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of even toed ungulates have an s shape at rest and lie in a pocket under the skin on the belly 17 the corpora cavernosa are only slightly developed and an erection mainly causes this curvature to extend which leads to an extension but not a thickening of the penis cetaceans have similar penises 18 in some even toed ungulates the penis contains a structure called the urethral process 19 20 21 or penile vermiform appendix 22 the testicles are located in the scrotum and thus outside the abdominal cavity the ovaries of many females descend as the testicles descend of many male mammals and are close to the pelvic inlet at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra the uterus has two horns uterus bicornis 18 birds edit main article bird anatomy reproductive system male and female birds have a cloaca an opening through which eggs sperm and wastes pass intercourse is performed by pressing the lips of the cloacae together which is sometimes known as an intromittent organ which is known as a phallus that is analogous to the mammals penis the female lays amniotic eggs in which the young fetus continues to develop after it leaves the female s body unlike most vertebrates female birds typically have only one functional ovary and oviduct 23 as a group birds like mammals are noted for their high level of parental care reptiles edit main article reptiles reproduction reptiles are almost all sexually dimorphic and exhibit internal fertilization through the cloaca some reptiles lay eggs while others are ovoviviparous animals that deliver live young reproductive organs are found within the cloaca of reptiles most male reptiles have copulatory organs which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body in turtles and crocodilians the male has a single median penis like organ while male snakes and lizards each possess a pair of penis like organs a male common frog in nuptial colors waiting for more females to come in a mass of spawn amphibians edit main article amphibian reproduction most amphibians exhibit external fertilization of eggs typically within the water though some amphibians such as caecilians have internal fertilization 24 all have paired internal gonads connected by ducts to the cloaca fish edit main article fish reproduction fish exhibit a wide range of different reproductive strategies most fish however are oviparous and exhibit external fertilization in this process females use their cloaca to release large quantities of their gametes called spawn into the water and one or more males release milt a white fluid containing many sperm over the unfertilized eggs other species of fish are oviparous and have internal fertilization aided by pelvic or anal fins that are modified into an intromittent organ analogous to the human penis 25 a small portion of fish species are either viviparous or ovoviviparous and are collectively known as livebearers 26 fish gonads are typically pairs of either ovaries or testicles most fish are sexually dimorphic but some species are hermaphroditic or unisexual 27 invertebrates edit see also reproductive system of gastropods and reproductive system of planarians invertebrates have an extremely diverse array of reproductive systems the only commonality may be that they all lay eggs also aside from cephalopods and arthropods nearly all other invertebrates exhibit external fertilization cephalopods edit main article cephalopod reproduction and life cycle all cephalopods are sexually dimorphic and reproduce by laying eggs most cephalopods have semi internal fertilization in which the male places his gametes inside the female s mantle cavity or pallial cavity to fertilize the ova found in the female s single ovary 28 likewise male cephalopods have only a single testicle in the female of most cephalopods the nidamental glands aid in development of the egg the penis in most unshelled male cephalopods coleoidea is a long and muscular end of the gonoduct used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm called a hectocotylus that in turn is used to transfer the spermatophores to the female in species where the hectocotylus is missing the penis is long and able to extend beyond the mantle cavity and transfer the spermatophores directly to the female insects edit main article insect reproductive system most insects reproduce oviparously i e by laying eggs the eggs are produced by the female in a pair of ovaries sperm produced by the male in one testis or more commonly two is transmitted to the female during mating by means of external genitalia the sperm is stored within the female in one or more spermathecae at the time of fertilization the eggs travel along oviducts to be fertilized by the sperm and are then expelled from the body laid in most cases via an ovipositor arachnids edit main article arachnids reproduction see also opiliones penis arachnids may have one or two gonads which