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on is overseen by a governor appointed board of regents which in turn appoints a commissioner of higher education the office of the commissioner of higher education acts in an executive capacity on behalf of the regents and oversees the state run montana university system independent state agencies not within a department or office include the montana arts council montana board of crime control montana historical society montana public employees retirement administration commissioner of political practices the montana lottery office of the state public defender public service commission the montana school for the deaf and blind the montana state fund which operates the state s unemployment insurance worker compensation and self insurance operations the montana state library and the montana teachers retirement system montana is an alcoholic beverage control state 353 it is an equitable distribution and no fault divorce state it is one of five states to have no sales tax 354 legislative the montana legislature is bicameral and consists of the 50 member montana senate and the 100 member montana house of representatives the legislature meets in the montana state capitol in helena in odd numbered years for 90 days beginning the first weekday of the year the deadline for a legislator to introduce a general bill is the 40th legislative day the deadline for a legislator to introduce an appropriations revenue or referendum bill is the 62nd legislative day senators serve four year terms while representatives serve two year terms all members are limited to serving no more than eight years in a single 16 year period judicial this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed december 2025 learn how and when to remove this message the courts of montana are established by the constitution of montana the constitution requires the establishment of a montana supreme court and montana district courts and permits the legislature to establish justice courts city courts municipal courts and other inferior courts such as the legislature sees fit to establish the montana supreme court is the court of last resort in the montana court system the constitution of 1889 provided for the election of no fewer than three supreme court justices and one chief justice each court member served a six year term the legislature increased the number of justices to five in 1919 the 1972 constitution lengthened the term of office to eight years and established the minimum number of justices at five it allowed the legislature to increase the number of justices by two which the legislature did in 1979 the montana supreme court has the authority to declare acts of the legislature and executive unconstitutional under either the montana or u s constitutions its decisions may be appealed directly to the u s supreme court the clerk of the montana supreme court is also an elected position and serves a six year term 355 neither justices nor the clerk is term limited montana district courts are the courts of general jurisdiction in montana there are no intermediate appellate courts district courts have jurisdiction primarily over most civil cases cases involving a monetary claim against the state felony criminal cases probate and cases at law and in equity when so authorized by the legislature actions of executive branch agencies may be appealed directly to a district court the district courts also have de novo appellate jurisdiction from inferior courts city courts justice courts and municipal courts and oversee naturalization proceedings district court judges are elected and serve six year terms they are not term limited there are 22 judicial districts in montana served by 56 district courts and 46 district court judges the district courts suffer from excessive workload and the legislature has struggled to find a solution to the problem montana youth courts were established by the montana youth court act of 1974 they are overseen by district court judges they consist of a chief probation officer one or more juvenile probation officers and support staff youth courts have jurisdiction over misdemeanor and felony acts committed by those charged as a juvenile under the law there is a youth court in every judicial district and decisions of the youth court are appealable directly to the montana supreme court the montana worker s compensation court was established by the montana workers compensation act in 1975 356 there is a single workers compensation court it has a single judge appointed by the governor the worker s compensation court has statewide jurisdiction and holds trials in billings great falls helena kalispell and missoula the court hears cases arising under the montana workers compensation act and is the court of original jurisdiction for reviews of orders and regulations issued by the montana department of labor and industry decisions of the court are appealable directly to the montana supreme court the montana water court was established by the montana water court act of 1979 the water court consists of a chief water judge and four district water judges lower missouri river basin upper missouri river basin yellowstone river basin and clark fork river basin the court employs 12 permanent special masters the montana judicial nomination commission develops short lists of nominees for all five water judges who are then appointed by the chief justice of the montana supreme court subject to confirmation by the montana senate the water court adjudicates water rights claims under the montana water use act of 1973 and has statewide jurisdiction 357 district courts have the authority to enforce decisions of the water court but only the montana supreme court has the authority to review decisions of the water court from 1889 to 1909 elections for judicial office in montana were partisan beginning in 1909 these elections became nonpartisan the montana supreme court struck down the nonpartisan law in 1911 on technical grounds but a new law was enacted in 1935 which barred political parties from endorsing making contributions to or making expenditures on behalf of or against judicial candidates in 2012 the u s supreme court struck down montana s judicial nonpartisan election law in american tradition partnership inc v bullock 567 u s ____ sup ct 2012 although candidates must remain nonpartisan spending by partisan entities is now permitted spending on state supreme court races exponentially increased to 1 6 million in 2014 and to more than 1 6 million in 2016 both new records federal offices and courts see also montana s congressional delegations the u s constitution provides each state with two senators montana s two u s senators are steve daines first elected in 2014 and later reelected in 2020 and tim sheehy elected in 2024 both are republicans the u s constitution provides each state with a single representative with additional representatives apportioned based on population from statehood in 1889 until 1913 montana was represented in the united states house of representatives by a single representative elected at large montana received a second representative in 1913 following the 1910 census and reapportionment both members however were still elected at large beginning in 1919 montana moved to district rather than at large elections for its two house members this created montana s 1st congressional district in the west and montana s 2nd congressional district