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nu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 characteristics 3 use in early qur ans 4 see also 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents hijazi script 13 languages العربية বাংলা español فارسی français हिन्दी bahasa indonesia bahasa melayu پنجابی தமிழ் türkçe اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia early arabic scripts sanaa manuscript an early quranic manuscript in hijazi script 8th century ad hijazi script arabic خَطّ ٱَلحِجَازِيّ romanized khaṭṭ al ḥijāzī is an early arabic script that developed in the hejaz region of the arabian peninsula including cities of mecca and medina and was used in some of the earliest qur anic manuscripts it was often shown in a sloping style called a ma il script arabic مائل romanized māʾil lit sloping 1 birmingham quran manuscript in hijazi script the script is notably angular in comparison with other arabic scripts and tends to slope to the right the script initially contained no dots or diacritical marks to indicate vowel sounds though some included small red dots or short strokes to indicate vowels and mark verse divisions 2 the madani script hijazi script is used in the official signs in medina including its museums as shown in the picture history edit part of a series on quran history waḥy first revelation asbab al nuzul historicity manuscripts hijazi script sanaa manuscript birmingham manuscript codex mashhad codex parisino petropolitanus kufic samarkand manuscript blue quran isfahan quran palermo quran topkapı manuscript codices uthmanic codex codex of ibn mas ud codex of ubayy ibn ka b codex of ali codex of aisha divisions surah list meccan medinan āyah juz muqatta at al fatiha al musabbihat al mu awwidhatayn content counter discourse self referential discourse cosmology punishment narratives prophets muhammad no compulsion human rights women animals justice slavery violence miracles parables legends science eschatology god reading hifz tajwid qāriʾ qira at ten recitations warsh hafs tilawa tarteel sujud ahruf translations list ahmadiyya bengali english hebrew exegesis list hermeneutics esotericism literalism createdness literariness abrogation jurisprudence muhkam and mutashabih biblical parallels related persons mentioned by name characteristics i jaz inerrancy related topics criticism attempted imitations miniature board digital quran and sunnah quranism shi a view islam portal category v t e part of a series on arabic culture architecture styles nabataean yemeni islamic umayyad abbasid fatimid moorish mamluk features ablaq alfiz arabesque early medieval arabic domes high medieval arabic domes late medieval arabic domes banna i gardens girih horseshoe arch howz hypostyle islamic calligraphy islamic geometric patterns islamic ornament iwan liwan mashrabiya riad mosaic multifoil arch muqarnas nagash painting qadad reflecting pool riwaq sahn socarrat stucco decoration tadelakt vaulting voussoir windcatcher zellij types albarrana tower alcázar bazaar caravanserai bimaristan hammam kasbah madrasa maqam mazar mosque medina quarter qalat ribat sabil shadirvan tekyeh well house zawiya art styles ancient south arabian art nabataean art islamic art fatimid art mamluk art types arabic calligraphy arabic graffiti arab carpet arabic miniature arabic pottery palestinian wood carving islamic embroidery islamic hardstone carving islamic garden islamic glass islamic ivory carving islamic metalwork features arabesque arabic geometric patterns banna i damascus steel damask girih tiles hedwig glass kiswah muqarnas pseudo arabic zellij cuisine eastern arabian levantine iraqi egyptian sudanese maghrebi dress headwear agal battoulah haik keffiyeh litham madhalla sidara taqiyah tantour tarboush fez turban clothing abaya bisht burnous djellaba durra ah fouta towel izaar jellabiya kaftan macawis robe of honour sirwal takchita thawb tiraz music theory arabic maqam arab tone system algerian scale jins lazma quarter tone rhythm in arabic music tarab teslim arabic musical instruments great book of music kitab al aghani genres arabic pop arabic hip hop arabic rock arabic jazz classical arab music opera al jeel khaliji raï art music andalusian classical music andalusi nubah bashraf dawr dulab layali malhun iraqi maqam mawwal muwashshah qasidah qudud halabiya sama i tahmilah taqsim waslah folk ataaba algerian raï bedouin chaabi algeria chaabi morocco egyptian folk fann at tanbura fijiri gnawa north africa liwa mawwal mezwed samri sawt shaabi zajal dance ardah belly dance dabke deheyeh guedra hagallah khaleegy liwa mizmar ouled nail raqs sharqi samri shamadan schikhatt tahtib tanoura yowlah zār scripts old arabic nabataean arabic paleo arabic classical arabic modern standard arabic literature prose epic literature saj ryhmed