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ntal behavior reflects how humans interact with natural ecosystems and respond to climate change 22 while health behavior encompasses choices affecting physical and mental well being 23 creative behavior drives artistic expression innovation and cultural production and educational behavior governs learning processes across formal and informal settings social behavior accounts for actions directed at others it is concerned with the considerable influence of social interaction and culture as well as ethics interpersonal relationships politics and conflict some behaviors are common while others are unusual the acceptability of behavior depends upon social norms and is regulated by various means of social control 24 social norms also condition behavior whereby humans are pressured into following certain rules and displaying certain behaviors that are deemed acceptable or unacceptable depending on the given society or culture cognitive behavior accounts for actions of obtaining and using knowledge it is concerned with how information is learned and passed on as well as creative application of knowledge and personal beliefs such as religion physiological behavior accounts for actions to maintain the body it is concerned with basic bodily functions as well as measures taken to maintain health economic behavior accounts for actions regarding the development organization and use of materials as well as other forms of work ecological behavior accounts for actions involving the ecosystem it is concerned with how humans interact with other organisms and how the environment shapes human behavior the study of human behavior is inherently interdisciplinary drawing from psychology sociology anthropology neuroscience economics political science criminology public health and emerging fields like cyberpsychology and environmental psychology the nature versus nurture debate remains central to understanding human behavior examining the relative contributions of genetic predispositions and environmental influences contemporary research increasingly recognizes the complex interactions between biological psychological social cultural and environmental factors that shape behavioral outcomes with practical applications spanning clinical psychology public policy education marketing criminal justice and technology design study edit main article human ethology human behavior is studied by the social sciences which include psychology sociology gender studies ethology 25 and their various branches and schools of thought 26 there are many different facets of human behavior and no one definition or field study encompasses it in its entirety 27 the nature versus nurture debate is one of the fundamental divisions in the study of human behavior 28 this debate considers whether behavior is predominantly affected by genetic or environmental factors 29 the study of human behavior sometimes receives public attention due to its intersection with cultural issues including crime sexuality and social inequality 30 some natural sciences also place emphasis on human behavior neurology and evolutionary biology study how behavior is controlled by the nervous system and how the human mind evolved respectively 31 in other fields human behavior may be a secondary subject of study when considering how it affects another subject 32 outside of formal scientific inquiry human behavior and the human condition is also a major focus of philosophy and literature 31 philosophy of mind considers aspects such as free will the mind body problem and malleability of human behavior 33 human behavior may be evaluated through questionnaires interviews and experimental methods animal testing may also be used to test behaviors that can then be compared to human behavior 34 twin studies are a common method by which human behavior is studied 35 twins with identical genomes can be compared to isolate genetic and environmental factors in behavior lifestyle susceptibility to disease and unhealthy behaviors have been identified to have both genetic and environmental indicators through twin studies 36 social behavior edit further information sociology women bowing in japan c 1880 human social behavior is the behavior that considers other humans including communication and cooperation it is highly complex and structured based on advanced theory of mind that allows humans to attribute thoughts and actions to one another through social behavior humans have developed society and culture distinct from other animals 37 human social behavior is governed by a combination of biological factors that affect all humans and cultural factors that change depending on upbringing and societal norms 38 human communication is based heavily on language typically through speech or writing nonverbal communication and paralanguage can modify the meaning of communications by demonstrating ideas and intent through physical and vocal behaviors 39 social norms edit human behavior in a society is governed by social norms social norms are unwritten expectations that members of society have for one another these norms are ingrained in the particular culture that they emerge from and humans often follow them unconsciously or without deliberation these norms affect every aspect of life in human society including decorum social responsibility property rights contractual agreement morality and justice 40 many norms facilitate coordination between members of society and prove mutually beneficial such as norms regarding communication and agreements norms are enforced by social pressure and individuals that violate social norms risk social exclusion 41 systems of ethics are used to guide human behavior to determine what is moral humans are distinct from other animals in the use of ethical systems to determine behavior ethical behavior is human behavior that takes into consideration how actions will affect others and whether behaviors will be optimal for others what constitutes ethical behavior is determined by the individual value judgments of the person and the collective social norms regarding right and wrong value judgments are intrinsic to people of all cultures though the specific systems used to evaluate them may vary these systems may be derived from divine law natural law civil authority reason or a combination of these and other principles altruism is an associated behavior in which humans consider the welfare of others equally or preferentially to their own while other animals engage in biological altruism ethical altruism is unique to humans 42 deviance is behavior that violates social norms as social norms vary between individuals and cultures the nature and severity of a deviant act is subjective what is considered deviant by a society may also change over time as new social norms are developed deviance is punished by other individuals through social stigma censure or violence 43 many deviant actions are recognized as crimes and punished through a system of criminal justice 44 deviant actions may be punished to prevent harm to others to maintain a particular worldview and way of life or to enforce principles of morality and decency 45 cultures also attribute positive or negative value to certain physical traits causing individuals that do not have desirable traits to be seen as deviant 46 interpersonal relationships edit main article interpersonal relationship a family in noatak alaska 1929 interpersonal relationships can be evaluated by the specific choices