Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
mail, and, modern, notes, other, postal, contents, etymology, history, types, business, model, see, also, further, reading, external, links, iran, india, rome, vietnam, china, mongol, empire, japan, korea, systems, thurn, und, taxis, reforms, transport, technology, organization, payment, privacy, censorship, rise, of, electronic, correspondence, collecting, deregulation, letters, cards, postcards, bags, services, first, class, registered, recorded, repositionable,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (565), and (215), mail (199), postal (140), for (98), from (74), #service (72), post (64), system (55), are (52), retrieved (50), was (46), with (46), postage (38), edit (38), that (37), first (35), other (33), archived (33), delivery (32), original (28), services (27), history (27), their (27), this (26), letters (26), also (25), united (24), office (24), used (24), often (24), use (21), have (21), class (21), has (20), empire (20), were (20), which (20), 2023 (19), states (19), some (19), may (18), stamp (18), stamps (18), world (18), sent (18), systems (17), its (17), century (17), new (17), such (17), articles (16), more (16), india (16), 2022 (16), under (15), countries (15), letter (15), british (15), than (15), modern (15), communication (15), postcards (15), sorting (14), 2007 (14), isbn (14), many (14), most (13), correspondence (13), email (13), main (13), not (13), through (13), royal (12), taxis (12), press (12), when (12), called (12), usually (12), these (12), envelopes (12), about (11), thurn (11), 978 (11), documents (11), however (11), can (11), payment (11), contents (10), all (10), china (10), online (10), business (10), they (10), private (10), article (10), one (10), been (10), kingdom (10), established (10), legal (9), registered (9), september (9), national (9), international (9), general (9), collecting (9), bag (9), envelope (9), university (9), internet (9), 2012 (9), notes (9), usps (9), his (9), back (9), public (9), điện (9), printed (9), there (9), paper (9), had (9), bce (9), wikipedia (8), using (8), language (8), time (8), 2013 (8), related (8), box (8), bulk (8), machine (8), 2018 (8), 2006 (8), into (8), message (8), january (8), means (8), thời (8), address (8), another (8), between (8), electronic (8), magazines (8), cards (8), adhesive (8), sender (8), companies (8), couriers (8), stations (8), available (7), commons (7), cs1 (7), persian (7), short (7), air (7), american (7), airmail (7), trade (7), package (7), postmaster (7), based (7), advertising (7), part (7), universal (7), union (7), years (7), 2008 (7), out (7), due (7), example (7), 2019 (7), pdf (7), 2015 (7), while (7), local (7), năm (7), bưu (7), during (7), small (7), term (7), see (7), being (7), transportation (7), large (7), sometimes (7), deliver (7), packages (7), cases (7), recorded (7), would (7), nor (7), dynasty (7), word (7), text (6), organization (6), link (6), sources (6), links (6), wayback (6), containing (6), english (6), control (6), information (6), censorship (6), european (6), 2003 (6), offices (6), via (6), volume (6), roman (6), und (6), military (6), korea (6), ngành (6), việt (6), pre (6), place (6), but (6), like (6), 19th (6), standard (6), transport (6), messages (6), required (6), over (6), well (6), method (6), form (6), recipient (6), later (6), toggle (5), privacy (5), additional (5), page (5), 2026 (5), citation (5), britannica (5), category (5), june (5), statements (5), german (5), vietnamese (5), october (5), french (5), japan (5), model (5), mailing (5), museum (5), 2011 (5), london (5), archive (5), ancient (5), john (5), encyclopedia (5), 2010 (5), writing (5), digital (5), operators (5), government (5), bags (5), march (5), repositionable (5), law (5), canada (5), today (5), city (5), february (5), people (5), less (5), speed (5), lịch (5), nam (5), đến (5), before (5), east (5), company (5), zealand (5), common (5), process (5), mailpieces (5), carriers (5), routes (5), where (5), sorted (5), number (5), them (5), state (5), who (5), provided (5), special (5), now (5), materials (5), types (5), though (5), allowing (5), written (5), after (5), two (5), personal (5), still (5), read (5), search (4), code (4), wikimedia (4), last (4), maint (4), unsourced (4), april (4), failed (4), verification (4), november (4), pigeon (4), methods (4), philately (4), issued (4), philatelic (4), items (4), courier (4), country (4), carrier (4), meter (4), books (4), book (4), media (4), dictionary (4), foreign (4), 1990 (4), imperial (4), news (4), great (4), since (4), 2004 (4), political (4), com (4), 2005 (4), sending (4), july (4), art (4), life (4), rights (4), 2021 (4), security (4), market (4), medieval (4), japanese (4), khan (4), thông (4), tin (4), pháp (4), material (4), snail (4), parcels (4), both (4), throughout (4), rate (4), limited (4), final (4), centers (4), transporting (4), day (4), boxes (4), mailpiece (4), directly (4), hand (4), smaller (4), larger (4), along (4), direct (4), computer (4), then (4), any (4), prepaid (4), 20th (4), mailbag (4), including (4), must (4), allows (4), egypt (4), priority (4), days (4), three (4), although (4), major (4), advent (4), telephone (4), traditional (4), opened (4), monopoly (4), known (4), needed (4), much (4), physical (4), within (4), subject (4), citizens (4), around (4), mid (4), organized (4), became (4), development (4), penny (4), prince (4), 000 (4), early (4), horses (4), ministry (4), every (4), claim (4), documented (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), terms (3), 1911 (3), reference (3), wikidata (3), location (3), deprecated (3), spain (3), authority (3), organizations (3), homing (3), cover (3), germany (3), list (3), entities (3), institutions (3), reader (3), barcode (3), express (3), value (3), relay (3), mailbox (3), parcel (3), indicia (3), vol (3), 11th (3), nations (3), smithsonian (3), institution (3), james (3), review (3), free (3), 1998 (3), cambridge (3), cite (3), 1840 (3), technology (3), further (3), december (3), journey (3), models (3), august (3), earliest (3), times (3), our (3), object (3), postcard (3), businesses (3), act (3), 2009 (3), www (3), important (3), sweden (3), attorney (3), client (3), comes (3), censored (3), 400 (3), intelligence (3), collection (3), right (3), human (3), hill (3), reforms (3), holy (3), patricia (3), pigeons (3), islamic (3), started (3), america (3), 1871 (3), towards (3), gov (3), truyền (3), long (3), hành (3), trình (3), nguyễn (3), thuộc (3), collectors (3), herodotus (3), 2017 (3), australia (3), commonly (3), addition (3), fixed (3), poste (3), carrying (3), destinations (3), addresses (3), destination (3), receive (3), center (3), until (3), point (3), various (3), receipt (3), referred (3), able (3), print (3), hybrid (3), providers (3), second (3), half (3), newspapers (3), hazardous (3), label (3), result (3), several (3), here (3), signed (3), cancellation (3), paid (3), require (3), generally (3), certain (3), test (3), weight (3), covered (3), ordinary (3), proof (3), particular (3), regular (3), greek (3), includes (3), ounces (3), given (3), item (3), mailed (3), next (3), changes (3), uses (3), card (3), apart (3), credit (3), need (3), communications (3), considered (3), person (3), thus (3), mailboxes (3), contained (3), south (3), end (3), seen (3), mechanical (3), combined (3), facsimile (3), makes (3), almost (3), conditions (3), make (3), telegraph (3), opening (3), laws (3), open (3), neither (3), addressee (3), order (3), black (3), anyone (3), agent (3), franks (3), fee (3), made (3), codes (3), created (3), coding (3), connected (3), prepayment (3), official (3), invention (3), maximilian (3), operated (3), create (3), territory (3), developed (3), each (3), mongol (3), posthouses (3), horse (3), wireless (3), cursus (3), publicus (3), rome (3), began (3), road (3), chapar (3), dates (3), iran (3), disambiguation (3), tools (3), subsection (3), languages (2), table (2), mobile (2), conduct (2), contact (2), policy (2), site (2), non (2), license (2), edited (2), missing (2), publisher (2), estonian (2), webarchive (2), template (2), vague (2), ambiguous (2), archival (2), latin (2), old (2), 1400 (2), middle (2), description (2), org (2), index (2), title (2), france (2), fast (2), zeppelin (2), douglas (2), boeing (2), rocket (2), ireland (2), greece (2), denmark (2), specific (2), etiquette (2), portal (2), expensive (2), postnet (2), forwarding (2), intelligent (2), processing (2), staff (2), surface (2), components (2), asian (2), patent (2), hundred (2), wikivoyage (2), travel (2), look (2), wiktionary (2), wikiquote (2), external (2), prasad (2), publications (2), mote (2), 521 (2), mazumdar (2), 1951 (2), lowe (2), eds (2), harvard (2), 1912 (2), dorn (2), 8018 (2), 8359 (2), science (2), institute (2), aiyangar (2), krishnaswami (2), collected (2), reading (2), 2014 (2), 2024 (2), age (2), described (2), full (2), operation (2), boston (2), story (2), posta (2), former (2), members (2), cut (2), marketing (2), extended (2), year (2), served (2), lettermail (2), 2025 (2), handwritten (2), 1993 (2), journal (2), widewalls (2), contemporary (2), source (2), matters (2), significant (2), confidentiality (2), download (2), family (2), home (2), convention (2), rules (2), mails (2), 1926 (2), group (2), rowland (2), gerhard (2), dohrn (2), orders (2), 255 (2), sack (2), springer (2), 2016 (2), marco (2), approaches (2), geniza (2), merchants (2), françois (2), charlemagne (2), 140 (2), 2020 (2), barid (2), york (2), 1884 (2), politics (2), genghis (2), shanghai (2), community (2), ming (2), late (2), phát (2), của (2), lamdong (2), dấu (2), kháng (2), chiến (2), chí (2), liên (2), lạc (2), 1945 (2), thống (2), issues (2), club (2), verse (2), upu (2), ctt21c4td4 (2), distance (2), near (2), google (2), 662 (2), magazine (2), publishing (2), webster (2), found (2), shipping (2), insurance (2), immediate (2), those (2), problem (2), stage (2), accounts (2), depending (2), upon (2), vehicles (2), presorting (2), correct (2), deliveries (2), transported (2), headed (2), type (2), appropriate (2), traditionally (2), increasingly (2), gathering (2), normally (2), taken (2), down (2), provider (2), piece (2), physically (2), operations (2), individual (2), emails (2), closely (2), simply (2), shipped (2), protect (2), requiring (2), what (2), contain (2), placing (2), concerns (2), numerous (2), tests (2), scanning (2), biological (2), composed (2), size (2), building (2), different (2), promote (2), third (2), inside (2), subscription (2), purposes (2), pictures (2), introduced (2), note (2), side (2), standards (2), included (2), document (2), relevant (2), tracked (2), typically (2), 1st (2), option (2), 2nd (2), cost (2), does (2), weigh (2), advantage (2), pieces (2), arrive (2), rest (2), reduced (2), rates (2), send (2), recipients (2), commercial (2), products (2), area (2), reasons (2), bills (2), self (2), receiver (2), easily (2), very (2), confirmation (2), tax (2), forms (2), sized (2), island (2), case (2), member (2), name (2), particularly (2), federal (2), deregulation (2), famous (2), portion (2), bible (2), decorated (2), usage (2), fact (2), greatly (2), become (2), even (2), strictly (2), continued (2), led (2), sites (2), mainly (2), calligraphy (2), newer (2), transmission (2), efficient (2), telex (2), always (2), occasionally (2), white (2), retronym (2), requirements (2), applications (2), secure (2), because (2), learn (2), weather (2), copy (2), rise (2), criminal (2), only (2), surveillance (2), secrets (2), either (2), governments (2), copying (2), determined (2), authorities (2), past (2), social (2), civil (2), exceptions (2), handling (2), war (2), cancelled (2), personalized (2), labels (2), franking (2), programs (2), regions (2), pay (2), worldwide (2), applied (2), quicker (2), took (2), automated (2), facilitate (2), bar (2), block (2), dots (2), features (2), sets (2), without (2), cheaply (2), nearly (2), came (2), recent (2), get (2), carried (2), postmen (2), restrictions (2), uniform (2), real (2), karl (2), 6th (2), von (2), 1802 (2), passed (2), pages (2), franz (2), initiated (2), revolution (2), installed (2), best (2), fustat (2), kutubi (2), whole (2), nest (2), way (2), built (2), modernization (2), savings (2), role (2), linking (2), station (2), 18th (2), kublai (2), oxen (2), carts (2), travelling (2), officials (2), men (2), domestic (2), örtöö (2), network (2), fresh (2), chinese (2), dating (2), credible (2), nguyen (2), vietnam (2), pulled (2), 1837 (2), indian (2), chariots (2), scinde (2), whence (2), historian (2), snow (2), rain (2), heat (2), appointed (2), khaneh (2), king (2), 17th (2), refer (2), mála (2), male (2), etymology (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), беларуская (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, safety, contacts, disclaimers, apply, you, agree, trademark, profit, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, utc, hidden, categories, incorporating, encyclopaedia, wikisource, locally, defined, archiveis, disputed, accuracy, disputes, 842, irish, 1100, 1500, matches, https, php, oldid, 1374479107, yale, lux, nara, israel, czech, republic, bnf, data, databases, marker, 127, graf, humber, sommer, biplane, curtiss, blériot, airco, conveyances, fisa, society, plane, balloon, aerogram, flight, crash, astrophilately, aerophilately, scandal, facility, berlin, airlift, curtis, jenny, fakes, forgeries, terminology, catalogues, notable, unions, museums, planet, multiline, optical, character, isolation, tracking, worker, lifted, sal, variable, marking, locker, pan, oceanian, african, timeline, ingram, thomas, allan, 