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ic new mexico militia at the turn of the 19th century france still claimed northeastern new mexico the area north of the canadian river and east of the sangre de cristos before selling it in the 1803 louisiana purchase in 1812 the u s reclassified the land as part of the missouri territory this region of new mexico along with territory comprising present day southeastern colorado the texas and oklahoma panhandles and southwestern kansas was ceded to spain under the adams onis treaty in 1819 when the first mexican republic began to transition into the centralist republic of mexico they began to centralize power ignoring the sovereignty of santa fe and disregarding pueblo land rights the end of spanish protectionism led to new mexico becoming financially and politically tied to the u s and preferring trade along the santa fe trail this led to the río arriba rebellion in 1837 which established the cantón de nuevo méxico led by taos pueblo members josé maría gonzález and pablo montoya 32 33 the rebellion began with the assassination of centralist governor albino pérez and ended with the execution of gonzález was executed by governor manuel armijo subsequent governor juan bautista vigil y alarid agreed with some of the underlying sentiment 33 initial american territorial period main articles texas annexation u s provisional government of new mexico mexican american war treaty of guadalupe hidalgo mexican cession organic act list of organic acts new mexico territory gadsden purchase ordinance of secession confederate arizona confederate states of america and new mexico territory in the american civil war following the victory of the united states in the mexican american war 1846 48 mexico ceded its northern territories to the u s including california texas and new mexico 13 132 the americans were initially heavy handed in their treatment of former mexican citizens triggering the taos revolt in 1847 by hispanos and their pueblo allies the insurrection led to the death of territorial governor charles bent and the collapse of the civilian government established by stephen w kearny in response the u s government appointed local donaciano vigil as governor to better represent new mexico 34 and also vowed to accept the land rights of hispanos and grant them citizenship in 1864 president abraham lincoln symbolized the recognition of native land rights with the lincoln canes sceptres of office gifted to each of the pueblos a tradition dating back to spanish and mexican eras 35 36 after the republic of texas was admitted as a state in 1846 it attempted to claim the eastern portion of new mexico east of the rio grande while the california republic and state of deseret each claimed parts of western new mexico under the compromise of 1850 these regions were forced by the u s government to drop their claims texas received 10 million in federal funds california was granted statehood and officially establishing the utah territory therein recognizing most of new mexico s historically established land claims 13 135 pursuant to the compromise congress established the new mexico territory in september of that year 37 it included most of present day arizona and new mexico along with the las vegas valley and what would later become clark county in nevada in 1853 the u s acquired the mostly desert southwestern bootheel of the state along with arizona s land south of the gila river in the gadsden purchase which was needed for the right of way to encourage construction of a transcontinental railroad 13 136 u s civil war main articles new mexico territory in the american civil war and new mexico campaign civil war effects in new mexico new mexico territory including arizona 1860 territories divided 1867 when the u s civil war broke out in 1861 both confederate and union governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over new mexico territory the confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own arizona territory and as part of the trans mississippi theater of the war waged the ambitious new mexico campaign to control the american southwest and open up access to union california the confederates initially managed to conquer santa fe making it the only u s capital to fall to the confederacy during the war confederate power in the new mexico territory was effectively broken after the battle of glorieta pass in 1862 though the confederate territorial government continued to operate out of texas more than 8 000 soldiers from new mexico territory served in the union army 38 postwar american territorial period the end of the civil war saw rapid economic development and settlement in new mexico which attracted homesteaders ranchers cowboys businessmen and outlaws 39 many of the folklore characters of the western genre had their origins in new mexico most notably businesswoman maria gertrudis barceló outlaw billy the kid and lawmen pat garrett and elfego baca the influx of anglo americans from the eastern u s which include african americans and recent european immigrants reshaped the state s economy culture and politics into the late 19th century the majority of new mexicans remained ethnic mestizos of mixed spanish and native american ancestry primarily pueblo navajo apache genízaro and comanche many of whom had roots going back to spanish settlement in the 16th century this distinctly new mexican ethnic group became known as hispanos and developed a more pronounced identity vis a vis the newer anglo arrivals politically they still controlled most town and county offices through local elections and wealthy ranching families commanded considerable influence preferring business legislative and judicial relations with fellow indigenous new mexican groups by contrast anglo americans who were outnumbered but well organized and growing 40 tended to have more ties to the territorial government whose officials were appointed by the u s federal government subsequently newer residents of new mexico generally favored maintaining territorial status which they saw as a check on native and hispano influence the indigenous people of northern new mexico by balduin möllhausen 1861 a consequence of the civil war was intensifying conflict with indigenous peoples which was part of the broader american indian wars along the frontier the withdrawal of troops and material for the war effort had prompted raids by hostile tribes and the federal government moved to subdue the many native communities that had been effectively autonomous throughout the colonial period following the elimination of the confederate threat brigadier general james carleton who had assumed command of the military department of new mexico in 1862 led what he described as a merciless war against all hostile tribes that aimed to force them to their knees and then confine them to reservations where they could be christianized and instructed in agriculture 39 with famed frontiersman kit carson placed in charge of troops in the field powerful indigenous groups such as the navajo mescalero apache kiowa and comanche were brutally pacified through a scorched earth policy and thereafter forced into barren and remote reservations sporadic conflicts continued into the late 1880s most notably the guerilla campaigns led by apache chiefs victorio and his son in law nana the political and cultural clashes between these competing ethnic groups sometimes culminated in mob violence including lynchings of native hispanic and