in the east montana had only one representative in the u s house after having lost its second district in the 1990 census reapportionment the remaining seat was again elected at large montana s population grew at about the national average during the 2000s but it had failed to regain its second seat in 2010 358 in the reapportionment following the 2020 census montana regained a house seat increasing the state s number of representatives in the house to two after a thirty year break starting from 2023 359 before the 2020 reapportionment montana s at large congressional district held the largest population of any district in the country 360 republicans troy downing and ryan zinke are the current officeholders montana s senate district is the fourth largest by area behind alaska texas and california the most notorious of montana s early senators was william a clark a copper king and one of the 50 richest americans ever he is well known for having bribed his way into the u s senate among montana s most historically prominent senators are thomas j walsh serving from 1913 to 1933 who was president elect franklin d roosevelt s choice for attorney general when he died burton k wheeler serving from 1923 to 1947 an oft mentioned presidential candidate and strong supporter of isolationism mike mansfield the longest serving senate majority leader in u s history max baucus served 1978 to 2014 longest serving u s senator in montana history and the senator who shepherded the patient protection and affordable care act through the senate in 2010 and lee metcalf served 1961 to 1978 a pioneer of the environmental movement montana s house district is the largest congressional district in the united states by population with just over 1 023 000 constituents it is the second largest house district by area after alaska s at large congressional district of montana s house delegates jeannette rankin was the first woman to hold national office in the united states when she was elected to the u s house of representatives in 1916 361 also notable is representative later senator thomas h carter the first catholic to serve as chairman of the republican national committee from 1892 to 1896 362 federal courts in montana include the united states district court for the district of montana and the united states bankruptcy court for the district of montana three former montana politicians have been named judges on the u s district court charles nelson pray who served in the u s house of representatives from 1907 to 1913 james f battin who served in the u s house of representatives from 1961 to 1969 and paul g hatfield who served as an appointed u s senator in 1978 brian morris who served as an associate justice of the montana supreme court from 2005 to 2013 currently serves as a judge on the court politics further information political party strength in montana and elections in montana this section may need to be rewritten to comply with wikipedia s quality standards relevant discussion may be found on the talk page you can help the talk page may contain suggestions may 2025 treemap of the popular vote by county in the 2016 presidential election areas are in proportion to the number of votes cast in each county elections in the state had been historically competitive particularly for state level offices historically the democratic party s strength in the state was gained from support among unionized miners and railroad workers while farmers generally voted republican republicans have been strongest in the east while democrats have been strongest in the west montana had a history of voters splitting their tickets and filling elected offices with individuals from both parties through the mid 20th century the state had a tradition of sending the liberals to washington and the conservatives to helena between 1988 and 2006 the pattern flipped with voters more likely to elect conservatives to federal offices there have also been long term shifts in party control from 1968 through 1988 the state was dominated by the democratic party with democratic governors for a 20 year period and a democratic majority of both the national congressional delegation and during many sessions of the state legislature this pattern shifted beginning with the 1988 election when montana elected a republican governor for the first time since 1964 and sent a republican to the u s senate for the first time since 1948 this shift continued with the reapportionment of the state s legislative districts that took effect in 1994 when the republican party took control of both chambers of the state legislature consolidating a republican party dominance that lasted until the 2004 reapportionment produced more swing districts and a brief period of democratic legislative majorities in the mid 2000s 363 at the federal level the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government endured until democratic u s senator jon tester lost reelection in 2024 subsequently ceding his seat on january 3 2025 thereby leaving montana with no democratic statewide officeholders 364 united states presidential election results for montana 365 366 367 year republican democratic third party ies no no no 1892 18 871 42 44 17 690 39 79 7 900 17 77 1896 10 509 19 71 42 628 79 93 193 0 36 1900 25 409 39 79 37 311 58 43 1 136 1 78 1904 34 932 54 21 21 773 33 79 7 739 12 01 1908 32 333 46 98 29 326 42 61 7 163 10 41 1912 18 512 23 19 27 941 35 00 33 373 41 81 1916 66 750 37 57 101 063 56 88 9 866 5 55 1920 109 430 61 13 57 372 32 05 12 204 6 82 1924 74 138 42 50 33 805 19 38 66 480 38 11 1928 113 300 58 37 78 578 40 48 2 230 1 15 1932 78 078 36 07 127 286 58 80 11 115 5 13 1936 63 598 27 59 159 690 69 28 7 224 3 13 1940 99 579 40 17 145 698 58 78 2 596 1 05 1944 93 163 44 93 112 556 54 28 1 636 0 79 1948 96 770 43 15 119 071 53 09 8 437 3 76 1952 157 394 59 39 106 213 40 07 1 430 0 54 1956 154 933 57 13 116 238 42 87 0 0 00 1960 141 841 51 10 134 891 48 60 847 0 31 1964 113 032 40 57 164 246 58 95 1 350 0 48 1968 138 835 50 60 114 117 41 59 21 452 7 82 1972 183 976 57 93 120 197 37 85 13 430 4 23 1976 173 703 52 84 149 259 45 40 5 772 1 76 1980 206 814 56 82 118 032 32 43 39 106 10 74 1984 232 450 60 47 146 742 38 18 5 185 1 35 1988 190 412 52 07 168 936 46 20 6 326 1 73 1992 144 207 35 12 154 507 37 63 111 897 27 25 1996 179 652 44 11 167 922 41 23 59 687 14 66 2000 240 178 58 44 137 126 33 36 33 693 8 20 2004 266 063 59 07 173 710 38 56 10 672 2 37 2008 243 882 49 49 232 159 47 11 16 709 3 39 2012 267 928 55 30 201 839 41 66 14 717 3 04 2016 279 240 55 65 177 709 35 41 44 873 8 94 2020 343 602 56 92 244 786 40 55 15 286 2 53 2024 352 079 58 39 231 906 38 46 19 005 3 15 montana has voted for the republican nominee in all but two presidential elections since 1952 368 the state last supported a democrat for president in 1992 when bill clinton won a plurality victory the state is somewhat less republican than its neighboring states idaho wyoming south dakota and north dakota all of which last supported a democratic presidential candidate in 1964 in the 2008 presidential election montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by republican john mccain by a narrow margin of two percent 369 the two chambers of the state s legislature had split party control from 2004 to 2010 when that year s mid term elections decisively returned both branches to republican control the state s congressional seats no...
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