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smaller streams constituting a natural system of navigable waterways aggregating over 4 000 miles 6 400 km long the state also has political jurisdiction over the approximately 3 mile 4 8 km wide portion of subsea land of the inner continental shelf in the gulf of mexico through a peculiarity of the political geography of the united states this is substantially less than the 9 mile 14 km wide jurisdiction of nearby states texas and florida which like louisiana have extensive gulf coastlines 122 the southern coast of louisiana in the united states is among the fastest disappearing areas in the world this has largely resulted from human mismanagement of the coast see wetlands of louisiana at one time the land was added to when spring floods from the mississippi river added sediment and stimulated marsh growth the land is now shrinking there are multiple causes 123 124 artificial levees block spring flood water that would bring fresh water and sediment to marshes swamps have been extensively logged leaving canals and ditches that allow salt water to move inland canals dug for the oil and gas industry also allow storms to move sea water inland where it damages swamps and marshes rising sea waters have exacerbated the problem some researchers estimate that the state is losing a landmass equivalent to 30 football fields every day there are many proposals to save coastal areas by reducing human damage including restoring natural floods from the mississippi without such restoration coastal communities will continue to disappear 125 and as the communities disappear more and more people are leaving the region 126 since the coastal wetlands support an economically important coastal fishery the loss of wetlands is adversely affecting this industry the gulf of mexico dead zone off the coast of louisiana is the largest recurring hypoxic zone in the united states it was 8 776 square miles 22 730 km 2 in 2017 the largest ever recorded 127 geology main article mississippi river delta the oldest rocks in louisiana are exposed in the north in areas such as the kisatchie national forest the oldest rocks date back to the early cenozoic era some 60 million years ago 128 the youngest parts of the state were formed during the last 12 000 years as successive deltas of the mississippi river the maringouin teche st bernard lafourche the modern mississippi and now the atchafalaya 129 the sediments were carried from north to south by the mississippi river between the tertiary rocks of the north and the relatively new sediments along the coast is a vast belt known as the pleistocene terraces their age and distribution can be largely related to the rise and fall of sea levels during past ice ages the northern terraces have had sufficient time for rivers to cut deep channels while the newer terraces tend to be much flatter 130 salt domes are also found in louisiana their origin can be traced back to the early gulf of mexico when the shallow ocean had high rates of evaporation there are several hundred salt domes in the state one of the most familiar is avery island louisiana 131 salt domes are important not only as a source of salt they also serve as underground traps for oil and gas 132 flora and fauna see also fauna of louisiana climate see also list of ecoregions in louisiana list of louisiana hurricanes 2000 present and effects of hurricane katrina in new orleans louisiana has a humid subtropical climate köppen climate classification cfa with long hot humid summers and short mild winters the subtropical characteristics of the state are due to its low latitude low lying topography and the influence of the gulf of mexico which at its farthest point is no more than 200 mi 320 km away rain is frequent throughout the year although from april to september is slightly wetter than the rest of the year which is the state s wet season there is a dip in precipitation in october in summer thunderstorms build during the heat of the day and bring intense but brief tropical downpours in winter rainfall is more frontal and less intense summers in southern louisiana have high temperatures from june through september averaging 90 f 32 c or more and overnight lows averaging above 70 f 21 c at times temperatures in the 90s f 32 37 c combined with dew points in the upper 70s f 24 26 c create sensible temperatures over 120 f 49 c the humid thick jungle like heat in southern louisiana is a famous subject of countless stories and movies temperatures are generally warm in the winter in the southern part of the state with highs around new orleans baton rouge the rest of southern louisiana and the gulf of mexico averaging 66 f 19 c the northern part of the state is mildly cool in the winter with highs averaging 59 f 15 c the overnight lows in the winter average well above freezing throughout the state with 46 f 8 c the average near the gulf and an average low of 37 f 3 c in the winter in the northern part of the state on occasion cold fronts from low pressure centers to the