prose maqama love in arabic literature arabic erotic literature arabic grimoires literary_criticism arabic short story tabaqat tezkire rihla mirrors for princes islamic quran tafsir hadith sīra fiqh aqidah poetry anthologies poets pre islamic arabic poetry modern arabic poetry genres madih hija rithā waṣf ghazal khamriyyah tardiyyah khawal fakhr hamasah forms diwan qasida muwashshah urjūza mathnawi ruba i nasīb riddles kharja zajal mawwal nabati ghinnawa humayni arabic prosody bayt ṭawīl madīd basīṭ kamil wāfir hazaj rajaz ramal munsariħ khafīf muqtaḍab mujtathth muḍāriʿ sarīʿ mutaqārib mutadārik national literatures of arab states algeria bahrain comoros djibouti egypt iraq jordan kuwait lebanon libya mauritania morocco oman palestine qatar saudi arabia somalia sudan syria tunisia u a e yemen science arabic chemistry arabic astrology arabic astronomy arabic geography arabic golden age arabic mathematics arabic medicine arabic psychology arabic technology philosophy early arabic philosophy islamic aristotelianism islamic platonism islamic logic kalam sufi metaphysics sufi philosophy farabism avicennism averroism concepts al aql al faal aql bi l fi l al insān al kāmil dhati peace arcs of descent and ascent asabiyyah hal irfan nafs qadar qalb texts liber de causis the theology of aristotle al isharat the book of the apple encyclopedia of the brethren of purity the incoherence of the philosophers the incoherence of the incoherence hayy ibn yaqdhan theologus autodidactus on the harmony of religions and philosophy muqaddimah sicilian questions fusus al hikam mythology ababil atlantis of the sands bahamut beast of the earth book of idols book of wonders buraq dandan falak ghoul hinn houri ifrit iram of the pillars jinn karkadann kujata luqman magic carpet marid mount qaf nasnas one thousand and one nights qareen qutrub roc shaddad shadhavar shams al ma arif she camel of god wāḳwāḳ zulfiqar zarqa al yamama fictional arab people aladdin abdul alhazred ali baba altaïr ibn la ahad battal gazi hayy ibn yaqdhan kara ben nemsi king marsile layla and majnun othello palamedes princess jasmine ra s al ghul sindbad talia al ghul spirituality north arabian deities allah al uzzá al lat manāt dushara chaabou manaf nuha al kutbay asira awal azizos bajir quzah manāt manāt a ra abgal aglibol al qaum atarsamain baalshamin bēl hubal suwa theandrios wadd malakbel orotalt ruda sa d yarhibol isāf and nā ila south arabian deities almaqah amm anbay athtar dhat badan haubas ta lab qaynan basamum dhul khalasa haukim nasr sīn ya uq yaghūth yatha v t e hijazi was one of the earliest arabic scripts alongside mashq and kufic even older scripts include ancient north arabian and south arabian scripts 3 ancient manuscripts are divided into two major types hijazi and kufic kufic style also has its own subdivisions 4 the term hijazi was coined in the 19th century by michele amari who distinguished between meccan script and medinan script from a 10th century manuscript today there is no solid evidence that these geographic labels are accurate the concept of hijazi script has been criticized by estelle whelan who sees this definition as a scientific artefact based on the form of a single letter aleph and archaic explanations 5 since the 1980s the kufic script has been referred to by françois déroche as a preference with the definition of an ancient abbasid script 4 characteristics edit the letters in hijazi script were usually slanted to the right with simple curves and thin vertical lines some surviving hijazi manuscripts show small features like red dots or diacritic marks for early vowel sounds and short strokes marking division scribes often used irregular spacing or letter shapes since diacritic marks and short vowels were only added to qur anic manuscripts at the end of the 8th century we can presumably date hijazi manuscripts to before that date 1 an example of this is the sanaa palimpsest which illustrates these features this reflected the process of converting oral recitation into written text 6 use in early qur ans edit as hijazi script evolved its style of writing used in some of the earliest qur anic manuscripts dating back to the 8th century typically these manuscripts were written on parchment and were minimal or few decorative elements illustrating features of early arabic writing 7 the script was used to write and preserve the qur ans before the development of more formal scripts like kufic 3 hijazi script is believed to have evolved gradually with scribes adjusting letter forms and spacing paving the way for the later more formal kufic style 8 it serves as a transitional script between the early forms of writing and later more formal scripts like kufic 1 3 see also edit languages portal thuluth naskh tawqi muhaqqaq rayhan arabic calligraphy references edit