196, 176, encyclopædia, meek, army, engineers, phone, centuries, telecom, potts, albert, 1858, street, us19, 578, wilson, hyde, guide, quotations, prakash, chandra, abhinav, 7017, 053, commerce, frederick, fairbank, 24333, mohini, lal, calcutta, phila, iii, robson, roux, muriel, concise, origins, present, richard, 1995, excerpt, spreading, franklin, morse, hemmeon, joseph, clarence, 1905, murray, 317, 288, heaton, henniker, daunton, athlone, 1985, britain, harold, macclellan, johns, hopkins, introduction, almási, gábor, mainz, humanistic, sakkottai, educational, essays, literary, southern, kollara, nandkumar, finger, matthias, bukovc, bernhard, burhan, muqbil, amsterdam, ios, 9781614993957, concept, melius, louis, 1917, washington, capital, details, cushing, marshall, 1893, massachusetts, thayer, greatest, department, phases, küskü, fırat, osmanli, dan, cumhuri̇yet, tari̇hi̇, osmanlı, devleti, nde, çantaları, ottoman, month, prototype, pouch, marsh, allison, aol, governors, issue, decision, helps, stick, property, 1925, swiss, comparison, associated, cbs, cuts, mean, slower, coleman, 0017, 8012, issn, rare, commodity, ever, majandus, riik, alustab, omniva, müüki, 511, frycklund, jonas, cato, kordic, angie, how, did, develop, global, movement, embassy, bulgaria, treaties, americanbar, blind, spot, linns, covers, cia, americans, everyone, respect, 179, deccan, herald, spies, played, cornell, school, 1702, obstruction, baldwin, 1960, francis, field, ltd, fifty, report, consulting, website, fang, irving, rada, 933011, alphabet, mediated, lives, rossum, van, 1996, chicago, 336, 226, 15511, hour, clocks, temporal, stollberg, rilinger, barbara, princeton, 691, 21731, pavlac, brian, lott, elizabeth, abc, clio, 4408, 4856, historical, volumes, meinel, christoph, harald, 9783642543319, multimedia, metzig, gregor, walter, gruyter, gmbh, 045673, kommunikation, konfrontation, diplomatie, gesandtschaftswesen, kaiser, maximilians, 1486, 1519, alvaro, escribano, gonzález, julio, lasheras, evolution, analysis, structure, 287, 309, competitive, transformation, sector, mostert, 1999, goldberg, jessica, mediterranean, 189, 193, ganshof, impact, frankish, realm, 1965, speculum, carter, clarke, signal, corps, 1933, 133, 138, engineer, silverstein, adam, meri, josef, leiden, routledge, 632, 415, 96692, 631, civilization, sheldon, garon, 143, beyond, why, spends, saves, maclachlan, brill, weatherford, jack, making, 1978, 450, lane, harris, stumbling, transnational, informal, 1863, 418, 445, commonwealth, chelsea, wang, haste, friction, triển, gtvt, tiếp, bước, cội, nguồn, khởi, tạo, tương, lai, mốc, tách, quản, nhà, nước, kinh, doanh, ictvietnam, tạp, trong, chống, thực, dân, trần, lành, thanhnien, hưng, expresss, hanoi, vnpt, công, tác, sau, cách, mạng, tháng, 1954, trang, đảng, thành, phố, minh, niệm, ngày, dangcongsan, những, tran, lanh, vietnamnet, 134, 302, 104, 145, web, trans, godley, 1924, altaweel, mark, andrea, squitieri, college, 177, jstor, 911576, 2307, doi, economy, empires, revolutionizing, universalism, 1968, ny3, 1843, fraser, town, radden, günter, dirven, rené, benjamins, 1556196638, cognitive, grammar, bauer, ray, tomlinson, oxford, oed, merriam, 1963, seventh, collegiate, unabridged, carries, delivered, prevails, senses, australian, canadian, respectively, phrases, speaking, junk, packstation, train, fire, sign, eppml, examples, italy, italiane, deutsche, dhl, sort, destined, vicinity, serving, labor, intensive, expenses, own, feet, combination, try, costs, already, arranged, sequence, designated, reducing, frequency, retiming, spread, mile, segment, reaches, serves, segregating, groups, loaded, onto, direction, manually, automatic, machines, dilemma, faced, organizing, whether, centralized, connections, transit, spoke, hub, distribution, paradigm, mode, line, locations, customer, premises, newly, immediately, instead, unsorted, broken, four, stages, generator, routed, produced, closest, growing, popularity, venturing, unable, elderly, infirm, lodgement, deposited, acts, loose, posted, imprint, wrappers, blow, shrinkwrap, average, limitations, limits, bans, perishable, flammable, quantities, markings, packaging, additionally, subjects, might, bombs, raying, terrorism, orm, stronger, folded, damaged, contracts, charged, packets, antique, display, letterbox, vintage, sacks, redirects, show, politician, debt, fair, charities, subscriptions, fill, billed, fashion, surveys, contests, requests, unenveloped, distinction, invariably, reliably, drawn, entity, preprinted, privately, affixing, issuing, stamped, tourism, resorts, tourist, attractions, humorous, front, technicalities, oversized, having, outs, attached, outside, mailings, afterwards, extending, unspecified, period, meet, integral, accounted, pricing, branded, legislation, requires, lawfully, 