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elical lutheran synod wels another confessional lutheran church that declares the papacy to be the antichrist released its own statement the statement on the antichrist in 1959 the wels still holds to this statement 231 historically protestants objected to the papacy s claim of temporal power over all secular governments including territorial claims in italy 232 201 233 the papacy s complex relationship with secular states such as the roman and byzantine empires and the autocratic character of the papal office 234 in western christianity these objections both contributed to and are products of the protestant reformation antipopes main articles antipope and western schism groups sometimes form around antipopes who claim the pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it traditionally this term was reserved for claimants with a significant following of cardinals or other clergy the existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the church heresy or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time schism briefly in the 15th century three separate lines of popes claimed authenticity 235 other uses of the title pope in the earlier centuries of christianity the title pope meaning father had been used by all bishops some popes used the term and others did not eventually the title became associated especially with the bishop of rome in a few cases the term is used for other christian clerical authorities in english catholic priests are still addressed as father but the term pope is reserved for the head of the church hierarchy in the catholic church black pope is a name that was popularly but unofficially given to the superior general of the society of jesus due to the jesuits importance within the church this name based on the black colour of his cassock was used to suggest a parallel between him and the white pope since in the time of pius v the pope dressed in white and the cardinal prefect of the congregation for the evangelization of peoples formerly called the sacred congregation for the propagation of the faith whose red cardinal s cassock gave him the name of the red pope in view of the authority over all territories that were not considered in some way catholic in the present time this cardinal has power over mission territories for catholicism essentially the churches of africa and asia 236 but in the past his competence extended also to all lands where protestants or eastern christianity was dominant some remnants of this situation remain with the result that for instance new zealand is still in the care of this congregation in the eastern churches since the papacy of heraclas in the 3rd century the bishop of alexandria in both the coptic orthodox church and the greek orthodox church of alexandria continues to be called pope the former being called coptic pope or more properly pope and patriarch of all africa on the holy orthodox and apostolic throne of saint mark the evangelist and holy apostle and the latter called pope and patriarch of alexandria and all africa 237 in the bulgarian orthodox church russian orthodox church serbian orthodox church and macedonian orthodox church it is not unusual for a village priest to be called a pope поп pop this is different from the words used for the head of the catholic church bulgarian папа papa russian папа римский papa rimskiy in new religious movements and other christian related new religious movements some new religious movements within christianity especially those that have disassociated themselves from the catholic church yet retain a catholic hierarchical framework have used the designation pope for a founder or current leader examples include the african legio maria church and the european palmarian catholic church in spain the cao dai a vietnamese faith that duplicates the catholic hierarchy is similarly headed by a pope lengths of papal reign main article list of popes longest reigning popes pope pius ix the pope with the longest verifiable reign the longest papal reigns of those whose reign lengths can be determined from contemporary historical data are the following saint peter c 30 64 68 c 34 c 38 years around 12 000 14 000 days 238 bl pius ix 1846 1878 31 years 7 months and 23 days 11 560 days st john paul ii 1978 2005 26 years 5 months and 18 days 9 665 days leo xiii 1878 1903 25 years 5 months and 1 day 9 281 days pius vi 1775 1799 24 years 6 months and 15 days 8 962 days adrian i 772 795 23 years 10 months and 25 days 8 729 days pius vii 1800 1823 23 years 5 months and 7 days 8 560 days alexander iii 1159 1181 21 years 11 months and 24 days 8 029 days st sylvester i 314 335 21 years 11 months and 1 day 8 005 days st leo i 440 461 21 years 1 month and 13 days 7 713 days during the western schism avignon pope benedict xiii 1394 1423 ruled for 28 years 7 months and 12 days which would place him third in the above list since he is regarded as an anti pope he is not included there shortest reigning popes pope urban vii the shortest reigning pope there have been a number of popes whose reign lasted about a month or less in the following list the number of calendar days includes partial days thus for example if a pope s reign commenced on 1 august and he died on 2 august this counts as reigning for two calendar days urban vii 15 27 september 1590 reigned for 13 calendar days died before coronation boniface vi april 896 reigned for 16 calendar days celestine iv 25 october 10 november 1241 reigned for 17 calendar days died before coronation theodore ii december 897 reigned for 20 calendar days sisinnius 15 january 4 february 708 reigned for 21 calendar days marcellus ii 9 april 1 may 1555 reigned for 23 calendar days damasus ii 17 july 9 august 1048 reigned for 24 calendar days pius iii 22 september 18 october 1503 and leo xi 1 27 april 1605 both reigned for 27 calendar days benedict v 22 may 23 june 964 reigned for 33 calendar days john paul i 26 august 28 september 1978 reigned for 34 calendar days stephen 22 25 march 752 died of a stroke three days after his election and before his consecration as a bishop he is not recognized as a valid pope but was added to the lists of popes in the 16th century as stephen ii causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named stephen the holy see s annuario pontificio in its list of popes and antipopes attaches a footnote to its mention of pope stephen ii on the death of zachary the roman priest stephen was elected but since four days later he died before