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he tomcat apache uima apache velocity apache xerces apache zookeeper biojava bluecove bouncy castle cascading cruisecontrol deeplearning4j drools elki ehcache ejml elasticsearch google gson google guava h2 database engine hsqldb infinispan itext jackson jasper reports java astrodynamics toolkit java collections framework javafx java media framework java topology suite jaxb jaxp jetty jfreechart jprofiler jsoup jung junit libgdx liquibase lwjgl netty neuroph objectweb asm oracle weblogic orientdb ormlite parallel colt quartz selenium slf4j sonarqube standard widget toolkit spock testng wildfly xstream machine learning and ai apache mahout apache mxnet apache opennlp deeplearning4j encog libsvm mallet mllib neuroph weka yooreeka math and scientific libraries colt efficient java matrix library easy java simulations exp4j groovylab jama jblas java astrodynamics toolkit matrix toolkit java ojalgo optimj parallel colt suanshu ides android studio bluej drjava eclipse ide greenfoot intellij idea jdeveloper jgrasp myeclipse netbeans ide visual studio code application servers apache geronimo apache mina apache tomcat apache tomee borland enterprise server coldfusion glassfish ibm websphere application server ibm websphere application server community edition jboss enterprise application platform jeus jetty lucee oracle containers for j2ee oracle weblogic server orion application server payara server resin sap netweaver application server wildfly see also apache commons and google guava comparison of java virtual machines list of java virtual machines list of jvm languages list of java compilers list of java software and tools list of kotlin software and tools list of unit testing frameworks for java outline of the java programming language computer programming portal java programming wikibooks v t e java is a high level general purpose memory safe object oriented programming language it is intended to let programmers write once run anywhere wora 17 meaning that compiled java code can run on all platforms that support java without the need to recompile 18 java applications are usually compiled to bytecode that can run on any java virtual machine jvm regardless of the underlying computer architecture 19 the syntax of java is similar to c and c but has fewer low level facilities than either of them the java runtime provides dynamic abilities such as reflective programming reflection and runtime code modification usually unavailable in traditional compiled languages java gained popularity shortly after its release and has been a popular programming language since then 20 java was the third most popular programming language in 2022 update according to github 21 although still widely popular there has been a gradual decline in use of java in recent years with other languages using jvm gaining popularity 22 java was designed by james gosling at sun microsystems it was released in may 1995 as a core component of sun s java platform the original and reference implementation java compilers virtual machines vms and class libraries were released by sun under proprietary licenses as of may 2007 in compliance with the specifications of the java community process sun had relicensed most of its java technologies under the gpl 2 0 only license oracle which bought sun in 2010 offers its own hotspot java virtual machine however the official reference implementation is the openjdk jvm which is open source software used by most developers and is the default jvm for almost all linux distributions as of march 2026 update java 26 is the current version history see also java software platform history duke the java mascot james gosling the creator of java in 2008 james gosling mike sheridan and patrick naughton initiated the java language project in june 1991 23 the language was initially called oak after an oak tree that stood outside gosling s office later the project went by the name green and was finally renamed java from java coffee a type of coffee from indonesia 24 gosling designed java with a c c style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar 25 sun microsystems released the first public implementation as java 1 0 in 1996 26 it promised write once run anywhere wora functionality providing no cost run times on popular platforms fairly secure and featuring configurable security it allowed network and file access restrictions major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run java applets within web pages and java quickly became popular the java 1 0 compiler was re written in java by arthur van hoff to comply strictly with the java 1 0 language specification 27 with the advent of java 2 released initially as j2se 1 2 in december 1998 1999 new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms j2ee included technologies and apis for enterprise applications typically run in server environments while j2me featured apis optimized for mobile applications the desktop version was renamed j2se in 2006 for marketing purposes sun renamed new j2 versions as java ee java me and java se respectively in 1997 sun microsystems approached the iso iec jtc 1 standards body and later the ecma international to formalize java but it soon withdrew from the process 28 29 30 java remains a de facto standard controlled through the java community process 31 at one time sun made most of its java implementations available without charge despite their proprietary software status sun generated revenue from java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the java enterprise system on november 13 2006 sun released much of its java virtual machine jvm as free and open source software foss under the terms of the gpl 2 0 only license on may 8 2007 sun finished the process making all of its jvm s core code available under free software open source distribution terms aside from a small portion of code to which sun did not hold the copyright 32 sun s vice president rich green said that sun s ideal role with regard to java was as an evangelist 33 following oracle corporation s acquisition of sun microsystems in 2009 10 oracle has described itself as the steward of java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency 34 this did not prevent oracle from filing a lawsuit against google shortly after that for using java inside the android sdk see the android section on april 2 2010 james gosling resigned from oracle 35 in january 2016 oracle announced that java run time environments based on jdk 9 will discontinue the browser plugin 36 java software runs on most devices from laptops to data centers game consoles to scientific supercomputers 37 oracle and others highly recommend uninstalling outdated and unsupported versions of java due to unresolved security issues in older versions 38 principles there were five primary goals in creating the java language 18 it must be simple object oriented and familiar it must be robust and secure it must be architecture neutral and portable it must execute with high performance it must be interpreted threaded and dynamic versions main article java version