1962, handled, just, exception, useful, considerably, valuable, constantly, multi, franked, showing, numbered, registration, 1914, cretan, austria, prio, switzerland, styled, slightly, higher, aims, guarantee, posting, flats, formerly, offered, pound, replaced, ground, advertisements, fourth, prices, shape, arrived, expected, cause, counterpart, prepared, senders, purchase, lists, targeted, product, solicitations, store, weekly, circular, existing, subscriber, bases, retail, restaurant, demographics, corresponding, owners, separately, weeks, identification, numbers, invoices, billing, addressed, remit, opt, bill, eliminate, paperwork, financial, transactions, utility, once, distant, frequently, hark, simpler, someone, wishes, deliberate, thoughtful, sympathy, bereaved, constitutes, 210, 297, inches, placed, portuguese, blue, red, madeira, pillar, entrants, sole, administration, ending, bearing, estonia, selling, fully, privatizing, chile, argentina, competitors, ups, fedex, makeshift, stranding, deserted, bottle, style, tells, fictional, characters, epistolary, studied, literature, biography, christian, congregations, parts, below, epistles, apostle, paul, testament, regards, single, robust, sheet, photographic, artistic, drawings, sides, space, strict, distinguished, visible, causes, jargon, popular, demand, exceeds, supply, enormously, greater, face, sale, will, never, revenue, tokelau, georgia, sandwich, islands, tristan, cunha, niuafoʻou, others, latter, refers, study, hobby, 1929, barraud, philateliste, drops, stop, delivering, remove, streets, postnord, emerged, give, receiving, scanned, format, 2000s, decade, industrialized, shift, boost, wake, lower, accessibility, stores, auction, ebay, epoch, undoubtedly, dominated, dozen, typographic, keyboards, increased, typewritten, sparked, renewed, interest, event, formed, medium, artistamps, rubber, fonts, experimentation, mechanisms, include, temporary, combine, overnight, electro, standardised, typing, impossible, characteristics, practices, conventional, sms, fax, telegram, faster, come, neutral, slang, widely, requirement, enclose, objects, signatures, attractiveness, alternatives, advantages, cannot, fail, vandalism, unfriendly, pets, adverse, perceived, hazards, inconveniences, refuse, officially, otherwise, instance, clear, path, door, avoids, possibility, malfunctions, wish, malware, inmates, jails, prisons, jail, prison, determine, action, dictated, provides, escape, exceptional, soldiers, prevent, leaking, tactical, troop, movements, civilian, monitored, allowed, located, attempt, locate, inspect, contains, violate, millennia, photographing, jurisdiction, openly, covertly, police, relating, suspected, conspiracy, largely, apparently, continuance, extralegally, chambers, guaranteed, constitutions, alluded, aspects, surveyed, customs, declaration, venezuela, brazil, colombia, mexico, should, violation, executives, assign, secretaries, assistants, task, provisions, jurisdictions, recording, identities, steaming, equipment, steamboat, unstick, cold, czechoslovakia, accepted, indicates, longer, valid, forgets, neglects
Text of the page (random words):
arts birotæ pulled by oxen this service was reserved for government correspondence yet another service for citizens was later added citation needed dubious discuss vietnam edit in 1802 the first vietnamese postal service was established under the nguyen dynasty under the ministry of rites 18 19 20 during the nguyen dynasty official documents were transported by horse and other primitive means to stations built about 25 30 kilometers apart 18 in 1904 three wireless communication offices were established and in early 1906 they were merged with the postal service to form the post and wireless office 21 22 in 1945 after the august revolution the post and wireless office was renamed the post office under the ministry of transportation 23 24 25 in 1955 the post office was upgraded to the ministry of post 26 27 28 china edit main article postal history of china chinese postage stamp 4 cent on 100 dollar silver overprint of 1949 some chinese sources claim mail or postal systems dating back to the xia or shang dynasties which would be the oldest mailing service in the world the earliest credible system of couriers was initiated by the han dynasty 206 bce 220 ce who had relay