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5 workers in 1900 78 while other social policy measures included employers industrial accident funds in 1903 and small state subsidies to voluntary unemployment funds in 1907 79 in 1914 compulsory education was introduced for children between 6 and 14 80 a national crisis fund as set up at the end of 1920 which according to one study marked an important step towards general compensation for involuntary unemployment 81 healthcare subsidising by the national government was expanded as characterised by disability funds in 1912 general medical care expenses for general practitioner and pharmacist in 1920 an anti tuberculosis fund in 1921 basic treatment in 1927 expansion from general to particular medical care surgery hospitalisation preventive medicine cancer in 1931 and insurance for women and families marriage premium and premium for death of spouse death benefits in 1936 82 in 1919 a scheme for the war injured was introduced and for the victims of occupational diseases in 1927 from 1928 onwards means tested allowances were provided to physically disabled persons 83 in august 1930 a law was passed making family allowances compulsory in private industry 84 in 1921 an act was passed providing for an 8 hour day and 48 hour working week and in 1936 annual paid holidays were introduced in most industries 85 voting rights edit the fusilade of mons during the 1893 strike as the borains are fired on by the garde civique during the protests for universal suffrage see also belgian general strike of 1893 in 1893 the government rejected a proposal for universal male suffrage outraged the belgian labour party called a general strike by april 17 there were more than 50 000 strikers violent confrontations broke out with the garde civique the civil guard or militia around the country the government soon backed down and passed male universal suffrage but reduced its impact by creating plural votes based on wealth education and age the catholic conservatives with 68 of the seats remained in power 86 again in 1902 and 1913 there were general strikes aimed at forcing electoral reform and ending the system of plural voting after the 1913 strike a commission was created and was expected to remove plural voting but implementation was delayed by the 1914 german invasion in 1918 king albert forged a post war government of national union and brought about one man one vote universal male suffrage the last restrictions on women s voting were lifted in 1948 87 culture edit artistic and literary culture in belgium began a revival towards the late 19th century a core element of belgian nationalism was the scientific study of its national history the movement was led by godefroid kurth a student of the german historian ranke kurth taught modern historical methods to his students at the university of liège the most prominent belgian historian was henri pirenne who was influenced by this method during his period as a student of kurth 88 architecture and art nouveau edit the cinquantenaire jubelpark memorial arcade built in 1905 see also art nouveau at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century monumental historicism and neoclassicism dominated the urban belgian landscape particularly in government buildings championed in part by king leopold ii the style can be seen in the palais de justice designed by joseph poelaert and the cinquantenaire nevertheless brussels became one of the major european cities for the development of the art nouveau style in the late 1890s the architects victor horta paul hankar and henry van de velde became particularly famous for their designs many of which survive today in brussels four buildings designed by horta are listed by unesco world heritage sites horta s largest work the maison du peuple was demolished in 1960 empire edit see also belgian colonial empire stanard rejects the widely held notion that belgians were reluctant imperialists he argues that ordinary people came to understand and support the colony belgians not only sustained the empire in significant ways but many became convinced imperialists evidenced by the widespread enduring and eagerly embraced propaganda in favor of the congo 89 congo free state and belgian congo edit a 1906 british punch cartoon depicting leopold ii as a rubber vine entangling a congolese man main articles congo free state and belgian congo king leopold ii of belgium had been the principal shareholder in the belgian trading company which established trading stations on the lower congo between 1879 and 1884 90 at the berlin conference of 1884 1885 the future congo was personally assigned to leopold who named the territory the congo free state it was originally intended to be an international free trade zone open to all european traders 91 the area included in this territory was just under 1 million square miles 2 590 000 square kilometers 92 almost 80 times the size of belgium 93 94 95 the first infrastructure projects took place during the free state period such as a railway that ran from the léopoldville to the coast which took several years to complete the era of the congo free state is most infamous for the large number of atrocities committed under it since it was in effect a business venture run by a private company headed by leopold himself it aimed to gain as much money as possible from primary exports leopold s personal fortune was greatly increased through the proceeds of selling congolese rubber which had never previously been mass produced in such quantities to the growing market for tyres between 1885 and 1908 as many as eight million congolese died of exploitation and disease while the birth rate dropped 96 these are only rough estimates as no figures are available for the period 97 to enforce the rubber quotas the force publique fp was created while the force publique was nominally a military force it would later fight during both the first and second world wars during the congo free state period its primary duties involved enforcing rubber quotas via imprisonment rape abduction forced labor or summary executions severing of limbs was sometimes used 98 a belgian captain leon rom ornamented his flowerbeds with the heads of 21 natives 99 following reports from missionaries there was growing moral outrage particularly in britain and the united states the congo reform association led by edmund dene morel was particularly important in this campaign and published numerous best selling tracts and pamphlets including red rubber which reached a vast public king leopold appointed and financed his own commission to put these accusations to rest but it too confirmed the atrocities 100 equestrian statue of leopold ii place du trône troonplein brussels the belgian parliament long refused to take over the colony which was considered a financial burden in 1908 the belgian parliament responded to the international pressure annexing the free state after world war ii belgium was criticized by the united nations for making no progress on the political front despite propaganda campaigns within belgium few belgians showed much interest in the colony also the government limited the possibility of congolese settling in belgium 101 political rights were not granted to the africans until 1956 when the growing middle class the so called évolué received the franchise and the economy remained relatively undeveloped despite the mineral wealth of katanga at the round table talks on independence belgium requested a process of