are located in the abdomen the genital opening is usually located on the underside of the second abdominal segment in most species the male transfers sperm to the female in a package or spermatophore complex courtship rituals have evolved in many arachnids to ensure the safe delivery of the sperm to the female 29 arachnids usually lay yolky eggs which hatch into immatures that resemble adults scorpions however are either ovoviviparous or viviparous depending on species and bear live young plants edit main article plant reproductive morphology further information sex organ plants among all living organisms flowers which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms are the most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity in methods of reproduction 30 plants that are not flowering plants green algae mosses liverworts hornworts ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction the breeding system or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes the ovum of another depends on the reproductive morphology and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of nonclonal plant populations christian konrad sprengel 1793 studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions fungi edit main article fungi reproduction further information sex organ fungi fungal reproduction is complex reflecting the differences in lifestyles and genetic makeup within this diverse kingdom of organisms 31 it is estimated that a third of all fungi reproduce using more than one method of propagation for example reproduction may occur in two well differentiated stages within the life cycle of a species the teleomorph and the anamorph 32 environmental conditions trigger genetically determined developmental states that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction these structures aid reproduction by efficiently dispersing spores or spore containing propagules see also edit major systems of the human body reproductive system disease human sexuality human sexual behavior plant sexuality meiosis references edit introduction to the reproductive system epidemiology and end results seer program archived october 24 2007 at the wayback machine reproductive system 2001 body guide powered by adam hyman libbie henrietta 1992 09 15 hyman s comparative vertebrate anatomy university of chicago press isbn 978 0 226 87013 7 std s today archived 2014 10 25 at the wayback machine national prevention network center for disease control united states government retrieving 2007 brennan patricia l r september 2022 evolution and morphology of genitalia in female amniotes integrative and comparative biology 62 3 521 532 doi 10 1093 icb icac115 retrieved may 17 2026 linzey donald w 2020 08 04 vertebrate biology systematics taxonomy natural history and conservation jhu press isbn 978 1 4214 3734 7 sexual reproduction in humans archived 2018 02 17 at the wayback machine 2006 john w kimball kimball s biology pages and online textbook schultz nicholas g et al the baculum was gained and lost multiple times during mammalian evolution integrative and comparative biology 56 4 2016 644 656 werdelin l nilsonne a january 1999 the evolution of the scrotum and testicular descent in mammals a phylogenetic view j theor biol 196 1 61 72 bibcode 1999jthbi 196 61w doi 10 1006 jtbi 1998 0821 pmid 9892556 c hugh tyndale biscoe 2005 life of marsupials csiro publishing isbn 978 0 643 06257 3 don ii hunsaker 2 december 2012 the biology of marsupials elsevier science isbn 978 0 323 14620 3 renfree marilyn tyndale biscoe c h 1987 reproductive physiology of marsupials cambridge uk cambridge university press isbn 0 521 33792 5 trefil james 2001 the encyclopedia of science and technology taylor francis p 276 isbn 978 1 13675 363 3 retrieved november 10 2023 armstrong david m fitzgerald james p meaney carron a 2011 mammals of colorado second edition university press of colorado p 37 isbn 978 1 60732 048 7 retrieved november 10 2023 cobaugh aaron m stoner john b irwin mark d 2013 zookeeping an introduction to the science and technology university of chicago press pp 124 125 isbn 978 0 22692 532 5 retrieved november 10 2023 kotpal 2010 p 394 lombardi julian 2012 12 06 comparative vertebrate reproduction springer science business media isbn 978 1 4615 4937 6 1 2 uwe gille 2008 urinary and sexual apparatus urogenital apparatus in f v salomon and others eds anatomy for veterinary medicine pp 368 403 isbn 978 3 8304 1075 1 spinage c a reproduction in the uganda defassa waterbuck kobus defassa ugandae neumann journal of reproduction and fertility 18 3 1969 445 457 yong hwan yul reproductive system of giraffe giraffa camelopardalis archived 25 april 2019 at the wayback machine journal of embryo transfer 24 4 2009 293 295 sumar julio reproductive physiology in south american camelids archived 30 march 2023 at the wayback machine genetics of reproduction in sheep 2013 81 lombardi julian 2012 12 06 comparative