stations every 30 li about 15 km along major routes the tang dynasty 618 to 907 ad operated a recorded 1 639 posthouses including maritime offices employing around 20 000 people the system was administered by the ministry of war and private correspondence was forbidden from the network the ming dynasty 1368 to 1644 sought a postal system to deliver mail quickly securely and cheaply adequate speed was always a problem because of the slow overland transportation system and underfunding its network had 1 936 posthouses every 60 li along major routes with fresh horses available every 10 li between them 29 the qing operated 1 785 posthouses throughout their lands more efficient however was the system linking the international settlements centered around shanghai and the treaty ports it was the main communication system for china s international trade 30 mongol empire edit main article örtöö genghis khan installed an empire wide messenger and postal station system named örtöö within the mongol empire during the yuan dynasty under kublai khan this system also covered the territory of china postal stations were used not only for the transmission and delivery of official mail but were also available for travelling officials military men and foreign dignitaries these stations aided and facilitated the transport of foreign and domestic tribute specifically and the conduct of trade in general by the end of kublai khan s rule there were more than 1400 postal stations in china alone which in turn had at their disposal about 50 000 horses 1 400 oxen 6 700 mules 400 carts 6 000 boats more than 200 dogs and 1 150 sheep 31 the stations were 25 to 65 km 16 to 40 mi apart and had reliable attendants working for the mail service foreign observers such as marco polo have attested to the efficiency of this early postal system 31 each station was maintained by up to twenty five families work for postal service counted as military service the system was still operational in 18th century when 64 stations were required for a message to cross mongolia from the altai mountains to china 32 japan edit the modern japanese system was developed in the mid 19th century closely copying european models japan was highly innovative in developing the world s largest and most successful postal savings system and later a postal life insurance system as well postmasters play a key role in linking the japanese political system to local politics a postmaster s position is in high prestige and is often hereditary 33 to a large extent the postal system generated the enormous funding necessary to rapidly industrialize japan in the late 19th century 34 korea edit main article postage stamps and postal history of korea the postal service was one of korea s first attempts at modernization the joseon post office was established in 1884 35 other systems edit example of a main post office building in the polish city of kraków 2012 mail delivery by bicycle in the german city of cologne 2008 another important postal service was created in the islamic world by the caliph mu awiyya the service was called barid for the name of the towers built to protect the roads by which couriers travelled 36 by 3000 bc egypt was using homing pigeons for pigeon post taking advantage of a singular quality of this bird which when taken far from its nest is able to find its way home due to a particularly developed sense of orientation messages were then tied around the legs of the pigeon which was freed and could reach its original nest by the 19th century homing pigeons were used extensively for military communications 37 charlemagne extended to the whole territory of his empire the system used by franks in northern gaul and connected this service with that of missi dominici 38 failed verification in the mid 11th century flax traders known as the cairo geniza merchants from fustat egypt wrote about using a postal service known as the kutubi the kutubi system managed routes between the cities of jerusalem ramla tyre ascalon damascus aleppo and fustat with year round regular mail delivery 39 many religious orders had a private mail service notably the cistercians had one which connected more than 6 000 abbeys monasteries and churches the best organization however was created by the knights templar 40 failed verification in 1716 correos y telégrafos was established in spain as public mail service available to all citizens delivery postmen were first employed in 1756 and post boxes were installed firstly in 1762 41 thurn und taxis edit in 1505 holy roman emperor maximilian i established a postal system