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opotamia soon after this time 3 page needed the cuneiform script proper emerges from pictographic proto writing in the later 4th millennium mesopotamia s proto literate period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries bc the first documents unequivocally written in the sumerian language date to the 31st century bc found at jemdet nasr 4 kish tablet kura araxes culture expands southwards towards sumer possible reigns of lugalbanda and enmerkar prior to 3250 bc long distanced trade with polities in modern day afghanistan dams canals stone sculptures using inclined plane and lever in sumer urkesh northern syria founded during the fourth millennium bc possibly by the hurrians the courtyard is introduced to mesopotamia 5 persian plateau 4000 bc susa is a center of pottery production 6 c 4000 bc beaker from susa modern shush iran is made it is now at musée du louvre paris proto elamite from 3200 bc in syria mass graves at tell brak dating from c 3800 to 3600 bc have been unearthed suggesting advanced warfare around this period c 3750 bc disintegration of the proto semitic language 7 anatolia and caucasus c 3700 bc to 3000 bc the maykop culture of the caucasus contemporary to the kurgan culture is a candidate for the origin of bronze production and thus the bronze age shengavit settlement c 3300 bc 3400 2000 bc kura araxes earliest evidence found on the ararat plain clay pots and vats discovered at a sprawling cave system in southern armenia near the border with iran shows signs of an organized effort to press and distill grapes 8 pharaoh scorpion ii on the scorpion macehead c 3200 bc egypt 4000 3000 bc naqada culture on the nile first hieroglyphs appear thus far around 3500 bc as found on labels in a ruler s tomb at abydos in the early part of naqada iii in upper egypt the ruler horus a is crowned as ruler or king of thinis c 3315 bc 9 predynastic pharaohs tiu thesh hsekiu wazner ro serket narmer c 3190 3170 bc reign of king double falcon of lower egypt there is a strong possibility that he appears on the palermo stone although half his name is chipped away citation needed c 3100 bc beginning of the early dynastic period of egypt horus was the main god worshiped in upper egypt neith was the main god worshiped in lower egypt c 3141 3121 bc reign of scorpion ii in upper egypt citation needed c 3121 bc beginning of the reign of narmer first pharaoh to unify ancient egypt and founder of the 1st dynasty citation needed king narmer the first pharaoh of egypt who unified the country during this century c 3195 3165 bc king iry hor reigns from abydos over most of egypt 10 c 3165 3141 bc reign of king ka in ancient egypt citation needed 3500 3400 bc jar with boat designs from hierakonpolis today in the brooklyn museum is created predynastic egypt c 3500 bc pictographic proto writing starts developing towards writing proper in sumer thus starting what is technically considered history c 3150 bc predynastic period ended in ancient egypt early dynastic archaic period started according to french egyptologist nicolas grimal the period includes 1st and 2nd dynasties c 3090 bc narmer menes unifies upper and lower egypt into one country he rules this new country from memphis 11 sails used in the nile c 3300 bc cattle introduced to the nile valley mastabas the predecessors of the egyptian pyramids in egypt evidence found of mummification c 3500 bc at a cemetery in nekhen hierankopolis 12 ginger mummy c 3300 bc egyptians domesticate the wild ass of north africa clutton brock the head of ea 32751 ginger showing the preserved hair photo taken in 2011 lyres and double clarinets arghul mijwiz played in egypt earliest known numerals in egypt c 3500 bc first known zoo at hierakonpolis 13 levant 4500 3500 bc levantine chalcolithic including the ghassulian culture europe main article neolithic europe bronze age spread of yamnaya steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents europe and south asia from c 3300 to 1500 bc 14 metallurgy during the copper age developed in europe mediterraenian c 3300 bc the red temple the first phase of the monte d accoddi sanctuary in northwest sardinia is built crete rise of minoan civilization c 4000 bc first neolithic settlers in the island of thera santorini greece migrating probably from minoan crete pontic caspian steppe 3500 2300 bc the yamna culture kurgan culture succeeding the sredny stog culture on the pontic caspian steppe in the caucasus and central asia this culture is believed to have been the locus of the proto indo europeans and thus the urheimat or point of origin of the proto indo european language according to the kurgan hypothesis 3300 3000 bc evidence of proto thracians or proto dacians in the prehistoric period proto dacian or proto thracian people developed from a mixture of indigenous peoples and indo europeans from the time of proto indo european expansion in the early bronze age 5500 2750 bc the cucuteni trypillia culture has cities with 15 000 citizens