vertebrate reproduction springer science business media isbn 978 1 4615 4937 6 ritchison bio 554 754 ornithology eastern kentucky university grzimek b 1974 grzimek s animal life encyclopedia volume 5 fishes ii amphibians new york van nostrand reihnhold co pp 301 302 asin b000hhfy52 fish reproduction science biology and terminology of fish reproduction reproductive modes and strategies part 1 archived 2007 11 08 at the wayback machine 2002 martin moe the breeder s net online magazine bony fish reproduction archived 2007 09 27 at the wayback machine 2002 seaworld busch gardens animal information database cephalopods archived 2007 10 20 at the wayback machine the living world of molluscs robert nordsieck robert d barnes 1982 invertebrate zoology philadelphia pa holt saunders international pp 596 604 isbn 0 03 056747 5 barrett s c h 2002 the evolution of plant sexual diversity pdf nature reviews genetics 3 4 274 284 doi 10 1038 nrg776 pmid 11967552 s2cid 7424193 archived from the original pdf on 2013 05 27 retrieved 2015 06 05 alexopoulos et al pp 48 56 kirk et al p 633 cited literature edit alexopoulos cj mims cw blackwell m 1996 introductory mycology john wiley and sons isbn 0 471 52229 5 kirk pm cannon pf minter dw stalpers ja 2008 dictionary of the fungi 10th ed wallingford uk cab international isbn 978 0 85199 826 8 kotpal r l 2010 modern text book of zoology vertebrates rastogi publications isbn 978 81 7133 891 7 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to reproductive system the wikibook human physiology has a page on the topic of the male reproductive system the wikibook human physiology has a page on the topic of the female reproductive system the wikibook anatomy and physiology of animals has a page on the topic of reproductive system library resources about reproductive system resources in your library v t e reproductive systems asexual apomixis budding fission fragmentation parthenogenesis list of taxa sporogenesis vegetative propagation sexual hermaphrodites monoicy monoecy sequential hermaphroditism simultaneous hermaphroditism synoecy males females gonochorism dioecy males hermaphrodites androdioecy andromonoecy females hermaphrodites gynodioecy gynomonoecy males females hermaphrodites trioecy trimonoecy mixed heterogamy v t e biological sex biological terms sexual dimorphism male female sexual differentiation feminization virilization sex determination system xy zw xo zo temperature dependent haplodiploidy sex chromosome testis determining factor parasexual cycle sex as a biological variable sexual reproduction evolution of sexual reproduction anisogamy isogamy germ cell reproductive system sex organ mating meiosis gametogenesis spermatogenesis oogenesis gamete spermatozoon ovum fertilization external internal sexual selection plant reproduction fungal reproduction sexual reproduction in animals sexual intercourse penile vaginal intercourse copulation hormonal motivation human reproduction lordosis behavior pelvic thrust behaviour in plants in animals human sexuality mechanics differentiation sexual system dioecy gonochorism hermaphrodite sequential hermaphroditism simultaneous hermaphroditism intersex category v t e animal sexual behaviour general sexual selection sexual reproduction evolution reproductive system hormonal motivation courtship display sexual ornamentation handicap principle sexy son hypothesis fisherian runaway mating systems mate choice mating call mate guarding mating plug lek mating copulation cloacal kiss sexual intercourse pelvic thrust pseudocopulation fertilisation internal external sperm competition traumatic insemination penile spines modes monogamy promiscuity polyandry polygyny polygynandry semelparity and iteroparity opportunistic hermaphroditism cuckoldry seasonal synchrony sexual dimorphism anisogamy oogamy bateman s principle bimaturism cannibalism coercion sexual conflict interlocus intralocus interspecies breeding non reproductive behavior fisher s principle invertebrates arthropods insect beetle butterfly scorpion spider cephalopods octopus cnidaria sea anemone jellyfish coral echinoderms gastropods apophallation love dart sponge worms earthworm epitoky penis fencing fish spawning strategies polyandry in fish eels salmon run seahorse sharks amphibians sexual selection frogs frog reproduction salamanders reptiles sexual selection in scaled reptiles lizards snakes side blotched lizard crocodylians tuatara birds sexual selection breeding behaviour golden eagle seabirds homosexual behavior mammals sexual selection rut lordosis behavior homosexual behavior canid african wild dog coyote dingo domestic dog gray wolf red fox dolphin elephant european badger felidae lion tiger cheetah domestic cat fossa hippopotamus spotted hyena marsupial kangaroo pinnipeds walrus primates human bonobo gorilla olive baboon mandrill ringtailed lemur sexual swelling raccoon rodent short beaked e...
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