gradual independence over four years 102 but following a series of riots in 1959 the decision was made to bring forward independence in matter of months the chaos in which belgium departed the congo caused 102 the secession of rich western backed province katanga and the prolonged civil war known as the congo crisis china 1902 1931 edit the belgian tianjin concession in china was established in 1902 there was little investment and no settlement however it led to a contract to supply an electric light and trolley system in 1906 tianjin became the first city in china with a modern public transportation system the supply of electricity and lighting and the trolley business were profitable ventures all the rolling stock was supplied by belgian industries and by 1914 the network also reached nearby austrian french italian japanese and russian concessions ruanda urundi 1917 1961 edit after the defeat of germany in world war i belgium inherited league of nations mandates over ruanda urundi the colony was administered in a similar way as by the former german administrators continuing policies such as ethnic identity cards in 1959 moves towards independence could be seen in the territory and agitation by parmehutu a hutu political party was evident in 1960 the rwandan revolution occurred and belgium changed the appointments of chiefs and vice chiefs to promote hutus ruanda urundi gained independence in 1962 and its two regions rwanda and burundi separated world war i edit a belgian machine gunner at the front lines in 1918 firing a chauchat machine gun see also belgium in world war i when world war i began germany invaded neutral belgium and luxembourg as part of the schlieffen plan trying to take paris quickly the threat to france caused britain to enter the war using the 1839 agreement as justification the belgian army is remembered for their stubborn resistance during the early days of the war with the army around a tenth the size of the germany army holding up the german offensive for nearly a month giving the french and british forces time to prepare for the marne counteroffensive the german invaders treated any resistance such as sabotaging rail lines as illegal and subversive and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation belgium had a prosperous economy at the start of the war but after four years of occupation it emerged in a poor state although belgium itself had suffered few deaths the germans had brutally and efficiently stripped the country bare machinery spare parts whole factories including the roofs had disappeared eastward in 1919 80 percent of its workforce was unemployed 103 military role edit see also battle of the yser belgian soldiers fought delaying actions in 1914 during the initial invasion they succeeded in throwing the elaborate german invasion plan off schedule and helped sabotage the schlieffen plan that berlin had counted on for a quick victory over france at the battle of liège the town s fortifications were able to hold off the invaders for over a week the german race to the sea was held off by belgian forces at the battle of the yser king albert i stayed in the yser as commander of the military to lead the army while broqueville s government withdrew to nearby le havre in france belgian units continued to serve on the front until 1918 forces from the belgian congo played a major role in the african campaign and a small unit of belgian soldiers served on the eastern front occupation 1914 1918 edit cartoon of the rape of belgium showing giant hairy fist with prussian eagle grasping maiden in flowing robes see also rape of belgium the germans governed the occupied areas of belgium through a general governorate of belgium while a small area of the country remained unoccupied the whole country was ruled under martial law 104 on the advice of the government civil servants remained in their posts for the duration 104 the german army executed between 5 500 104 and 6 500 105 french and belgian civilians between august and november 1914 usually in near random large scale shootings ordered by junior german officers individuals suspected of partisan activities were summarily shot 106 several important belgian figures including politician adolphe max and historian henri pirenne were deported to germany the german occupying authorities viewed the flemish as an oppressed people and had taken several flemish friendly measures known as flamenpolitik this included introducing dutch as the language of instruction of all state supported schools in flanders in 1918 107 this prompted a renewed flemish movement in the years following the war the flemish frontbeweging soldiers movement was formed from flemish soldiers in the belgian army to campaign for greater use of dutch language in education and government though not separatist 108 the germans left belgium stripped and barren over a 1 4 million refugees fled to france or to neutral netherlands 109 after the systematic atrocities by the german army in the first few weeks of the war german civil servants took control and were generally correct albeit strict and severe there was never a violent resistance movement but there was a large scale spontaneous passive resistance of refusal to work for the benefit of german victory belgium was heavily industrialized while farms operated and small shops stayed open most large establishments shut down or drastically reduced their output the faculty closed the universities many publishers shut down their newspapers in 1916 germany shipped 120 000 men and boys to work in germany this set off a storm of protest from neutral countries and they were returned germany then stripped the factories of all useful machinery and used the rest as scrap iron for its steel mills 110 international relief edit belgium faced a food crisis and an international response was organized by the american engineer herbert hoover 111 it was unprecedented in world history hoover s commission for relief in belgium crb had the permission of germany and the allies 112 as chairman of the crb hoover worked with the leader of the belgian comité national de secours et d alimentation cnsa émile francqui to feed the entire nation for the duration of the war the crb imported millions of tons of foodstuffs for the cn to distribute and watched over the cn to make sure the german army did not appropriate the food the crb became a veritable independent republic of relief with its own flag navy factories mills and railroads private donations and government grants 78 supplied an 11 million a month budget 113 at its peak the american arm the ara fed 10 5 million people daily britain grew reluctant to support the crb preferring instead to emphasize germany s obligation to supply the relief winston churchill led a military faction that considered the belgian relief effort a positive military disaster 114 interwar period edit poster for the 1920 summer olympics held at antwerp king albert returned as a war hero in contrast the government and the exiles came back discreetly belgium had been devastated not so much by combat but rather by german seizure of valuable machinery only 81 operable locomotives remained out of the 3 470 available in 1914 46 of 51 steel mills were damaged with 26 destroyed totally more than 100 000 houses had been destroyed as well as more than 120 000 hectares 300 000 acres of farmland 115 waves of popular violence accompanied liberation in november and december 1918 and th...
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