students in higher education have been aided by a financial aid scheme which was promulgated in 1999 344 health main articles health in south africa and healthcare in south africa groote schuur hospital in observatory cape town site of the world s first successful human to human heart transplant according to the south african institute of race relations the life expectancy in 2009 was 71 years for a white south african and 48 years for a black south african 345 the healthcare spending in the country is about 9 of gdp 346 about 84 of the population depends on the public healthcare system 346 which is beset with chronic human resource shortages and limited resources 347 about 20 of the population use private healthcare 348 only 16 of the population are covered by medical aid schemes 349 the rest pay for private care out of pocket or through in hospital only plans 348 the three dominant hospital groups mediclinic life healthcare and netcare together control 75 of the private hospital market 348 these disparities have driven ongoing policy efforts to reform the healthcare system including the introduction of national health insurance nhi aimed at expanding equitable access to healthcare 350 hiv aids main article hiv aids in south africa life expectancy in select southern african countries 1950 2019 hiv aids has caused a fall in life expectancy according to the 2015 unaids medical report south africa has an estimated seven million people who are living with hiv more than any other country in the world 351 in 2018 hiv prevalence the percentage of people living with hiv among adults 15 49 years was 20 4 and in the same year 71 000 people died from an aids related illness 352 a 2008 study revealed that hiv aids infection is distinctly divided along racial lines 13 6 of blacks are hiv positive whereas only 0 3 of whites have the virus 353 most deaths are experienced by economically active individuals resulting in many aids orphans who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support 354 it is estimated that there are 1 200 000 orphans in south africa 354 the link between hiv a virus spread primarily by sexual contact and aids was long denied by president thabo mbeki and his health minister manto tshabalala msimang who insisted that the many deaths in the country are caused by malnutrition and hence poverty and not hiv 355 in 2007 in response to international pressure the government made efforts to fight aids 356 after the 2009 general elections president jacob zuma appointed aaron motsoaledi as the health minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of hiv treatment 357 and by 2015 south africa had made significant progress with the widespread availability of antiretroviral drugs resulted in an increase in life expectancy from 52 1 years to 62 5 years 358 culture main article culture of south africa the south african black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives it is among these people that cultural traditions survive most strongly as black people have become increasingly urbanised and westernised aspects of traditional culture have declined members of the middle class who have historically been predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of black coloured and indian people 359 360 have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in western europe north america and australasia arts rock painting by the san people cederberg south african art includes the oldest art objects in the world which were discovered in a south african cave and dated from roughly 75 000 years ago 361 the scattered tribes of the khoisan peoples moving into south africa from around 10 000 bc had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings they were superseded by the bantu nguni peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms forms of art evolved in the mines and townships a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes the dutch influenced folk art of the afrikaner trekboers and the urban white artists earnestly following changing european traditions from the 1850s onwards also contributed to this eclectic mix which continues to evolve to this day media main article mass media in south africa the south african media sector is large and south africa is one of africa s major media centres while the many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole the most commonly used language is english however all ten other official languages are represented to some extent south africa s media landscape is diverse and well developed comprising the public broadcaster sabc the private free to air channel e tv and satellite television provider multichoice which operates dstv across sub saharan africa the country has partially rolled out digital terrestrial television dtt though full migration from analogue broadcasting has experienced delays 362 popular culture further information music of south africa zulus perform a traditional dance there is great diversity in south african music black musicians have developed styles called kwaito and amapiano 363 of note is brenda fassie who launched to fame with her song weekend special which was sung in english more famous traditional musicians include ladysmith black mambazo while the soweto string quartet performs classical music with an african flavour south africa has produced world famous jazz musicians notably hugh masekela jonas gwangwa abdullah ibrahim miriam makeba jonathan butler chris mcgregor and sathima bea benjamin afrikaans music covers multiple genres such as the contemporary steve hofmeyr the punk rock band fokofpolisiekar and the singer songwriter jeremy loops south african popular musicians that have found international success include manfred mann johnny clegg rap rave duo die antwoord tyla and rock band seether rappers such as aka nasty c and cassper nyovest gained notoriety in other avenues like the bet awards for best african acts although few south african film productions are known outside south africa many foreign films have been produced