mexican peoples as was attempted at the frisco shootout in 1884 nevertheless prominent figures from across these communities and from both the democratic and republican parties attempted to fight this prejudice and forge a more cohesive multiethnic new mexican identity they include lawmen baca and garrett and governors curry hagerman and otero 41 42 indeed some territorial governors like lew wallace had served in both the mexican and american militaries 43 in the early to mid 20th century the art presence in santa fe grew and it became known as one of the world s great art centers 44 45 promotional source the presence of artists such as georgia o keeffe attracted many others including those along canyon road 46 in the late 20th century native americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions in states which had authorized such gaming such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers generate revenues for reinvestment in the economic development and welfare of their peoples the albuquerque metropolitan area is home to several casinos as a result 47 statehood main articles admission to the union and list of u s states by date of admission to the union a hispano boy in chamisal 1940 the united states congress admitted new mexico as the 47th state on january 6 1912 13 166 it had been eligible for statehood 60 years earlier but was delayed due to the perception that its majority hispanic population was alien to u s culture and political values 48 when the u s entered the first world war roughly five years later new mexicans volunteered in significant numbers in part to prove their loyalty as full fledged citizens of the u s the state ranked fifth in the nation for military service enlisting more than 17 000 recruits from all 33 counties over 500 new mexicans were killed in the war 49 indigenous hispanic families had long been established since the spanish and mexican era 50 but most american settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large native american tribes 51 most indigenous new mexicans lived on reservations and near old placitas and villas in 1924 congress passed a law granting all native americans u s citizenship and the right to vote in federal and state elections however anglo american arrivals into new mexico enacted jim crow laws against hispanos hispanic americans and those who did not pay taxes targeting indigenous affiliated individuals 52 because hispanics often had interpersonal relationships with indigenous peoples they were often subject to segregation social inequality and employment discrimination 51 a homesteader and his children at the new mexico fair in pie town new mexico 1940 during the fight for women s suffrage in the united states new mexico s hispano and mexican women at the forefront included trinidad cabeza de baca dolores lola armijo mrs james chavez aurora lucero anita mrs secundino romero arabella mrs cleofas romero and her daughter marie 53 54 a major oil discovery in 1928 near the town of hobbs brought greater wealth to the state especially in surrounding lea county 55 the new mexico bureau of mines and mineral resources called it the most important single discovery of oil in new mexico s history 56 nevertheless agriculture and cattle ranching remained the primary economic activities world war ii and aftermath new mexico was greatly transformed by the u s entry into the second world war in december 1941 as in the first world war patriotism ran high among new mexicans including among marginalized hispanic and indigenous communities on a per capita basis new mexico produced more volunteers and suffered more casualties than any other state the war also spurred economic development particularly in extractive industries with the state becoming a leading supplier of several strategic resources new mexico s rough terrain and geographic isolation made it an attractive location for several sensitive military and scientific installations the most famous was los alamos one of the central facilities of the manhattan project where the first atomic bombs were designed and manufactured the first bomb was tested at trinity site in the desert between socorro and alamogordo which is today part of the white sands missile range 13 179 180 as a legacy of the second world war new mexico continues to receive large amounts of federal government spending on major military and research institutions that continue to this day 57 in addition to the white sands missile range the state hosts three u s air force bases that were established or expanded during the war while the high military presence brought considerable investment it has also been the center of controversy on may 22 1957 a b 36 accidentally dropped a nuclear bomb 4 5 miles from the control tower while landing at kirtland air force base in albuquerque only its conventional trigger detonated 58 59 the los alamos national laboratory and sandia national laboratories two of the nation s leading federal scientific research facilities originated from the manhattan project the focus on high technology is still a top priority of the state to the extent that it became a center for unidentified flying objects especially following the 1947 roswell incident new mexico s population nearly doubled from roughly 532 000 in 1940 to over 954 000 by 1960 60 61 in addition to federal personnel and agencies many residents and businesses moved to the state particularly from the northeast often drawn by its warm climate and low taxes 62 the pattern continues into the 21st century with new mexico adding over 400 000 residents between 2000 and 2020 native americans from new mexico fought for the united states in both world wars returning veterans were disappointed to find their civil rights limited by state discrimination in arizona and new mexico veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting in 1948 after veteran miguel trujillo sr of isleta pueblo was told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote he filed suit against the county in federal district court a three judge panel overturned as unconstitutional new mexico s provisions that native americans who did not pay taxes and could not document if they had paid taxes could not vote 52 note 2 21st century in the 21st century employment growth areas in new mexico include electronic circuitry scientific research information technology casinos art of the american southwest food film and media particularly in albuquerque 63 the state was the founding location of micro instrumentation and telemetry systems which led to the founding of microsoft in albuquerque 64 intel maintains their f11x in rio rancho which also hosts an it center for hp inc 65 66 new mexico s culinary scene became recognized and is now a source of revenue for the state 67 68 69 albuquerque studios has become a filming hub for netflix and it was brought international media production companies to the state like nbcuniversal 70 71 72 the covid 19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the u s state of new mexico on march 11 2020 on december 23 2020 the new mexico department of health reported 1 174 new covid 19 cases and 40 deaths bringing the cumulative statewide totals to 133 242 cases and 2 243 deaths since the start of the pandemic 73 geography further information list of counties in new mexico see also geography of new mexico and delaware basin wheeler peak in the sangre de cristo range carlsbad ca...
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