his consecratio which according to the canon law of the time was the true commencement of his pontificate his name is not registered in the liber pontificalis nor in other lists of the popes 239 published every year by the roman curia the annuario pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession in particular regarding pope leo viii pope benedict v and some mid 11th century popes 240 see also bishops in the catholic church caesaropapism index of vatican city related articles legends surrounding the papacy list of canonized popes list of current christian leaders list of popes papal inauguration papal name papal slippers prophecy of the popes pope of the coptic orthodox church pope night list of popes who died violently pope joan cadaver synod notes latin papa from ancient greek πάππας romanized páppas lit father 2 3 pontifex maximus or summus pontifex in latin latin romanus pontifex the papacy was an influence in regulating the colonization of the new world see treaty of tordesillas and inter caetera continuing in that same undertaking this council is resolved to declare and proclaim before all men the doctrine concerning bishops the successors of the apostles who together with the successor of peter the vicar of christ the visible head of the whole church govern the house of the living god 30 from an historical perspective there is no conclusive documentary evidence from the first century or the early decades of the second century of the exercise of or even the claim to a primacy of the roman bishop or to a connection with peter although documents from this period accord the church at rome some kind of pre eminence 43 and the see of rome whose prominence was associated with the deaths of peter and paul became the principal center in matters concerning the universal church 44 the same writer quotes with approval the words of joseph ratzinger in phanar on 25 july 1976 when patriarch athenegoras addressed the visiting pope as peter s successor the first in honor among us and the presider over charity this great church leader was expressing the essential content of the declarations of the primacy of the first millennium 45 references wilken p 281 some christian communities had been founded by peter the disciple jesus designated as the founder of his church once the position was institutionalized historians looked 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january 2017 retrieved 17 january 2017 what does the term holy see mean catholic straight answers 21 may 2013 archived from the original on 25 april 2025 retrieved 21 april 2025 collins roger introduction keepers of the keys of heaven a history of the papacy basic books 2009 isbn 978 0 465 01195 7 one of the most enduring and influential of all human institutions no one who seeks to make sense of modern issues within christendom or indeed world history can neglect the vital shaping role of the popes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 wetterau bruce world history new york henry holt co 1994 faus josé ignacio gonzáles autoridade da verdade momentos obscuros do magistério eclesiástico chapter 8 os papas repartem terras pp 64 65 and chapter 6 o papa tem poder temporal absoluto pp 49 55 edições loyola isbn 85 15 01750 4 although faus is deeply critical of the temporal power of the popes once again this highlights one of the greatest drawbacks of the political status of peter s successors p 64 he also admits a positive secular role on the part of the popes we cannot deny that papal interventions of this kind prevented more than one war in europe p 65 jarrett bede 1913 papal arbitration in herbermann charles ed catholic encyclopedia new york robert appleton company história das religiões crenças e práticas religiosas do século xii aos nossos dias grandes livros da religião editora folio 2008 pp 89 156 157 isbn 978 84 413 2489 3 new vatican statistics reveal growing catholic population fewer pastoral workers vatican news 20 march 2025 retrieved 22 march 2026 the role of the vatican in the modern world archived from the original on 4 may 2005 the world s most powerful people forbes november 2014 archived from the original on 30 december 2012 retrieved 6 november 2014 the world s most powerful people forbes january 2013 archived from the original on 30 december 2012 retrieved 21 january 2013 the world s most powerful people forbes archived from the original on 25 december 2018 retrieved 27 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of the catholic church christ s faithful hierarchy laity consecrated life archived from the original on 6 september 2010 retrieved 15 march 2020 lumen gentium pope paul vi 1964 chapter 3 lumen gentium 22 vatican va archived from the original on 6 september 2014 retrieved 11 august 2010 1 2 o grady john 1997 the catholic church its origins and nature paulist press p 146 isbn 978 0 8091 3740 4 stevenson j 1968 1957 a new eusebius p 118 isbn 978 0 281 00802 5 letter to the corinthians clement catholic encyclopedia the fathers of the church new advent archived from the original on 25 november 2019 retrieved 14 april 2013 gröber 510 letter of ignatius of antioch to the romans crossroads initiative archived from the original on 8 july 2011 retrieved 21 february 2006 o connor daniel william 2013 saint peter the apostle encyclopædia britannica p 5 archived from the original on 6 january 2019 retrieved 14 april 2013 m any scholars accept rome as the location of the martyrdom and the reign of nero as the time zeitschr fur kirchengesch in german 1901 pp 1 sqq 161 sqq the secrets of the 12 disciples channel 4 transmitted on 23 march 2008 1 2 o grady john 1997 the catholic church its origins and nature paulist press p 140 isbn 978 0 8091 3740 4 stevenson j 1968 1957 a new eusebius pp 114 115 isbn 978 0 281 00802 5 the early christian church by chadwick emmanuel clapsis papal primacy archived 3 december 2008 at the wayback machine extract from orthodoxy in conversation 2000 p 110 clapsis p 102 clapsis p 113 oxford dictionary of the christian church 1997 edition revised 2005 p 211 cambridge history of christianity volume 1 2006 cambridge history of christianity volume 1 2006 p 418 saint paul the apostle encyclopædia britannica archived from the original on 30 april 2015 retrieved 22 january 2021 chadwick henry oxford history of christianity oxford university press quote towards the latter part of the 1st century rome s presiding cleric named clement wrote on behalf of his church to remo...
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