about south africa arguably the most high profile film portraying south africa in recent years was district 9 as well as chappie other notable exceptions are the film tsotsi which won the academy award for foreign language film at the 78th academy awards in 2006 as well as u carmen e khayelitsha which won the golden bear at the 2005 berlin international film festival in 2015 the oliver hermanus film the endless river became the first south african film selected for the venice film festival literature main article south african literature sol plaatje alan paton archibald campbell jordan breyten breytenbach south african literature emerged from a unique social and political history it embraces all the languages and cultures of the people of south africa and began as an oral tradition 364 365 south africa has 11 official spoken languages sepedi sesotho setswana siswati tshivenda xitsonga afrikaans english isindebele isixhosa and isizulu 366 literature in english notable white south african authors include anti apartheid activist alan paton who published the novel cry the beloved country in 1948 nadine gordimer became the first south african to be awarded the nobel prize in literature in 1991 j m coetzee won the nobel prize in literature in 2003 when awarding the prize the swedish academy stated that coetzee in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider 367 antjie krog is a poet journalist academic and writer noted for confronting apartheid and its aftermath in her work she reported on the truth and reconciliation commission for the south african broadcasting corporation and her best known book is country of my skull 1998 368 elsa joubert was an afrikaans novelist travel writer and journalist whose work draws on african landscapes and human experiences she is best known for the 1979 novel die swerfjare van poppie nongena the long journey of poppie nongena a story of a black south african woman s endurance under apartheid translated into many languages and widely celebrated 369 one of the first well known novels written by a black author in an african language was solomon thekiso plaatje s mhudi written in 1930 during the 1950s drum magazine became a hotbed of political satire fiction and essays giving a voice to the urban black culture the plays of athol fugard have been regularly premiered in fringe theatres in south africa london royal court theatre and new york olive schreiner s the story of an african farm 1883 was a revelation in victorian literature it has become recognised as one of the first feminist novels 370 breyten breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid 371 andré brink was the first afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel a dry white season 372 cuisine main article south african cuisine see also south african wine milk tart a traditional south african dessert made with a creamy custard filling south african cuisine is diverse and reflects the country s multicultural heritage incorporating influences from indigenous african dutch british indian and cape malay culinary traditions meat plays a central role in many regional food cultures most notably through the braai an originally afrikaner variation of the barbecue that functions as both a cooking method and a widely shared social custom across communities common braai staples include boerewors spiced sausage lamb chops steak pap maize porridge and chakalaka spicy relish traditional dishes also vary by region and heritage including bobotie a curried minced meat dish with an egg based topping bunny chow a hollowed out loaf of bread filled with curry originating in durban and potjiekos a slow cooked stew prepared in a cast iron pot over an open flame street foods such as vetkoek gatsby sandwiches samoosas and biltong air dried cured meat are widely consumed while popular desserts such as milk tart and koeksisters reflect the country s layered culinary traditions 373 south africa also has a highly developed fast food culture with several locally founded chains achieving national and international prominence the most notable is nando s founded in johannesburg in 1987 which specialises in flame grilled peri peri chicken and operates more than 1 250 outlets in over 23 countries 374 other major south african fast food franchises include wimpy steers debonairs pizza and chicken licken many of which have expanded throughout africa and other regions international fast food brands are also well established in south africa the country is among the world s leading markets for kfc outlets reflecting the widespread popularity of fast food across income groups and urban centres 375 in the beverage sector south africa has played an influential role in both global energy drinks and wine monster energy although marketed as an american brand was founded by south african born entrepreneurs rodney sacks and hilton schlosberg who relocated to the united states and played a central role in the company s international expansion 376 south african wine is also renowned internationally with vineyards in regions such as stellenbosch franschhoek paarl and barrydale these wine producing areas form a significant part of the country s culinary tourism industry contributing to south africa s international reputation for food and drink 377 sports main article sport in south africa cape town stadium is the 5th largest stadium in south africa with a capacity of 55 000 sport plays a significant role in south african culture and the country s most popular sports are soccer rugby union and cricket 378 other sports with notable support are swimming athletics golf boxing mixed martial arts tennis ringball field hockey surfing and netball 379 soccer is the most popular sport in south africa 380 381 382 south africa hosted the 2010 fifa world cup 383 it hosted the 1996 african cup of nations with the national team bafana bafana going on to win the tournament south africa s men s u 20 team also won the 2025 u 20 africa cup of...
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