eastern europe kurgan culture of what is now southern russia and ukraine possibly the first domestication of the horse balkans c 3500 bc figures of a man and a woman from cernavodă romania are made they are now at national historical museum bucharest c 3138 bc ljubljana marshes wheel is a wooden wheel that was found in the ljubljana marsh in slovenia 15 radiocarbon dating showed that it is approximately 5 150 years old which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered baden culture boian culture cucuteni culture vinča culture c 4000 2000 bc people and animals a detail of rock shelter painting in cogul roca dels moros lleida spain are painted it is now at archaeology museum of catalonia barcelona arzachena and ozieri cultures malta the ġgantija temples are the earliest of the megalithic temples of malta 3600 bc construction of the ġgantija megalithic temple complex on the island of gozo the world s oldest extant unburied free standing structures and the world s oldest religious structures see göbekli tepe for older buried religious structures 3600 3200 bc construction of the first temple within the mnajdra solar temple complex containing furniture such as stone benches and tables that set it apart from other european megalith constructions great neolithic plague occurs from circa 5450 bc to circa 2700 bc this ensures for the large scaled expansions of the later early bronze age 3600 3000 bc construction of the ta ħaġrat and kordin iii temples 3250 3000 bc construction of three megalithic temples at tarxien 16 spiral design altar block from the tarxien temples of malta uncovered by sir themistocles zammit 3200 2500 bc construction of the ħaġar qim megalithic temple complex featuring both solar and lunar alignments nuragic civilization sardinia northern and western europe tustrup dysserne the largest passage grave in eastern jutland is an example of funnelbeaker culture circa 3200 bc 4000 2700 bc the funnelbeaker culture scandinavia originated in southern parts of europe and slowly advanced up through today s uppland bronocice pot 3300 2900 bc construction of the newgrange solar observatory passage tomb in ireland c 3100 2600 bc neolithic settlement at skara brae in the orkney islands scotland is inhabited excavated dwellings at skara brae europe s most complete neolithic village knap of howar construction in england of the sweet track the world s first known engineered roadway megalithic monuments are constructed in brittany carnac portugal lisbon central and southern france corsica and great britain carnac standing stones brittany in the south of england a rapid expansion of monument building occurred around 3700 bc 17 garth tsunami in the northern isles burial of a child at ashleypark burial mound ireland c 3350 bc 18 c 3100 bc the earliest phase of the stonehenge monument a circular earth bank and ditch the céide fields are developed the first signs of the eventual complete deforestation of ireland c 3300 bc ötzi the iceman dies near the present day border between austria and italy only to be discovered in 1991 buried in a glacier of the ötztal alps his cause of death is believed to be homicide 19 chasséen culture in present day france died out c 3500 bc pfyn culture in present day switzerland died out c 3500 bc comb ceramic culture flourished in northeastern europe c 3500 bc beginning of wartberg culture present day germany the post track an ancient causeway in the somerset levels england is built c 3838 bc it is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered in this part of europe 20 the sweet track an ancient causeway also in the somerset levels the oldest timber trackway discovered in northern europe is built in 3807 bc or 3806 bc tree ring dating dendrochronology enabled very precise dating 21 central asia 3500 2500 bc afanasevo siberia mongolia xinjiang kazakhstan late copper and early bronze age c 3500 bc horses are domesticated in the western eurasian steppes in what is now northern kazakhstan see the botai culture bactria margiana civilization circa 3000 bc alongside trade routes connection with proto dynastic egypt the maykop culture a major bronze age archaeological culture in the western caucasus region of southern russia began around 3700 bc south and east asia c 3300 bc indus valley civilisation also known as harappan civilization begins in harappa 22 harappan script is developed c 4000 bc fortified town at amri on the west bank of the indus river c 3500 bc the eruption of mount isarog in the philippines 23 neolithic chinese settlements they produced silk and pottery chiefly the yangshao and the longshan cultures wore hemp clothing and domesticated pigs and dogs liangzhu culture develops in the yangtze river delta 4000 2500 bc vietnamese bronze age culture the đồng đậu culture produced many wealthy bronze objects transition from early to middle jōmon period on the islands of japan fertility figurine from mehrgarh indus valley c 3000 bc indian subcontinent mehrgarh iii vi 3500 bc metalcasting began in the mohenjodaro area 3300 