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rapidly advanced to the channel and cut off the allied forces in belgium trapping the bulk of the allied armies in a cauldron on the franco belgian border near lille the united kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of allied troops from the continent by early june although they had to abandon almost all their equipment 104 on 10 june italy invaded france declaring war on both france and the united kingdom 105 the germans turned south against the weakened french army and paris fell to them on 14 june eight days later france signed an armistice with germany it was divided into german and italian occupation zones 106 and an unoccupied rump state under the vichy regime which though officially neutral was generally aligned with germany france kept its fleet which the united kingdom attacked on 3 july in an attempt to prevent its seizure by germany 107 london s st paul s cathedral after the german blitz on 29 december 1940 the air battle of britain 108 began in early july with luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours 109 the german campaign for air superiority started in august but its failure to defeat raf fighter command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed german invasion of britain the german strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on london and other cities in the blitz but largely ended in may 1941 110 after failing to significantly disrupt the british war effort 109 using newly captured french ports the german navy enjoyed success against an over extended royal navy using u boats against british shipping in the atlantic 111 the british home fleet scored a significant victory on 27 may 1941 by sinking the german battleship bismarck 112 in november 1939 the united states was assisting china and the western allies and had amended the neutrality act to allow cash and carry purchases by the allies 113 in 1940 following the german capture of paris the size of the united states navy was significantly increased in september the united states further agreed to a trade of american destroyers for british bases 114 still a large majority of the american public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941 115 in december 1940 president franklin d roosevelt accused hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless calling for the united states to become an arsenal of democracy and promoting lend lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the british war effort lend lease was later extended to the other allies including the soviet union after it was invaded by germany 116 the united states started strategic planning to prepare for a full scale offensive against germany 117 at the end of september 1940 the tripartite pact formally united japan italy and germany as the axis powers the tripartite pact stipulated that any country with the exception of the soviet union that attacked any axis power would be forced to go to war against all three 118 the axis expanded in november 1940 when hungary slovakia and romania joined 119 romania and hungary later made major contributions to the axis war against the soviet union in romania s case partially to recapture territory ceded to the soviet union 120 mediterranean 1940 1941 main article mediterranean and middle east theatre of world war ii in early june 1940 the italian regia aeronautica attacked and besieged malta a british possession from late summer to early autumn italy conquered british somaliland and made an incursion into british held egypt in october italy attacked greece but the attack was repulsed with heavy italian casualties the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes 121 to assist italy and prevent britain from gaining a foothold germany prepared to invade the balkans which would threaten romanian oil fields and strike against british dominance of the mediterranean 122 german panzer iii of the afrika korps advancing across the north african desert april 1941 in december 1940 british empire forces began counter offensives against italian forces in egypt and italian east africa 123 the offensives were successful by early february 1941 italy had lost control of eastern libya and large numbers of italian troops had been taken prisoner the italian navy also suffered significant defeats with the royal navy putting three italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at taranto and neutralising several more warships at the battle of cape matapan 124 italian defeats prompted germany to deploy an expeditionary force to north africa at the end of march 1941 erwin rommel s afrika korps launched an offensive which drove back commonwealth forces 125 in less than a month axis forces advanced to western egypt and besieged the port of tobruk 126 in november commonwealth forces launched a counter offensive in north africa and reclaimed all the gains the germans and italians had made 127 by late march 1941 bulgaria and yugoslavia signed the tripartite pact however the yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro british nationalists germany and italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both yugoslavia and greece commencing on 6 april 1941 with a massive bombing of belgrade both nations were forced to surrender within the month 128 the airborne invasion of the greek island of crete at the end of may completed the german conquest of the balkans 129 armed resistance soon emerged in yugoslavia and greece and continued until the end of the war 130 131 in the middle east in may commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in iraq which had been supported by german aircraft from bases within vichy controlled syria 132 between june and july british led forces invaded the french possessions of syria and lebanon assisted by the free french 133 axis attack on the soviet union 1941 main article eastern front world war ii european theatre of world war ii animation map 1939 1945 red western allies and the soviet union after 1941 green soviet union before 1941 blue axis powers with the situation in europe and asia relatively stable germany japan and the soviet union made preparations for war with the soviets wary of mounting tensions with germany and the japanese planning to take advantage of the european war by seizing resource rich european possessions in southeast asia the two powers signed the soviet japanese neutrality pact in april 1941 134 by contrast the germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the soviet union massing forces on the soviet border 135 hitler believed that the united kingdom s refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the united states and the soviet union would enter the war against germany 136 on 31 july 1940 hitler decided that the soviet union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of ukraine the baltic states and byelorussia 137 however other senior german officials like ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a euro asian bloc against the british empire by inviting the soviet union into the tripartite pact 138 in november 1940 negotiations took place to determine if the soviet union would join the pact the soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from finland bulgaria turkey and japan that germany considered unacceptable on 18 december 1940 hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the soviet union 139 on 22 june 1941 