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Text of the page (random words):
he server the content type header field specifies the internet media type of the data conveyed by the http message and content length indicates its length in bytes the http 1 1 webserver publishes its ability to respond to requests for a byte range of the resource by including accept ranges bytes this is useful if the client needs to have only certain portions 41 of a resource sent by the server which is called byte serving when connection close is sent it means that the web server will close the tcp connection immediately after the end of the transfer of this response 4 9 1 most of the header fields are optional but some are mandatory when header content length is missing from a response with a body then this should be considered an error in http 1 0 but it may not be an error in http 1 1 if header transfer encoding chunked is present chunked transfer encoding uses a chunk size of 0 to mark the end of the content some old implementations of http 1 0 omitted the header content length when the length of the body was not known at the beginning of the response and so the transfer of data to client continued until server closed the socket content encoding gzip informs the client that the body is compressed per the gzip algorithm http 1 1 200 ok date mon 23 may 2005 22 38 34 gmt content type text html charset utf 8 content length 155 last modified wed 08 jan 2003 23 11 55 gmt server apache 1 3 3 7 unix red hat linux etag 3f80f 1b6 3e1cb03b accept ranges bytes connection close html head title an example page title head body p hello world this is a very simple html document p body html similar protocols edit gopher protocol a content delivery protocol that was displaced by http in the early 1990s spdy protocol an alternative to http developed at google superseded by http 2 gemini protocol a gopher inspired protocol which mandates privacy related features history edit tim berners lee tim berners lee and his team at cern are credited with inventing http along with html and the associated technology for a web server and a client user interface called web browser berners lee designed http in order to help with the adoption of his other idea the worldwideweb project which was first proposed in 1989 now known as the world wide web development of http was initiated in 1989 and summarized in a simple document describing the behavior of a client and a server using the first http version named 0 9 42 that version was subsequently developed eventually becoming the public 1 0 43 development of early http request for comments rfc documents started a few years later in a coordinated effort by the internet engineering task force ietf and the world wide web consortium w3c with work later moving to the ietf the first web server went live in 1990 44 45 the protocol used had only one method namely get which would request a page from a server 46 the response from the server was always an html page 42 http 0 9 edit in 1991 the first documented official version of http was written as a plain document less than 700 words long and this version was named http 0 9 which supported only get method allowing clients to only retrieve html documents from the server but not supporting any other file formats or information upload 42 http 1 0 draft edit since 1992 a new document was written to specify the evolution of the basic protocol towards its next full version it supported both the simple request method of the 0 9 version and the full get request that included the client http version this was the first of the many unofficial http 1 0 drafts that preceded the final work on http 1 0 43 w3c http working group edit after having decided that new features of http protocol were required and that they had to be fully documented as official rfc documents in early 1995 the http working group http wg led by dave raggett was constituted with the aim to standardize and expand the protocol with extended operations extended negotiation richer meta information tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and header fields 47 48 the http wg planned to revise and publish new versions of the protocol as http 1 0 and http 1 1 within 1995 but because of the many revisions that timeline lasted much more than one year 49 the http wg planned also to specify a far future version of http called http ng http next generation that would have solved all remaining problems of previous versions related to performances low latency responses etc but this work started only a few years later and it was never completed http 1 0 edit in may 1996 rfc 1945 3 was published as a final http 1 0 revision of what had been used in previous 4 years as a pre standard http 1 0 draft which was already used by many web browsers and web servers in early 1996 developers started to even include unofficial extensions of the http 1 0 protocol i e keep alive connections etc into their products by using drafts of the upcoming http 1 1 specifications 20 