a b c déroche françois 2014 01 01 the written transmission of the qurʾan in ḥijāzī script a general appraisal qur ans of the umayyads brill pp 37 73 isbn 978 90 04 26185 3 retrieved 2025 12 02 ismail abdel salam yasser al harthy adnan bin mohammed 2020 01 01 early manuscripts of quran through data of hijazi calligraphy and archaeological evidence journal of the general union of arab archaeologists 5 1 1 26 doi 10 21608 jguaa2 2020 20688 1025 issn 2537 0278 a b c gacek adam 2009 06 24 arabic manuscripts brill isbn 978 90 474 4303 2 a b cellard é les manuscrits coraniques anciens le coran des historiens t 1 2019 p 681 françois déroche le codex parisino petropolitanus p 113 et suiv gacek a 2009 arabic mauscript a vademecum for readers brill cohen julia ekhtiar maryam 2014 05 01 early qur ans 8th early 13th century the metropolitan museum of art www metmuseum org retrieved 2025 11 14 putten marijn van 2023 01 01 the development of the hijazi orthography millennium 20 1 107 128 doi 10 1515 mill 2023 0007 hdl 1887 3715910 issn 1867 0318 external links edit british library ms or 2165 early qur anic manuscript written in ma il script 7th or 8th century ce british library ms or 2165 archived 2018 08 08 at the wayback machine british library ma il manuscript from the tareq rajab museum in kuwait archived 2020 10 20 at the wayback machine folio in an italic hijazi script from the discoveries at the great mosque sanaa fragment in a makkan hijazi script from the vatican library v t e arabic language overviews language alphabet history romanization numerals influence on other languages scripts nabataean script arabic script ancient north arabian ancient south arabian script arabic numerals eastern numerals arabic braille algerian braille maltese braille diacritics i jām tashkil harakat nunation tanwin shaddah hamza dagger alif maltese alphabet letters ʾalif bāʾ tāʾ ṯāʾ ǧīm ḥāʾ ḫāʾ dāl ḏāl rāʾ zāy sīn šīn ṣād ḍād ṭāʾ ẓāʾ ʿayn ġayn fāʾ qāf kāf lām mīm nūn hāʾ wāw yāʾ varieties pre islamic proto arabic nabataean arabic old arabic old hijazi arabic pre classical arabic literary classical modern standard modern spoken maghrebi pre hilalian andalusi sicilian maltese australian cottenera gozitan qormi żejtun żurrieqi urban tunis north eastern tunisian fessi village eastern sahili sahel sfaxian jijel lesser kabylia western traras msirda jebli mountain judeo maghrebi judeo moroccan judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian hilalian central hilal algerian koiné judeo algerian algerian saharan eastern algerian eastern hilal tunisian koiné maqil hassaniya nemadi moroccan koiné eastern western western algerian sulaym libyan koiné western egyptian bedawi nile valley egyptian saʽidi sudanese levantine north cilician lebanese syrian aleppine damascene south jordanian palestinian mesopotamian gilit baghdadi khuzestani shawi south north qeltu anatolian cypriot judeo iraqi baghdadi peninsular bahrani bareqi bedawi dhofari gulf bahraini emirati kuwaiti khamseh hejazi k group yāfiʿī najdi omani shihhi yemeni hadhrami indonesian sanʽani taʽizzi adeni tihami judeo yemeni others central asian bactrian bukhara kashkadarya khorasani shirvani chadian nigerian sociological bedouin arabic judeo arabic judeo algerian judeo egyptian judeo iraqi baghdadi judeo moroccan kjal wqal judeo palestinian judeo syrian judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian tunisene judeo yemeni adeni beda habban sanʽani creoles and pidgins bimbashi bongor gulf pidgin jordanian bengali pidgin juba maridi nubi pidgin madam turku academic literature names linguistics standard arabic phonology sun and moon letters tajwid imāla ʾiʿrāb case grammar triliteral root mater lectionis ipa quranic arabic corpus calligraphy script ajami script diwani hijazi script jawi script jeli thuluth kairouani kufic maghrebi mashq muhaqqaq naskh script nastaliq rasm ruqʿah script shahmukhi sini script taliq script tawqi thuluth technical arabic keyboard arabic script in unicode iso iec 8859 6 windows 1256 ms dos codepages 708 709 710 711 720 864 macarabic encoding other islam and arabic language italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left category v t e islamic calligraphy styles arabic hijazi jeli thuluth kairouani kufic maghrebi muhaqqaq mashq naskh thuluth ottoman diwani tawqi tevki ruq ah persian nastaliq taʿlīq moalla others sini objects arabic calligraffiti arabic miniature basmala firman hilya islamic illuminated manuscript mughal miniature muraqqa ottoman illumination ottoman miniature persian miniature tughra islamic zoomorphism calligraphers list of ottoman calligraphers list of persian calligraphers tools techniques kashida qalam word heaping organizations al furqan islamic heritage foundation museum...
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