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united states 1991 2016 and history of the united states 2016 present the twin towers in lower manhattan during the september 11 attacks of 2001 the 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in american history up to that time 186 a dramatic decline in u s crime rates and advances in technology throughout this decade technological innovations such as the world wide web the evolution of the pentium microprocessor in accordance with moore s law rechargeable lithium ion batteries the first gene therapy trial and cloning either emerged in the u s or were improved upon there in the 1990s the human genome project was launched while nasdaq became the first stock market in the united states to trade online 187 in the gulf war of 1991 an american led international coalition of states expelled an iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring kuwait 188 the september 11 attacks on the united states in 2001 by the pan islamist militant organization al qaeda led to the u s launching the war on terror and military interventions in afghanistan and iraq 189 the u s housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the great recession the largest economic contraction since the great depression 190 beginning in the 2010s and accelerating in the 2020s the united states has experienced increased political polarization 191 192 and significant democratic backsliding 193 194 the country s polarization was violently reflected in the january 2021 capitol attack 195 when a mob of insurrectionists 196 supporting president donald trump entered the u s capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power 197 it was the first presidential refusal of the peaceful transfer of power 198 some scholars have described the united states as transitioning from a liberal democratic polity to a hybrid regime since 2025 199 the 2020s also saw china begin to challenge the united states s long standing role as the world s sole superpower 200 201 geography main article geography of the united states a topographic map of the united states although the united states is often cited as the third largest country by total area behind russia and canada e wikipedia ranks it fourth largest after russia canada and china because coastal and territorial waters are excluded from each country 13 202 in 2021 the united states had 8 of the earth s permanent meadows and pastures and 10 of its cropland 203 starting in the east the coastal plain of the atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the piedmont plateau region 204 the appalachian mountains and the adirondack massif separate the east coast from the great lakes and the grasslands of the midwest 205 the mississippi river system the world s fourth longest river system runs predominantly north south through the center of the country the flat and fertile prairie of the great plains stretches to the west interrupted by a highland region in the southeast 205 the grand canyon in arizona the rocky mountains west of the great plains extend north to south across the country peaking at over 14 000 feet 4 300 m in colorado 206 the supervolcano underlying yellowstone national park in the rocky mountains the yellowstone caldera is the continent s largest volcanic feature 207 farther west are the rocky great basin and the chihuahuan sonoran and mojave deserts 208 in the northwest corner of arizona carved by the colorado river is the grand canyon a steep sided canyon and popular tourist destination 209 known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate colorful landscape the cascade and sierra nevada mountain ranges run close to the pacific coast the lowest and highest points in the contiguous united states are in the state of california 210 about 84 miles 135 km apart 211 alaska is a state in the northwestern regions of north america it is a semi exclave and separated from the contiguous united states at an elevation of 20 310 feet 6 190 5 m alaska s denali also called mount mckinley is the highest peak in the country and on the continent 212 active volcanoes in the u s are common throughout alaska s alexander and aleutian islands while hawaii has six active volcanoes including kilauea and mauna loa 213 located entirely outside north america the hawaiian archipelago consists of volcanic islands all physiographically and ethnologically part of the polynesian subregion of oceania 214 in addition to its total land area the united states has one of the world s largest marine exclusive economic zones spanning approximately 4 5 million square miles 11 7 million km 2 of ocean 215 216 climate main article climate of the united states see also climate change in the united states the köppen climate types of the united states with its large size and geographic variety the united states includes most climate types east of the 100th meridian the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south 217 the western great plains are semi arid 218 many mountainous areas of the american west have an alpine climate the climate is arid in the southwest mediterranean in coastal california and oceanic in coastal oregon washington and southern alaska most of alaska is subarctic or polar hawaii the southern tip of florida and u s territories in the caribbean and pacific are tropical 219 the united states receives more high impact extreme weather incidents than any other country 220 221 states bordering the gulf of mexico are prone to hurricanes and most of the world s tornadoes occur in the country mainly in tornado alley 222 due to climate change extreme weather has become more frequent in the u s in the 21st century with three times the number of reported heat waves compared to the 1960s 223 224 225 since the 1990s droughts in the american southwest have become more persistent and more severe 226 the regions considered as the most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable 227 biodiversity and conservation main articles fauna of the united states and flora of the united states the bald eagle has been the national emblem of the united states since 1782 and was officially declared the national bird in 2024 228 the u s is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species about 17 000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous united states and alaska and over 1 800 species of flowering plants are found in hawaii few of which occur on the mainland 229 the united states is home to 428 mammal species 784 birds 311 reptiles 295 amphibians 230 and around 91 000 insect species 231 there are 63 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed monuments forests and wilderness areas administered by the national park service and other agencies 232 about 28 of the country s land is publicly owned and federally managed 233 primarily in the western states 234 most of this land is protected though some is leased for commercial use and less than one percent is used for military purposes 235 236 environmental issues in the united states include debates on non renewable resources and nuclear energy air and water pollution biodiversity logging and deforestation 237 238 and climate change 239 240 the u s environmental protection agency epa is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental related issues 241 the idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 with the wilderness act 242 the endangered species