http 1 1 edit since early 1996 major web browsers and web server developers also started to implement new features specified by pre standard http 1 1 drafts specifications end user adoption of the new versions of browsers and servers was rapid in march 1996 one web hosting company reported that over 40 of browsers in use on the internet used the new http 1 1 header host to enable virtual hosting and that by june 1996 65 of all browsers accessing their servers were pre standard http 1 1 compliant 50 in january 1997 rfc 2068 51 was officially released as http 1 1 specifications in june 1999 rfc 2616 34 was released to include all improvements and updates based on previous obsolete http 1 1 specifications w3c http ng working group edit resuming the old 1995 plan of previous http working group in 1997 an http ng working group was formed to develop a new http protocol named http ng http new generation a few proposals drafts were produced for the new protocol to use multiplexing of http transactions inside a single tcp ip connection but in 1999 the group stopped its activity passing the technical problems to ietf 52 ietf http working group restarted edit in 2007 the ietf http working group http wg bis or httpbis was restarted firstly to revise and clarify previous http 1 1 specifications and secondly to write and refine future http 2 specifications named httpbis 53 54 spdy edit main article spdy in 2009 google announced spdy a binary protocol they developed to speed up web traffic between browsers and servers in many tests using spdy was indeed faster than using http 1 1 spdy was integrated into google s chromium and then into other major web browsers 55 some of the ideas about multiplexing http streams over a single tcp connection were taken from various sources including the work of w3c http ng working group http 2 edit main article http 2 in 2012 http working group httpbis announced the need for a new protocol initially considering aspects of spdy 56 57 and eventually deciding to derive the new protocol from spdy 58 in may 2015 http 2 was published as rfc 7540 59 the protocol was quickly adopted by web browsers already supporting spdy and more slowly by web servers 2014 updates to http 1 1 edit in june 2014 the http working group released an updated six part http 1 1 specification obsoleting rfc 2616 34 rfc 7230 hypertext transfer protocol http 1 1 message syntax and routing 60 obsolete rfc 7231 hypertext transfer protocol http 1 1 semantics and content 61 obsolete rfc 7232 hypertext transfer protocol http 1 1 conditional requests 62 obsolete rfc 7233 hypertext transfer protocol http 1 1 range requests 63 obsolete rfc 7234 hypertext transfer protocol http 1 1 caching 64 obsolete rfc 7235 hypertext transfer protocol http 1 1 authentication 65 obsolete http 0 9 deprecation edit in 2014 http 0 9 was deprecated for servers supporting version http 1 1 and higher 60 appendix a since http 0 9 did not support header fields in a request there is no mechanism for it to support name based virtual hosts selection of resource by inspection of the host header field any server that implements name based virtual hosts ought to disable support for http 0 9 most requests that appear to be http 0 9 are in fact badly constructed http 1 x requests caused by a client failing to properly encode the request target since 2016 many product managers and developers of user agents browsers etc and web servers have begun planning to gradually deprecate and dismiss support for http 0 9 protocol mainly for the following reasons 66 it is so simple that an rfc document was never written there is only the original document 42 it has no http headers and lacks many other features that nowadays are required for minimal security reasons it has not been widespread since 1999 2000 because of http 1 0 and http 1 1 and is commonly used only by some very old network hardware i e routers etc as of 2022 http 0 9 support has not been officially completely deprecated and is still present in many web servers and browsers for server responses only even if usually disabled it is unclear how long it will take to decommission http 0 9 http 3 edit main article http 3 in 2020 the first drafts of http 3 were published and major web browsers and web servers started to adopt it on 6 june 2022 ietf standardized http 3 as rfc 9114 67 updates and refactoring in 2022 edit in june 2022 rfc documents were published that deprecated many of the previous documents and introducing a few minor changes and a refactoring of http semantics description into a separate document rfc 9110 http semantics 18 internet standard 97 rfc 9111 http caching 68 internet standard 98 rfc 9112 http 1 1 4 internet standard 99 rfc 9113 http 2 6 proposed standard rfc 9114 http 3 67 proposed standard see also the section above rfc 9204 qpack field compression for http 3 69 proposed standard rfc 9218 extensible prioritization scheme for http 70 proposed standard see also edit comparison of file transfer protocols constrained application protocol