north reach louisiana in winter low temperatures near 20 f 7 c occur on occasion in the northern part of the state but rarely do so in the southern part of the state snow is rare near the gulf of mexico although residents in the northern parts of the state might receive a dusting of snow a few times each decade 133 134 135 136 louisiana s highest recorded temperature is 114 f 46 c in plain dealing on august 10 1936 while the coldest recorded temperature is 16 f 27 c at minden on february 13 1899 louisiana is often affected by tropical cyclones and is very vulnerable to strikes by major hurricanes particularly the lowlands around and in the new orleans area the unique geography of the region with the many bayous marshes and inlets can result in water damage across a wide area from major hurricanes the area is also prone to frequent thunderstorms especially in the summer 137 the entire state averages over 60 days of thunderstorms a year more than any other state except florida louisiana averages 27 tornadoes annually the entire state is vulnerable to a tornado strike with the extreme southern portion of the state slightly less so than the rest of the state tornadoes are more common from january to march in the southern part of the state and from february through march in the northern part of the state 137 louisiana is partially within the area of tornado activity called dixie alley and the state has tornadoes which tend to be unpredictable but localized 138 average temperatures in louisiana f c jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sept oct nov dec annual shreveport 139 47 0 8 3 50 8 10 4 58 1 14 5 65 5 18 6 73 4 23 0 80 0 26 7 83 2 28 4 83 3 28 5 77 1 25 1 66 6 19 2 56 6 13 7 48 3 9 1 65 9 18 8 monroe 139 46 3 7 9 50 3 10 2 57 8 14 3 65 6 18 7 73 9 23 3 80 4 26 9 82 8 28 2 82 5 28 1 76 5 24 7 66 0 18 9 56 3 13 5 48 0 8 9 65 5 18 6 alexandria 139 48 5 9 2 52 1 11 2 59 3 15 2 66 4 19 1 74 5 23 6 80 7 27 1 83 2 28 4 83 2 28 4 78 0 25 6 68 0 20 0 58 6 14 8 50 2 10 1 66 9 19 4 lake charles 140 51 8 11 0 55 0 12 8 61 4 16 3 68 1 20 1 75 6 24 2 81 1 27 3 82 9 28 3 83 0 28 3 78 7 25 9 70 1 21 2 61 1 16 2 53 8 12 1 68 6 20 3 lafayette 140 51 8 11 0 55 2 12 9 61 5 16 4 68 3 20 2 75 9 24 4 81 0 27 2 82 8 28 2 82 9 28 3 78 5 25 8 69 7 20 9 61 0 16 1 53 7 12 1 68 5 20 3 baton rouge 140 51 3 10 7 54 6 12 6 61 1 16 2 67 6 19 8 75 2 24 0 80 7 27 1 82 5 28 1 82 5 28 1 78 1 25 6 68 9 20 5 60 0 15 6 52 9 11 6 68 0 20 0 new orleans 140 54 3 12 4 57 6 14 2 63 6 17 6 70 1 21 2 77 5 25 3 82 4 28 0 84 0 28 9 84 1 28 9 80 2 26 8 72 2 22 3 63 5 17 5 56 2 13 4 70 3 21 3 publicly owned land see also list of louisiana state parks and list of louisiana state historic sites population density and low elevation coastal zones in the mississippi river delta the mississippi river delta is especially vulnerable to sea level rise owing to its location and geology the state has high biological diversity some vital areas such as southwestern prairie have experienced a loss in excess of 98 percent the pine flatwoods are also at great risk mostly from fire suppression and urban sprawl there is not yet a properly organized system of natural areas to represent and protect louisiana s biological diversity such a system would consist of a protected system of core areas linked by biological corridors such as florida is planning 141 louisiana contains a number of areas which to varying degrees prevent people from using them 142 in addition to national park service areas and a united states national forest louisiana operates a system of state parks state historic sites one state preservation area one state forest and many wildlife management areas one of louisiana s largest government owned areas is kisatchie national forest it is some 600 000 acres in area more than half of which is flatwoods vegetation which supports many rare plant and animal species 143 these include the louisiana pinesnake and red cockaded woodpecker the system of government owned cypress swamps around lake pontchartrain is another large area with southern wetland species including egrets alligators and sturgeon at least 12 core areas would be needed to build a protected areas system for the state these would range from southwestern prairies to the pearl river floodplain in the east to the mississippi river alluvial swamps in the north additionally the state operates a system of 22 state parks 17 state historic sites and one state preservation area in these lands louisiana maintains a diversity of fauna and flora national park service historic or scenic areas managed protected or recognized by the national park service include atchafalaya national heritage area in ascension parish cane river national heritage area near natchitoches cane river creole national historical park near natchitoches jean lafitte national historical park and preserve headquartered in new orleans with units in st bernard parish barataria crown point and acadiana lafayette poverty point national monument at delhi louisiana and saline bayou a designated national