germany supported by italy and romania invaded the soviet union in operation barbarossa with germany accusing the soviets of plotting against them they were joined shortly by finland and hungary 140 the primary targets of this surprise offensive 141 were the baltic region moscow and ukraine with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the arkhangelsk astrakhan line from the caspian to the white seas hitler s objectives were to eliminate the soviet union as a military power exterminate communism generate lebensraum living space 142 by dispossessing the native population 143 and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat germany s remaining rivals 144 members of the einsatzgruppen prepares to shoot a jewish mother holding her child ivangorod ukraine although the red army was preparing for strategic counter offensives before the war 145 operation barbarossa forced the soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence during the summer the axis made significant gains into soviet territory inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel mainly in massive encirclements around minsk smolensk and uman nazi policy entailed that wehrmacht subject soviet pows to murderous treatment executing all jewish and communist pows immediately per the commissar order and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open air concentration camps where they were to be deliberately starved to death by the end of the winter of 1941 2 8 million soviet pows had died in german captivity some 3 3 million soviet pows would die in german captivity by the war s end in total a nearly 60 mortality rate 146 by mid august however the german army high command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted army group centre and to divert the 2nd panzer group to reinforce troops advancing towards central ukraine and leningrad 147 the kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful resulting in encirclement and elimination of four soviet armies and made possible further advance into crimea and industrially developed eastern ukraine the first battle of kharkov 148 the diversion of three quarters of the axis troops and the majority of their air forces from france and the central mediterranean to the eastern front 149 prompted the united kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy 150 in july the uk and the soviet union formed a military alliance against germany 151 and in august the united kingdom and the united states jointly issued the atlantic charter which outlined british and american goals for the post war world 152 in late august the british and soviets invaded neutral iran to secure the persian corridor iran s oil fields and preempt any axis advances through iran toward the baku oil fields or india 153 russian civilians leaving destroyed houses after a german bombardment during the siege of leningrad saint petersburg 10 december 1942 by october axis powers had achieved operational objectives in ukraine and the baltic region with only the sieges of leningrad 154 and sevastopol continuing 155 a major offensive against moscow was renewed after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the german army almost reached the outer suburbs of moscow where the exhausted troops 156 were forced to suspend the offensive 157 large territorial gains were made by axis forces but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives two key cities remained in soviet hands the soviet capability to resist was not broken and the soviet union retained a considerable part of its military potential the blitzkrieg phase of the war in europe had ended 158 by early december freshly mobilised reserves 159 allowed the soviets to achieve numerical parity with axis troops 160 this as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of soviet troops in the east would be sufficient to deter any attack by the japanese kwantung army 161 allowed the soviets to begin a massive counter offensive that started on 5 december all along the front and pushed german troops 100 250 kilometres 62 155 mi west 162 war breaks out in the pacific 1941 main article pacific war japanese soldiers entering hong kong 8 december 1941 following the japanese false flag mukden incident in 1931 the japanese shelling of the american gunboat uss panay in 1937 and the 1937 1938 nanjing massacre japanese american relations deteriorated in 1939 the united states notified japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and american public opinion opposing japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions the export control acts which banned us exports of chemicals minerals and military parts to japan and increased economic pressure on the japanese regime 116 163 164 during 1939 japan launched its first attack against changsha but was repulsed by late september 165 despite several offensives by both sides by 1940 the war between china and japan was at a stalemate to increase pressure on china by blocking supply routes and to better position japanese forces in the event of a war with the western powers japan invaded and occupied northern indochina in september 1940 166 chinese nationalist forces launched a large scale counter offensive in early 1940 in august chinese communists launched an offensive in central china 167 in retaliation japanese armies in north china implemented the three alls policy a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to japanese occupation 168 169 continued antipathy between chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in january 1941 effectively ending their co operation 170 in march the japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the battle of shanggao 171 in september japan attempted to take the city of changsha again and clashed with chinese nationalist forces 172 german successes in europe prompted japan to increase pressure on european governments in southeast asia the dutch government agreed to provide japan with oil supplies from the dutch east indies but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in june 1941 173 in july 1941 japan sent troops to southern indochina threatening british and dutch possessions in the far east the united states the united kingdom and other western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on japanese assets and a total oil embargo 174 175 at the same time japan was planning an invasion of the soviet far east intending to take advantage of the german invasion in the west but abandoned the operation after the sanctions 176 since early 1941 the united states and japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in china japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the americans as inadequate 177 at the same time the united states the united kingdom and the netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories in the event of a japanese attack against any of them 178 roosevelt reinforced the philippines an american protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 and warned japan that the united states would react to japanese attacks against any neighboring countries 178 frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by american british dutch sanctions especially in oil japan prepared for war emperor hirohito after initial hesitation about japan s chances of victory 179 began to favour japan s entry into the war 180 as a result ...
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