specialized internet application protocol content negotiation serving multiple documents at the same uri digest access authentication method of negotiating credentials between web server and browser interplanetary file system content addressable peer to peer hypermedia distribution protocol http compression capability that can be built into web servers and web clients representational state transfer architectural style for client server applications pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets variant object web cache system for optimizing the web websocket computer network protocol wireless application protocol deprecated technical standard for data access over a cellular network notes edit in practice these streams are used as multiple tcp ip sub connections to multiplex concurrent requests responses thus greatly reducing the number of real tcp ip connections on server side from 2 8 per client to 1 and allowing many more clients to be served at once since late 1996 some developers of popular http 1 0 browsers and servers specially those who had planned support for http 1 1 too started to deploy as an unofficial extension a sort of keep alive mechanism by using new http headers in order to keep the tcp ip connection open for more than a request response pair and so to speed up the exchange of multiple requests responses 20 references edit 1 2 3 fielding roy t nottingham mark reschke julian june 2022 http semantics report internet engineering task force archived from the original on 2026 04 16 t berners lee r fielding l masinter january 2005 uniform resource identifier uri generic syntax network working group doi 10 17487 rfc3986 std 66 rfc 3986 internet standard 66 obsoletes rfc 2732 2396 and 1808 updated by rfc 6874 7320 and 8820 updates rfc 1738 1 2 3 4 t berners lee r fielding h frystyk may 1996 hypertext transfer protocol http 1 0 network working group doi 10 17487 rfc1945 rfc 1945 informational 1 2 3 4 5 6 r fielding m nottingham j reschke eds june 2022 http 1 1 internet engineering task force doi 10 17487 rfc9112 issn 2070 1721 std 99 rfc 9112 internet standard 99 obsoletes rfc 7230 classic http documents w3 org 1998 05 14 archived from the original on 2026 03 11 retrieved 2010 08 01 1 2 3 m thomson c benfield eds june 2022 http 2 internet engineering task force doi 10 17487 rfc9113 issn 2070 1721 rfc 9113 proposed standard obsoletes rfc 8740 7540 usage statistics of http 2 for websites w3techs com retrieved 2026 01 21 usage statistics of http 3 for websites january 2026 w3techs com retrieved 2026 01 21 can i use support tables for html5 css3 etc caniuse com retrieved 2024 01 05 s friedl a popov a langley e stephan july 2014 transport layer security tls application layer protocol negotiation extension internet engineering task force doi 10 17487 rfc7301 issn 2070 1721 rfc 7301 proposed standard updated by rfc 8447 usage statistics of http 3 for websites w3techs com retrieved 2026 06 18 can i use support tables for html5 css3 etc caniuse com retrieved 2024 01 08 cimpanu catalin 26 september 2019 cloudflare google chrome and firefox add http 3 support zdnet retrieved 27 september 2019 http 3 the past the present and the future the cloudflare blog 2019 09 26 retrieved 2019 10 30 firefox nightly supports http 3 general cloudflare community 2019 11 19 retrieved 2020 01 23 http 3 is fast request metrics retrieved 2022 07 01 usage statistics of default protocol https for websites w3techs com retrieved 2026 07 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 r fielding m nottingham j reschke eds june 2022 http semantics internet engineering task force doi 10 17487 rfc9110 issn 2070 1721 std 97 rfc 9110 internet standard 97 obsoletes rfc 2818 7230 7231 7232 7233 7235 7538 7615 and 7694 updates rfc 3864 1 2 connections clients and servers rfc 9110 http semantics ietf sec 3 3 doi 10 17487 rfc9110 rfc 9110 1 2 david gourley brian totty marjorie sayer anshu aggarwal sailu reddy 2002 http the definitive guide excerpt of chapter persistent connections o reilly media inc isbn 978 1 56592 509 0 retrieved 2021 10 18 lee wei bin chen hsing bai chang shun shyan chen tzung her 2019 01 25 secure and efficient protection for http cookies with self verification international journal of communication systems 32 2 e3857 doi 10 1002 dac 3857 s2cid 59524143 canavan john 2001 fundamentals of networking security norwood ma artech house pp 82 83 isbn 978 1 58053 176 4 zalewski michal browser security handbook retrieved 30 april 2015 cite web cs1 maint url status link chromium issue 4527 implement rfc 2817 upgrading to tls within http 1 1 retrieved 30 april 2015 mozilla bug 276813 rfe support rfc 2817 tls upgrade for http 1 1 retrieved 30 april 2015 http 2 ietf june 2022 doi 10 17487 rfc9113 rfc 9113 peon r ruellan h may 2015 hpack header compression for http 2 ietf doi 10 17487 rfc7541 rfc 7541 methods overview http semantics ietf june 2022 sec 9 1 doi 10 17487 rfc9110 rfc 9110 field names http semantics ...
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