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owever distinguish the state which was impoverished from france which was not as supporting evidence they cite the literature of the time such as the social commentary in montesquieu s persian letters 133 alternatively louis s critics attribute the social upheaval culminating in the french revolution to his failure to reform french institutions while the monarchy was still secure other scholars counter that there was little reason to reform institutions that largely worked well under louis they also maintain that events occurring almost 80 years after his death were not reasonably foreseeable to louis and that in any case his successors had sufficient time to initiate reforms of their own 134 royal procession passing the pont neuf under louis xiv louis has often been criticised for his vanity the memoirist saint simon who claimed that louis slighted him criticised him thus there was nothing he liked so much as flattery or to put it more plainly adulation the coarser and clumsier it was the more he relished it for his part voltaire saw louis s vanity as the cause for his bellicosity it is certain that he passionately wanted glory rather than the conquests themselves in the acquisition of alsace and half of flanders and of all of franche comté what he really liked was the name he made for himself 135 on the other hand saint simon pointed out that in contrast to the situation at the other european courts louis s birthday and that of the members of his family always went unobserved to the point that there never was even the slightest mention of it that day being no different from all the other days of the year 136 nonetheless louis has also received praise the anti bourbon napoleon described him not only as a great king but also as the only king of france worthy of the name 137 leibniz the german protestant philosopher commended him as one of the greatest kings that ever was 138 and lord acton admired him as by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the steps of a throne 139 the historian and philosopher voltaire wrote his name can never be pronounced without respect and without summoning the image of an eternally memorable age 140 voltaire s history the age of louis xiv named louis s reign as not only one of the four great ages in which reason and culture flourished but the greatest ever 141 142 quotes numerous quotes have been attributed to louis xiv by legend the well known i am the state l état c est moi was reported from at least the late 18th century 143 it was widely repeated but also denounced as apocryphal by the early 19th century 144 b 145 he did say every time i appoint someone to a vacant position i make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful 146 147 louis is recorded by numerous eyewitnesses as having said on his deathbed je m en vais mais l état demeurera toujours i depart but the state shall always remain 148 arms coat of arms of louis xiv notes upon his accession to the throne louis assumed the royal coat of arms of france navarre 149 better source needed adopted 1643 1715 crest the royal crown of france helm an opened gold helmet with blue and gold mantling escutcheon azure three fleurs de lis or for france impaling gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle or an emerald proper for navarre supporters the two supporters are two angels acting as heralds for the two realms the dexter angel carries a standard with the arms of france and wears a tabard with the same arms the sinister angel also carries a standard and wears a tabard but that of navarre both are standing on puffs of cloud motto the motto is written in gold on a blue ribbon montjoie saint denis the war cry of france saint denis was also the abbey where the oriflamme was kept orders the escutcheons are surrounded first by the chain of the order of saint michael and by the chain of the order of the holy spirit both were known as the ordres du roi other elements above all is a pavilion armoyé with the royal crown from it is a royal blue mantle with a semis of fleurs de lis or lined on the inside with ermine banner royal standard of the king order of saint louis on 5 april 1693 louis also founded the royal and military order of saint louis french ordre royal et militaire de saint louis a military order of chivalry 150 151 he named it after louis ix and intended it as a reward for outstanding officers it is notable as the first decoration that could be granted to non nobles and is roughly the forerunner of the légion d honneur with which it shares the red ribbon though the légion d honneur is awarded to military personnel and civilians alike family patrilineal descent patrilineal descent louis patriline is the line from which he is descended from father to son patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses as it can be traced back through the generations which means that if king louis were to choose a historically accurate house name it would be robertian as all his male line