and emotions between two individuals or they can be evaluated by the broader societal context of how such a relationship is expected to function relationships are developed through communication which creates intimacy expresses emotions and develops identity 39 an individual s interpersonal relationships form a social group in which individuals all communicate and socialize with one another and these social groups are connected by additional relationships human social behavior is affected not only by individual relationships but also by how behaviors in one relationship may affect others 47 individuals that actively seek out social interactions are extraverts and those that do not are introverts 48 romantic love is a significant interpersonal attraction toward another its nature varies by culture but it is often contingent on gender occurring in conjunction with sexual attraction sexual orientation and romantic orientation it takes different forms and is associated with many individual emotions many cultures place a higher emphasis on romantic love than other forms of interpersonal attraction marriage is a union between two people though whether it is associated with romantic love is dependent on the culture 49 individuals that are closely related by consanguinity form a family there are many variations on family structures that may include parents and children as well as stepchildren or extended relatives 50 family units with children emphasize parenting in which parents engage in a high level of parental investment to protect and instruct children as they develop over a period of time longer than that of most other mammals 51 politics and conflict edit further information political science theories of political behavior and conflict process a depiction of men fighting in the first battle of komárom 1849 when humans make decisions as a group they engage in politics humans have evolved to engage in behaviors of self interest but this also includes behaviors that facilitate cooperation rather than conflict in collective settings individuals will often form in group and out group perceptions through which individuals cooperate with the in group and compete with the out group this causes behaviors such as unconsciously conforming passively obeying authority taking pleasure in the misfortune of opponents initiating hostility toward out group members artificially creating out groups when none exist and punishing those that do not comply with the standards of the in group these behaviors lead to the creation of political systems that enforce in group standards and norms 52 when humans oppose one another it creates conflict it may occur when the involved parties have a disagreement of opinion when one party obstructs the goals of another or when parties experience negative emotions such as anger toward one another conflicts purely of disagreement are often resolved through communication or negotiation but incorporation of emotional or obstructive aspects can escalate conflict interpersonal conflict is that between specific individuals or groups of individuals 53 social conflict is that between different social groups or demographics this form of conflict often takes place when groups in society are marginalized do not have the resources they desire wish to instigate social change or wish to resist social change significant social conflict can cause civil disorder 54 international conflict is that between nations or governments it may be solved through diplomacy or war cultural and cross cultural behavior edit main articles cultural psychology and cross cultural psychology see also cultural anthropology and hofstede s cultural dimensions theory world map showing major cultural civilizations according to samuel p huntington s clash of civilizations theory illustrating how cultural boundaries influence human behavior patterns across different regions of the world western world western christendom orthodox civilization orthodox christendom islamic world ummah sinosphere sinic world latin america sub saharan africa hindu civilization hindudom buddhist civilization anglophone caribbean israel japan cultural and cross cultural behavior represents one of the most fundamental aspects of human psychology encompassing the complex ways in which cultural contexts shape cognition emotion social interaction and behavioral expression across diverse human populations this field examines both universal patterns of human behavior that transcend cultural boundaries and the variations in psychological processes that emerge from different cultural environments and historical experiences 55 cultural behavior developed through human migration and adaptation across diverse environments beginning approximately 70 000 100 000 years ago when early modern humans began their journey out of africa this process enabled cultural evolution at rates far exceeding genetic adaptation allowing humans to colonize virtually every terrestrial environment through sophisticated mechanisms of cultural transmission 56 notable examples include the colonization of australia 50 000 years ago and the polynesian expansion across the pacific ocean which required advanced navigation technologies and cultural knowledge systems contemporary research reveals significant cultural influences on fundamental psychological processes the distinction between individualistic and collectivistic cultural orientations profoundly affects cognition with individualistic cultures promoting analytic thinking styles while collectivistic cultures foster holistic thinking patterns 57 these differences extend to self concept emotional expression moral reasoning and social interaction patterns cross cultural psychology faces methodological challenges related to the overrepresentation of weird western educated industrialized rich and democratic populations which represent less than 12 of the world s population but account for over 95 of psychological research samples 58 contemporary efforts emphasize collaborative research practices and recognition of diverse epistemologies and indigenous knowledge systems cultural adaptation and acculturation represent critical processes through which individuals navigate cultural change and contact when encountering new cultural environments through migration or cultural contact individuals engage in behavioral cognitive and identity changes that vary from assimilation to integration strategies 59 the success of cultural adaptation depends on factors including cultural distance social support language proficiency and individual characteristics developmental behavior edit main articles developmental psychology and human development biology see also child development adolescent development adult development and aging an image collage illustrating the stages of human development from infancy through late adulthood showing the progression of physical cognitive and psychosocial changes across the lifespan developmental behavior encompasses the systematic changes in human behavior patterns that occur across the entire lifespan from conception through death these behavioral transformations reflect the complex interplay between biological maturation environmental influences and individual experiences that shape how humans think feel and act at different life stages 60 infancy and early childhood represent periods of rapid behavioral development characterized by the emergence of fundamental capacities for social...
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