in the empire appointing franz von taxis to run it this system originally the kaiserliche reichspost is often considered the first modern postal service in the world which initiated a revolution in communication in europe 42 43 44 the system combined contemporary technical and organization means to create a stable transcontinental service which was also the first to offer fee based public access 45 46 47 48 the thurn und taxis family then known as tassis had operated postal services between italian city states from 1290 onward postmaster anselm franz 2nd prince of thurn and taxis 1681 1739 still today part of the logo of the white pages in many countries for 500 years the postal business based in brussels and in frankfurt was passed from one generation to another following the abolition of the empire in 1806 the thurn und taxis post system continued as a private organization into the postage stamp era before being absorbed into the postal system of the new german empire after 1871 maximilian karl 6th prince of thurn and taxis 1802 1871 last postmaster 1 july 1867 the state of prussia had to make a compensation payment of three million thalers reinvested by helene von thurn taxis daughter in law of the last postmaster maximilian karl 6th prince of thurn and taxis into real estate most of it continuing to exist today johannes 11th prince of thurn taxis 1926 1990 heir of the postal fortune postal reforms edit the penny black the world s first adhesive postage stamp issued in the united kingdom in 1840 see also uniform fourpenny post and uniform penny post in the united kingdom prior to 1840 letters were paid for by the recipient and the cost was determined by the distance from sender to recipient and the number of sheets of paper rather than by a countrywide flat rate with weight restrictions sir rowland hill reformed the postal system based on the concepts of penny postage and prepayment 49 in his proposal hill also called for official pre printed envelopes and adhesive postage stamps as alternative ways of getting the sender to pay for the postage at a time when prepayment was optional which led to the invention of the postage stamp the penny black modern transport and technology edit the first airmail service in the german empire 1912 the postal system was important in the development of modern transportation railways carried railway post offices during the 20th century air mail became the transport of choice for inter continental mail postmen started to use mail trucks the handling of mail became increasingly automated the internet came to change the conditions for physical mail email and in recent years social networking sites became a fierce competitor to physical mail systems but online auctions and internet shopping opened new business opportunities as people often get items bought online through the mail modern mail edit modern mail is organized by national and privatized services which are reciprocally connected by international regulations organizations and international agreements paper letters and parcels can be sent to almost any country in the world relatively easily and cheaply the internet has made the process of sending letter like messages nearly instantaneous and in many cases and situations correspondents use email where they previously would have used letters the volume of paper mail sent through the u s postal service has declined by more than 15 since its peak at 213 billion pieces per annum in 2006 50 51 organization edit some countries have organized their mail services as public limited liability corporations without a legal monopoly the worldwide postal system constituting the individual national postal systems of the world s self governing states is coordinated by the universal postal union which among other things sets international postage rates defines standards for postage stamps and operates the system of international reply coupons in most countries a system of codes has been created referred to as zip codes in the united states postcodes in the united kingdom and australia eircodes in ireland and postal codes in most other countries in order to facilitate the automation of operations this also includes placing additional marks on the address portion of the letter or mailed object called bar coding bar coding of mail for delivery is usually expressed either by a series of vertical bars usually called postnet coding or a block of dots as a two dimensional barcode the block of dots method allows for the encoding of proof of payment of postage exact routing for delivery and other features