history as of june 2026 update java 8 11 17 21 and 25 are supported as long term support lts versions 39 oracle released the last zero cost public update for the legacy version java 8 lts in january 2019 for commercial use although it will otherwise still support java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely other vendors such as adoptium continue to offer free builds of openjdk s long term support lts versions these builds may include additional security patches and bug fixes 40 major release versions of java along with their release dates version date jdk beta 1995 jdk 1 0 january 23 1996 41 jdk 1 1 february 19 1997 j2se 1 2 december 8 1998 j2se 1 3 may 8 2000 j2se 1 4 february 6 2002 j2se 5 0 september 30 2004 java se 6 december 11 2006 java se 7 july 28 2011 java se 8 lts march 18 2014 java se 9 september 21 2017 java se 10 march 20 2018 java se 11 lts september 25 2018 42 java se 12 march 19 2019 java se 13 september 17 2019 java se 14 march 17 2020 java se 15 september 15 2020 43 java se 16 march 16 2021 java se 17 lts september 14 2021 java se 18 march 22 2022 java se 19 september 20 2022 java se 20 march 21 2023 java se 21 lts september 19 2023 44 java se 22 march 19 2024 java se 23 september 17 2024 java se 24 march 18 2025 45 java se 25 lts september 16 2025 46 java se 26 march 17 2026 47 editions see also free java implementations class library java platform editions java card java me micro edition java se standard edition jakarta ee enterprise edition javafx bundled in oracle s jdk from versions 8 to 10 but separately since 11 personaljava discontinued v t e sun has defined and supports four editions of java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its apis so that they belong to one of the platforms the platforms are java card for smart cards 48 java platform micro edition java me targeting environments with limited resources 49 java platform standard edition java se targeting workstation environments 50 java platform enterprise edition java ee targeting large distributed enterprise or internet environments 51 the classes in the java apis are organized into separate groups called packages each package contains a set of related interfaces classes subpackages and exceptions sun also provided an edition called personal java that has been superseded by later standards based java me configuration profile pairings execution system java jvm and bytecode main articles java software platform and java virtual machine one design goal of java is portability which means that programs written for the java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support this is achieved by compiling the java language code to an intermediate representation called jvm bytecode instead of directly to architecture specific machine code jvm bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine vm written specifically for the host hardware end users commonly use a java runtime environment jre installed on their device for standalone java applications or a web browser for java applets standard libraries provide a generic way to access host specific features such as graphics threading and networking the use of universal bytecode makes porting simple however the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables just in time jit compilers that compile byte codes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage java s hotspot compiler is actually two compilers in one with graalvm included in e g java 11 but removed as of java 16 allowing tiered compilation 52 java itself is platform independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a java virtual machine jvm which translates the jvm bytecode into the platform s machine language 53 performance main article java performance programs written in java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in c 54 55 however java programs execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just in time compilation in 1997 1998 for java 1 1 56 the addition of language features supporting better code analysis such as inner classes the stringbuilder class optional assertions etc and optimizations in the java virtual machine such as hotspot becoming sun s default jvm in 2000 with java 1 5 the performance was improved with the addition of the java util concurrent package including lock free implementations of the concurrentmaps and other multi core collections and it was improved further with java 1 6 non jvm some platforms offer direct hardware support for java there are micro controllers that can run jvm bytecode in hardware instead of a software java virtual machine 57 and some arm based processors could have hardware support for executing jvm bytecode through their jazelle option though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of arm automatic memory management java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle the programmer determines when objects are created and the java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use once no references to an object remain the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer s code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use 58 if methods for a non existent object are called a null pointer exception is thrown 59 60 one of the ideas behind java s automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management in some languages memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap in the latter case the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer if the program does not deallocate an object a memory leak occurs 58 if the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated the result is undefined and difficult to predict and the program is likely to become unstable or crash this can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers but these add overhead and complexity garbage collection does not prevent logical memory leaks i e those where the memory is still referenced but never used 58 garbage collection may happen at any time ideally it will occur when a program is idle it is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object this can cause a program to stall momentarily explicit memory management is not possible in java however it is possible to manually request that the jvm do garbage collection 61 java does not support c c style pointer arithmetic 62 where object addresses can be arithmetically manipulated e g by adding or subtracting an offset this allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security as in c and some other object oriented languages variables of java s primitive data types are either stored directly in fields for objects or on the stack for methods rather than on the heap as is commonly true for non primitive data types but see escape analysis this was a conscious decision by java s designers for performance reasons java contains multiple types of garbage collectors since java 9 hotspot uses the garbage first garbage collector g1gc as the default 63 however there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used...
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