wild and scenic river near winn parish in northern louisiana u s forest service kisatchie national forest is louisiana s only national forest it includes more than 600 000 acres in central and northern louisiana with large areas of flatwoods and longleaf pine forest 144 145 major cities see also list of municipalities in louisiana list of louisiana metropolitan areas and list of louisiana locations by per capita income louisiana contains 308 incorporated municipalities consisting of four consolidated city parishes and 304 cities towns and villages louisiana s municipalities cover only 7 9 of the state s land mass but are home to 45 3 of its population 146 the majority of urban louisianians live along the coast or in northern louisiana the oldest permanent settlement in the state is nachitoches 147 baton rouge the state capital is the second largest city in the state the most populous city is new orleans as defined by the u s census bureau louisiana contains 10 metropolitan statistical areas major areas include greater new orleans greater baton rouge lafayette shreveport bossier city and slidell largest cities or towns in louisiana source 148 rank name parish pop 1 new orleans orleans 383 997 2 baton rouge east baton rouge 227 470 3 shreveport caddo 187 593 4 lafayette lafayette 121 374 5 lake charles calcasieu 84 872 6 kenner jefferson 66 448 7 bossier city bossier 62 701 8 monroe ouachita 47 702 9 alexandria rapides 45 275 10 houma terrebonne 33 406 demographics main article demographics of louisiana louisiana s population density historical population census pop note 1810 76 556 1820 153 407 100 4 1830 215 739 40 6 1840 352 411 63 4 1850 517 762 46 9 1860 708 002 36 7 1870 726 915 2 7 1880 939 946 29 3 1890 1 118 588 19 0 1900 1 381 625 23 5 1910 1 656 388 19 9 1920 1 798 509 8 6 1930 2 101 593 16 9 1940 2 363 516 12 5 1950 2 683 516 13 5 1960 3 257 022 21 4 1970 3 641 306 11 8 1980 4 205 900 15 5 1990 4 219 973 0 3 2000 4 468 976 5 9 2010 4 533 372 1 4 2020 4 657 757 2 7 2025 est 4 618 189 0 8 sources 1910 2020 149 the majority of the state s population lives in southern louisiana spread throughout greater new orleans the florida parishes and acadiana 150 151 152 while central and north louisiana have been stagnating and losing population 153 from the 2020 u s census louisiana had an apportioned population of 4 661 468 154 155 156 its resident population was 4 657 757 as of 2020 157 in 2010 the state of louisiana had a population of 4 533 372 up from 76 556 in 1810 despite historically positive trends of population growth leading up to the 2020 census louisiana began to experience population decline and stagnation since 2021 with southwest louisiana s calcasieu and cameron parishes losing more than 5 of their populations individually 158 experiencing decline due to deaths and emigration to other states outpacing births and in migration 159 160 161 162 louisiana s 2022 census estimated population was 4 590 241 163 according to immigration statistics in 2019 approximately 4 2 of louisianians were immigrants while 2 were native born u s citizens with at least one immigrant parent the majority of louisianian immigrants came from honduras 18 8 mexico 13 6 vietnam 11 3 cuba 5 8 and india 4 4 an estimated 29 4 were undocumented immigrants 164 its documented and undocumented population collectively paid 1 2 billion in taxes 164 new orleans has been defined as a sanctuary city 165 166 167 the population density of the state is 104 9 people per square mile 168 the center of population of louisiana is located in pointe coupee parish in the city of new roads 169 according to hud s 2022 annual homeless assessment report there were an estimated 7 373 homeless people in louisiana 170 171 in 2022 louisiana had the highest percent of births to unmarried women of any us state at 54 7 percent 172 race and ethnicity map of parishes in louisiana by racial plurality per the 2020 u s census legend the template below col begin is being considered for deletion see templates for discussion to help reach a consensus non hispanic white 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 black or african american 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 louisiana racial and ethnic composition note the us census bureau treats hispanic latino as an ethnic category this table excludes latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category hispanics latinos may be of any race race ethnicity nh non hispanic pop 1980 173 pop 1990 174 pop 2000 175 pop 2010 176 pop 2020 177 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 white alone nh 2 841 397 2 776 022 2 794 391 2 734 884 2 596 702 67 56 65 78 62 53 60 33 55 75 black or african american alone nh 1 223 552 1 291 470 1 443 390 1 442 420 1 452 420 29 09 30 60 32 30 31 82 31 18 native american or alaska native alone nh 11 748 17 539 24 129 28 092 25 994 0 28 0 42 0 54 0 62 0 56 asian alone nh 23 664 39 302 54 256 69 327 85 336 0 56 0 93 1 21 1 53 1 83 native hawaiian or...
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