bc bronze age starts in indus valley harappa drainage and sewage collection and disposal c 3100 bc polo meitei sagol kangjei a was first played in manipur state b 25 26 americas the americas were in the meso indian archaic stage c 3600 bc in colombia first rupestrian art chiribiquete caquetá c 3000 bc first pottery in colombia at puerto hormiga magdalena considered one of the first attempts of pottery of the new world first settlement at puerto badel bolívar c 3600 bc evidence of maize domestication appear in the valley of tehuacán first known evidence of popcorn excavations of the bat cave in west central new mexico in 1948 and 1950 discovered ears of popcorn dated to circa 3600 bc 27 norte chico civilization in northern peru starts c 3100 bc oldest adobe building in the americas was built in what is now peru 28 settlement of the river area of barbuda c 3685 bc formation of sand dunes on palmetto point 29 c 3106 bc earliest known human activity in antigua at little deep 30 31 32 c 3484 bc the oldest estimated germination of alerce milenario with more conservative dates of only c 1653 bc 33 australia c 3000 bc the sydney rock engravings in present day sydney australia 34 sub saharan africa sub saharan africa remains in the paleolithic period except for the earliest neolithization of the sahel following the desiccation of the sahara in c 3500 bc 35 36 as the grasslands of the sahara began drying after 3900 bc herders spread into the nile valley and into eastern africa eburan 5 elmenteitan the desiccation of the sahara and the associated neolithisation of west africa is also cited as a possible cause for the dispersal of the niger congo linguistic phylum 35 36 environment edit preceded by the pleistocene holocene epoch ics stages ages official greenlandian 11 7 8 236 ka northgrippian 8 236 4 2 ka meghalayan 4 2 ka present blytt sernander stages ages preboreal 10 3 9 ka boreal 9 7 5 ka atlantic 7 5 5 ka subboreal 5 2 5 ka subatlantic 2 5 ka present relative to year 2000 b2k relative to year 1950 bp before present v t e main article atlantic period based on studies by glaciologist lonnie thompson professor at ohio state university and researcher with the byrd polar research center a number of indicators shows there was a global change in climate 5 200 years ago probably due to a drop in solar energy output 37 the older peron transgression was a period identified in 1961 38 happening between 6 000 and 4 600 years bp when sea levels were 3 to 5 metres higher than today 39 plants buried in the quelccaya ice cap in the peruvian andes demonstrate the climate had shifted suddenly and severely to capture the plants and preserve them until now 40 c 3750 bc the last north american mammoths on saint paul island alaska go extinct tree rings from ireland and england show this was their driest period 41 ice core records showing the ratio of two oxygen isotopes retrieved from the ice fields atop africa s mount kilimanjaro a proxy for atmospheric temperature at the time snow fell 41 major changes in plant pollen uncovered from lakebed cores in south america 41 record lowest levels of methane retrieved from ice cores from greenland and antarctica 41 end of the neolithic subpluvial start of desertification of sahara 35th century bc north africa shifts from a habitable region to a barren desert 41 c 3150 bc a lesser tollmann s hypothetical bolide event may have occurred 3051 bc the oldest currently 2025 living non clonal organism a great basin bristlecone pine germinated in the present day grove of the ancients inyo county california 42 calendars and chronology edit 4000 bc epoch of the masonic calendar s anno lucis era 3929 bc creation according to john lightfoot based on the old testament of the bible and often associated with the ussher chronology 3761 bc since the middle ages 12th century the hebrew calendar has been based on rabbinic calculations of the year of creation from the hebrew masoretic text of the bible this calendar is used within jewish communities for religious and other purposes the calendar s epoch corresponding to the calculated date of the world s creation is equivalent to sunset on the julian proleptic calendar date 6 october 3761 bc 43 25th of elul 7 october 3761 bc considered the first day of creation from formless matter gen 1 2 traditionally interpreted as out of nothing on which the bible recalls that god created existence time matter darkness and light 44 45 46 1st of tishrei 12 october 3761 bc considered the sixth day of creation rosh hashanah day 1 on which the bible recalls that god created adam and eve 47 48 3114 bc one version of the mayan calendar known as the mesoamerican long count uses the epoch of 11 or 13 august 3114 bc the maya long count calendar was first used approximately 236 bc see mesoamerican long count calendar earliest long counts 3102 bc according to calculations of aryabhata 6th century the hindu kali yuga began at midnight on 18 february 3102 bc lasting for 432 000 years 1 2...
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