ancestors have been of that house louis is a member of the house of bourbon a branch of the capetian dynasty and of the robertians louis patriline is the line from which he is descended from father to son it follows the bourbon kings of france and the counts of paris and worms this line can be traced back more than 1 200 years from robert of hesbaye to the present day through kings of france navarre spain and two sicilies dukes of parma and grand dukes of luxembourg princes of orléans and emperors of brazil it is one of the oldest in europe robert ii of worms and rheingau robert of hesbaye 770 807 robert iii of worms and rheingau 808 834 robert iv the strong 820 866 robert i of france 866 923 hugh the great 895 956 hugh capet 941 996 robert ii of france 972 1031 henry i of france 1008 1060 philip i of france 1053 1108 louis vi of france 1081 1137 louis vii of france 1120 1180 philip ii of france 1165 1223 louis viii of france 1187 1226 louis ix of france 1214 1270 robert count of clermont 1256 1317 louis i duke of bourbon 1279 1342 james i count of la marche 1319 1362 john i count of la marche 1344 1393 louis count of vendôme 1376 1446 jean viii count of vendôme 1428 1478 françois count of vendôme 1470 1495 charles de bourbon duke of vendôme 1489 1537 antoine king of navarre duke of vendôme 1518 1562 henry iv king of france and of navarre 1553 1610 louis xiii king of france and navarre 1601 1643 louis xiv king of france and navarre 1638 1715 issue main article descendants of louis xiv of france name birth death notes by maria theresa infanta of spain archduchess of austria queen of france and of navarre 20 september 1638 30 july 1683 louis le grand dauphin 1 november 1661 14 april 1711 fils de france dauphin of france 1661 1711 had issue father of louis dauphin of france philip v of spain and charles duke of berry grandfather of louis xv anne élisabeth 18 november 1662 30 december 1662 fille de france died in infancy marie anne 16 november 1664 26 december 1664 fille de france died in infancy marie thérèse 2 january 1667 1 march 1672 fille de france known as madame royale and la petite madame died in childhood philippe charles duke of anjou 5 august 1668 10 july 1671 fils de france died in childhood louis françois duke of anjou 14 june 1672 4 november 1672 fils de france died in infancy this is an incomplete list of louis xiv s illegitimate children he reputedly had more but the difficulty in fully documenting all such births restricts the list only to the better known or legitimised name birth death notes by nn a gardener daughter 1660 unknown she married n de la queue a sentry by louise de la vallière 6 august 1644 6 june 1710 charles de la baume le blanc 19 december 1663 15 july 1665 aged 1 not legitimised philippe de la baume le blanc 7 january 1665 1666 aged 1 not legitimised marie anne de bourbon 2 october 1666 3 may 1739 aged 73 legitimised on 14 may 1667 married louis armand i prince of conti louis count of vermandois 3 october 1667 18 november 1683 aged 16 legitimised on 20 february 1669 held the office of admiral of france by françoise athénaïs marquise de montespan 5 october 1641 27 may 1707 louise françoise de bourbon at the end of march 1669 23 february 1672 aged 2 louis auguste duke of maine 31 march 1670 14 may 1736 aged 66 legitimised on 20 december 1673 held numerous offices of which colonel general of the suisses et grisons governor of languedoc general of the galleys and grand master of artillery also duke of aumale count of eu and prince of dombes had issue founder of the maine line heir presumptive for several days louis césar count of vexin 20 june 1672 10 january 1683 aged 10 legitimised on 20 december 1673 louise françoise de bourbon 1 june 1673 16 june 1743 aged 70 legitimised on 20 december 1673 married louis iii prince of condé had issue louise marie anne de bourbon 12 november 1674 15 september 1681 aged 6 legitimised in january 1676 françoise marie de bourbon 9 february 1677 1 february 1749 aged 72 legitimised in november 1681 married philippe ii duke of orléans the regent of france under louis xv had issue louis alexandre count of toulouse 6 june 1678 1 december 1737 aged 59 legitimised on 22 november 1681 held numerous offices of which admiral of france governor of guyenne governor of brittany and grand huntsman of france also duke of damville of rambouillet and of penthièvre had issue by claude de vin mademoiselle des œillets 1637 18 may 1687 louise de maisonblanche c 17 june 1676 12 september 1718 aged 42 in 1696 she married bernard de prez baron de la queue by angélique de fontanges 1661 28 june 1681 son january 1680 january 1680 stillborn daughter march 1681 march 1681 stillborn her existence is uncertain see also portals biography catholicism europe fundamental laws of the kingdom of france house of france levée ceremony list of french monarchs outline of france french forestry ordinance of 1669 potager du roi éléphante de louis xiv notes some monarchs of states that were not sovereign for most or all of their reign