an automated postal machine of the united states postal service in webster texas 2009 the ordinary mail service was improved in the 20th century with the use of planes for a quicker delivery the world s first scheduled airmail post service took place in the united kingdom between the london suburbs of hendon and windsor berkshire on 9 september 1911 52 some methods of airmail proved ineffective however including the united states postal service s experiment with rocket mail receipt services were made available in order to grant the sender a confirmation of effective delivery payment edit before about the mid nineteenth century in regions where postal systems existed the payment models varied but most mail was sent unpaid requiring the recipient to pay the postage fee in some regions a partial payment was made by the sender today worldwide the most common method of prepaying postage is by buying an adhesive postage stamp to be applied to the envelope before mailing a much less common method is to use a postage prepaid envelope franking is a method of creating postage prepaid envelopes under licence using a special machine they are used by companies with large mail programs such as banks and direct mail companies in 1998 the u s postal service authorised the first tests of a secure system of sending digital franks via the internet to be printed out on a pc printer obviating the necessity to license a dedicated franking machine and allowing companies with smaller mail programs to make use of the option this was later expanded to test the use of personalized postage the service provided by the u s postal service in 2003 allows the franks to be printed out on special adhesive backed labels in 2004 the royal mail in the united kingdom introduced its smartstamp internet based system allowing printing on ordinary adhesive labels or envelopes similar systems are being considered by postal administrations around the world when the pre paid envelope or package is accepted into the mail by an agent of the postal service the agent usually indicates by means of a cancellation that it is no longer valid for pre payment of postage the exceptions are when the agent forgets or neglects to cancel the mailpiece for stamps that are pre cancelled and thus do not require cancellation and for in most cases metered mail the personalized stamps authorized by the usps and manufactured by zazzle and other companies are in fact a form of meter label and thus do not need to be cancelled privacy and censorship edit main article postal censorship mobile steaming equipment the steamboat used by the state security of the former czechoslovakia to unstick mail envelopes for correspondence surveillance during the cold war documents should generally not be read by anyone other than the addressee for example in the united states of america it is a violation of federal law for anyone other than the addressee and the government to open mail 53 there are exceptions however executives often assign secretaries or assistants the task of handling their mail and postcards do not require opening and can be read by anyone for mail contained within an envelope there are legal provisions in some jurisdictions allowing the recording of identities of sender and recipient 54 the privacy of correspondence is guaranteed by the constitutions of mexico colombia brazil and venezuela and is alluded to in the european convention on human rights 55 and the universal declaration of human rights 54 the control of the contents inside private citizens mail is censorship and concerns social political and legal aspects of civil rights international mail and packages are subject to customs control with the mail and packages often surveyed and their contents sometimes edited out or even in citation needed there have been cases over the millennia of governments opening and copying or photographing the contents of private mail 54 56 subject to the laws in the relevant jurisdiction correspondence may be openly or covertly opened or the contents determined via some other method by the police or other authorities in some cases relating to a suspected criminal conspiracy although black chambers largely in the past though there is apparently some continuance of their use today opened extralegally the mail service may be allowed to open the mail if neither addressee nor sender can be located in order to attempt to locate either mail service may also open the mail to inspect if it contains materials that are hazardous to transport or violate local laws while in most cases mail censorship is exc...
|
