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3 a 1992 study estimated that the islands contained about 16 600 pairs of gentoo penguins or around 6 percent of the world s total and at least 1000 pairs of rockhopper penguins 43 174 the four species of breeding penguin on heard island gentoo penguin eastern rockhopper penguin king penguin macaroni penguin mammals edit see also list of mammals of heard island and mcdonald islands elephant seals on heard island there are 26 species of marine mammals in the heard island and mcdonald islands region 46 these include 17 species of cetacean the most common of which are fin whales antarctic minke whales hourglass dolphins and long finned pilot whales 175 three species of seal breed on heard island the southern elephant seal and the antarctic fur seal breed in significant numbers while the sub antarctic fur seal has occasionally been seen breeding on the island four other species of seal leopard seals weddell seals crabeater seals and ross seals have been recorded visiting the island 44 168 176 southern elephant seals are the most common mammal species on heard island 84 a 1999 study estimated that the population declined by 50 percent between 1949 and 1985 possibly due to a decline in sea ice but that it had since stabilised 177 the population of southern elephant seals was estimated at around 14 000 in 1992 which was equivalent to about 30 percent of the total population in the indian ocean region 178 179 fur seals were likely nearly or completely eradicated from the island by sealers in the 19th century but recovered to a total population of about 4500 seals by the 1980s a population survey in 2000 2001 found that the antarctic fur seal population reached a peak nearly 30 000 around the end of february including a large number of visiting male seals and that the population was increasing at an annual rate of about 10 percent 180 181 the same survey recorded a small handful of sub antarctic fur seals one of which had given birth on the island 182 another survey conducted three years later found that the population of antarctic fur seals on the island numbered in the thousands and was growing at an annual rate of 12 20 percent 179 during the summer of 2025 26 influenza a virus subtype h5n1 was found in elephant seals on heard island it is normal for around 50 of elephant seal pups to die but there was increased pup deaths in 2025 26 no necropsies were performed on the bodies of deal seals so cause of death can t be determined the bird flu virus was believed to have reached the island in august 2025 and also caused elevated mortality in king and gentoo penguins fish edit ninety species of fish from thirty eight families have been recorded in the eez surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands notothenoid fishes including those in the families nototheniidae channichthyidae bathydraconidae and harpagiferidae make up the largest number of these species the region s shallow waters and banks are home to large populations of notothenoid fishes while its deeper waters contain a greater abundance of grenadiers and lanternfishes including krefftichthys anderssoni and electrona antarctica the region is home to at least seven species of chondrichthyans a class that includes sharks rays and skates its largest fish is the southern sleeper shark 183 184 a 1983 study identified nine fish species in the waters nearest to the shores of heard island and the mcdonald islands with the coastal fish population dominated by notothenia coriiceps coriiceps and channichthys rhinoceratus 185 the patagonian toothfish is prevalent in the waters surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands and is the primary species targeted by commercial fishers with five fishing vessels harvesting a collective maximum quota of 3000 tons in the 2021 2022 season 186 187 the toothfish population surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands is genetically distinct from the populations in the vicinity of macquarie island and south georgia and does not typically migrate far from the islands although toothfish tagged in the australian eez have occasionally been recaptured in the nearby french eez surrounding the kerguelen islands 188 189 the region s shallow waters with depths of less than 500 metres 1600 ft are home to a greater number of smaller juvenile toothfish while its deeper waters contain higher densities of older and larger fish 190 191 the population of toothfish in the heard island and mcdonald islands eez is declining spawning stock biomass was estimated at 45 percent of pre exploitation levels in 2023 below a management target of 50 percent 192 invertebrates edit there are at least 127 known species of invertebrates on heard island including 33 species of insects 168 the island is home to very few flying insects 193 the islands support three acalypterate flightless fly species anatalanta aptera calycopteryx moseleyi and amalopteryx maritima as well as at least one species of midge from the genus telmatogeton 194 due to the harsh climate the insect population declines by more than 95 percent from its summer peak each winter 168 one species of spider myro kerguelensis is found on heard island 195 the islands are also home to at least 10 species of springtails one species of thrips 19 species of lice and 52 species of mites 193 196 197 the invertebrates found in bodies of fresh water on heard island include at least 26 species of rotifer 2 species of gastrotrich 2 species of tardigrade and 1 species each of annelid and flatworm 197 three of the invertebrate species found on heard island are not native the worm dendrodrilus rubidus the thrips apterothrips apteris and the mite tyrophagus putrescentiae 43 notes edit while australia claims sovereignty over the australian antarctic territory its claim is recognised by just four other nations 88 the islands are home to one non native plant species poa annua which is believed to have been naturally introduced from the kerguelen islands by seabirds 144 43 references edit 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