are said to have ruled for longer such as sobhuza ii of swaziland for 82 years and bernard vii of lippe for 81 years the anecdote as circulated after the french revolution designed to illustrate the tyrannical character of the absolutism of the ancien régime held that the president of the parlement began to address the king with the words sire l état but was cut off by the king interjecting l état c est moi references spielvogel 2016 p 419 longest ever reigns guinness world records retrieved 21 may 2026 nathan 1993 pp 633 649 1 2 nathan 1993 p 633 brémond henri 1908 la provence mystique au xviie siècle in french paris france plon nourrit pp 381 382 bluche 1990 p 11 barentine 2016 p 129 panhuysen 2016 p 26 fraser 2006 pp 14 16 petitfils 2002 pp 30 40 reinhardt 2016 p 20 kleinman 1985 p 145 bély 2001 p 57 sonnino 1998 pp 217 218 petitfils 2002 pp 34 37 petitfils 2002 pp 29 36 beem 2018 p 83 barentine 2016 p 131 dvornik 1992 p 456 kleinman 1985 p page needed petitfils 2002 pp 70 75 petitfils 2002 pp 80 85 blanning 2008 p 306 petitfils 2002 pp 84 87 petitfils 2002 pp 88 90 91 98 1 2 hatton 1972 p 22 hatton 1972 p 31 hatton 1972 p 18 petitfils 2002 pp 148 150 bluche 1990 pp 128 129 louis xiv the sun king absolutism louis xiv de archived from the original on 28 october 2013 retrieved 6 december 2013 dunlop 2000 p xii petitfils 2002 pp 250 253 254 260 merryman 2007 p page needed antoine 1989 p 33 petitfils 2002 pp 223 225 1 2 wolf 1968 p 117 dunlop 2000 p 54 israel 1990 pp 197 199 hutton 1986 pp 299 300 lynn 1999 pp 109 110 mckay 1997 p 206 young 2004 p 133 black 2011 pp 97 99 panhuysen 2009 pp 396 398 frost 2000 p 213 panhuysen 2009 pp 451 lynn 1999 pp 161 171 merriman 2019 p 319 bailey 2018 p 14 faroqhi 2006 p 73 bluche 1986 p 439 keay 1994 pp 201 204 pagani 2001 p 182 sullivan 1989 p 98 1 2 louis xiv catholic encyclopedia 2007 archived from the original on 16 december 2021 retrieved 19 january 2008 philip mansel king of the world the life of louis xiv 2020 cited in tim blanning solar power the wall street journal 17 october 2020 p c9 1 2 saint simon louis de rouvroy duc de 1876 the memoirs of the duke de saint simon on the reign of louis xiv and the regency vol 2 translated by st john bayle london chatto and windus pp 363 365 archived from the original on 13 july 2023 retrieved 22 march 2023 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link 1 2 halsall paul august 1997 modern history sourcebook duc de saint simon the court of louis xiv internet modern history sourcebook history department of fordham university archived from the original on 10 april 2008 retrieved 19 january 2008 daubenton louis jean marie 2009 1755 elephant encyclopedia of diderot d alembert collaborative translation project translated by eden malcolm michigan publishing university of michigan library retrieved 1 april 2015 lynn 1999 p 46 motin 2025 pp 9 17 quoted in symcox 1974 pp 236 237 quoted in symcox 1974 pp 237 242 sturdy 1998 pp 89 99 sturdy 1998 pp 92 93 sturdy 1998 p 96 citing pillorget suzanne pillorget rené 1996 france baroque france classique in french vol i bouquins p 935 isbn 978 2 2210 4868 9 nolan 2008 p 132 sturdy 1998 pp 96 97 bluche 1986 pp 20 21 louis xiv king of france the columbia encyclopedia 6th ed 2007 archived from the original on 7 january 2008 retrieved 19 january 2008 sturdy 1998 p 98 citing scoville warren c 1960 the persecution of huguenots and french economic development 1680 1720 university of california press oclc 707588406 edwards 2007 pp 212 213 durant durant 1963 p 691 lynn 1999 p 192 dunlop 2000 p 313 lynn 1999 pp 189 191 lynn 1999 pp 192 193 lynn 1999 p page needed wijn 1950 pp 28 58 71 72 lynn 1999 pp 209 227 235 lynn 1999 p 209 quoted in terlinden ch 1958 les rapports de l internonce piazza sur le bombardement de bruxelles en 1695 cahiers bruxellois in french iii ii 85 106 aussi barbare qu inutile lynn 1999 p 232 lynn 1999 p 253 bluche 1986 p 653 lossky 1994 p 255 lynn 1999 p 267 1 2 dunlop 2000 p 353 1 2 lynn 1999 p 268 kamen 2001 p 6 dunlop 2000 p 358 lynn 1999 p 269 see footnote 1 lynn 1999 pp 269 270 merryman 2007 p 321 ó gráda chevet 2002 pp 706 733 lynn 1999 p 326 lynn 1999 p 334 lynn 1999 p 342 lynn 1999 pp 356 360 1 2 3 4 bryant 2004 p 80 buckley 2008 p 276 bryant 2004 p 77 wolf 1968 p 280 1 2 bryant 2004 p 83 gaudelus 2000 pp 513 526 claydon 2007 p 182 dunlop 2000 pp 242 251 dunlop 2000 p 247 bluche 1986 p 497 burke 1992 neuman robert 2013 baroque and rococo art and architecture pearson education p 317 isbn 978 0 205 94951 9 perez 2003 pp 62 95 see also schmitter amy m 2002 representation and the body of power in french academic painting journal of the history of ideas 63 3 399 424 doi 10 1353 jhi 2002 0027 issn 0022 5037 jstor 3654315 s2cid 170904125 sabatier 2000 p 527 560 1 2 3 4 prest 2001 pp 283 298 see also louis commissioned academy of dance discussed in needham maureen 1997 louis xiv and the académie royale de danse 1661 a commentary and translation dance chronicle 2...
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