act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats the united states fish and wildlife service implements and enforces the act 243 in 2024 the u s ranked 35th among 180 countries in the environmental performance index 244 government and politics main article politics of the united states the capitol building seat of legislative government houses both chambers of congress the white house the president s residence and workplace includes offices for the executive staff the supreme court building houses the nation s highest court the united states is a federal republic consisting of 50 states and a federal capital district washington d c the u s asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions 23 245 it is the world s oldest surviving federation 246 and its presidential system of federal government has been adopted in whole or in part by many newly independent states worldwide following their decolonization 247 the constitution of the united states serves as the country s supreme legal document 248 the united states was the most prominent liberal democracy for much of the 20th and early 21st centuries but has undergone significant democratic backsliding some scholars describe this as a shift toward a hybrid regime a political system combining autocratic and democratic features 193 194 249 gerrymandering the manipulation of districts for political advantage has been the subject of supreme court litigation 250 political scientists differ over whether the country remains a democracy experiencing backsliding or has become a hybrid regime in september 2025 brian klaas described the united states as a competitive authoritarian system 199 some scholars have written that the u s is drifting toward oligarchy where government policy is determined by economic elites and the groups representing them 251 252 253 254 in a 2026 survey of 119 scholars by scott williamson most respondents regarded the country as still democratic despite significant backsliding while a minority considered it no longer democratic 255 federal government main article federal government of the united states composed of three branches all headquartered in washington d c the federal government is the national government of the united states the u s constitution establishes a separation of powers intended to provide a system of checks and balances to prevent any of the three branches from becoming supreme 256 the three branch system is known as the presidential system in contrast to the parliamentary system where the executive is part of the legislative body many countries around the world adopted this aspect of the 1789 constitution of the united states especially in the postcolonial americas 257 legislature the u s congress is a bicameral legislature made up of the senate and the house of representatives the senate has 100 members two residents from each state and elected by that state s voters for a six year term the house of representatives has 435 voting members elected for a two year term by the constituency of the congressional district in which they reside 258 district boundaries are generally drawn by state legislatures or redistricting commissions under state law 259 within each state u s congressional districts must be as nearly equal in population as practicable each sends one representative to congress 250 260 election years for senators are staggered so that only one third of them will be up for election every two years 261 u s representatives are all up for election at the same time every two years the u s congress makes federal law declares war has the power of the purse 262 and has the power of impeachment 263 the senate gives advice and consent to the ratification of treaties by a two thirds vote of senators present 264 one of the foremost non legislative functions of congress is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch 265 congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by congress power to issue subpoenas 266 much of the work of congress is performed by a collection of committees each appointed for a specific purpose or function committee membership is by tradition and statute bipartisan but all committees are chaired by a member of the majority party who sets the committee agenda 267 executive donald trump president jd vance vice president the u s president is the head of state commander in chief of the military and chief executive of the federal government the president appoints the members of the cabinet subject to senate approval and names other officials who administer and enforce federal law and policy through their respective agencies 268 the president has the ability to veto legislative bills from the u s congress before they become law however presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two thirds supermajority vote in both chambers of congress the president also has clemency power for federal crimes and can issue pardons finally the president has the authority to issue expansive executive orders in a number of policy areas subject to judicial review candidates for president campaign with a vice presidential running mate and both candidates are elected or defeated together in a presidential election unlike other votes in american politics this is technically an indirect election in which the winner will be determined by the u s electoral college there votes are officially cast by individual electors selected under procedures established by state law 269 270 in practice 48 states and the district of columbia award their electoral votes to the statewide popular vote winner maine and nebraska award two votes to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each congressional district 271 each state is allocated two electors plus one additional elector for every congressional district in the state which in effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to congress the district of columbia with no voting representation in congress is allocated three electoral votes t both the president and the vice president serve a four year term and the president may be reelected to the office only once for one additional four year term judiciary the u s federal judiciary whose article iii judges are appointed for life by the president with senate approval consists primarily of the u s supreme court the u s courts of appeals and the u s district courts 272 federal district courts are the primary trial courts of the federal judiciary and hear civil and criminal cases within their jurisdiction including cases arising under federal statutes the constitution or international treaties 273 after a federal district court has decided a case its ruling may be contested and sent to a higher court a federal court of appeals the u s judicial system s 12 regional circuits divide the country into 12 geographic administrative regions for appeals decisions the federal circuit has nationwide jurisdiction over specified types of cases 273 the next and highest court in the system is the supreme court of the united states 274 the u s supreme court interprets laws and overturns those it finds unconstitutional 274 on average the supreme court receives about 7 000 appeals petitions for writs of certiorari each year but only grants about 80 275 consisting of nine members led by the chief justice of the united states the court judges each case before it by majority decision in the case of an impeachment trial in ...
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