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lsh people to the west the region also corresponds to the later five boroughs of the danelaw the area that vikings from denmark controlled in about 917 the region was subdivided between danelaw vikings to the north and mercia anglo saxons to the south by 920 this border had moved north to the river humber evidence of the danelaw can be seen in place name endings of the region s villages particularly towards the east the danes under canute recaptured the area between about 1016 and 1035 but it came back under english control after canute s death that same year civil war edit the region s two main battles in the english civil war were the battle of naseby in northern northamptonshire on 14 june 1645 and the battle of winceby on 11 october 1643 in eastern lincolnshire scientific heritage edit isaac newton born in grantham in 1642 is perhaps the most prolific scientist his accomplishments include calculus newton s laws of motion and newton s law of universal gravitation among many others there is a shopping centre named in his honour in grantham thomas simpson from leicestershire is known for simpson s rule roger cotes invented the concept of the radian in 1714 but the term was not named until 1873 george green 1793 1841 born in sneinton nottingham was a mathematical physicist best known for the vector calculus theorem and the functions that bear his name henry cavendish loosely connected with derbyshire discovered hydrogen in 1766 although the element s name came from antoine lavoisier and cavendish was the first to estimate an accurate mass of the earth in 1798 in his cavendish experiment the cavendish laboratory at the university of cambridge is named after a relative herbert spencer coined the term survival of the fittest in 1864 which was once strongly linked with social darwinism sir john flamsteed was the first astronomer royal of the royal observatory greenwich in 1675 robert bakewell of dishley in leicestershire and known for his english leicester sheep arrived at selective breeding his english longhorns were the first cattle bred for beef george boole pioneer of boolean logic upon which all digital electronics and computers depend was born in lincoln in 1815 the application of boole s theory to digital circuit design would come in 1937 by claude shannon boole s grandson the physicist g i taylor made significant experimental contributions to quantum mechanics the first practical demonstration of radar was near daventry in 1935 robert robinson of chesterfield in derbyshire invented the circular symbol in 1925 for the pi bonds of the benzene ring as found on structural diagrams of aromatic compounds nicola pellow a maths undergraduate at leicester polytechnic whilst at cern in november 1990 wrote the world s second web browser silicone was discovered in 1899 by prof frederic kipping at university college nottingham michael creeth of northampton discovered the hydrogen bonding mechanism between dna bases allowing the structure of dna to be discovered nottinghamshire s ken richardson was in charge of the team at pfizer in sandwich kent that in 1981 discovered fluconazole diflucan the world s leading antifungal medication especially useful for those with weakened immune systems it has few side effects richardson is one of the few britons in the national inventors hall of fame don grierson at the university of nottingham was the first to produce a genetically modified tomato which became the first gm food on sale in the uk and in the united states louis essen a nottingham physicist made advances in the quartz clock in the 1930s at the national physical laboratory in teddington to produce the quartz ring clock in 1938 and the caesium clock known as the atomic clock in 1955 during the war he invented the cavity resonance wavemeter to find the first accurate value of the speed of light the atomic clock works on differences in magnetic spin before essen s invention the second was defined in terms of the orbit of the earth round the sun he changed it in 1967 to be based on the hyperfine structure of the caesium 133 atom coordinated universal time utc in paris takes the average of 300 atomic clocks around the world on the early morning of tuesday 26 february 1935 the radio transmitter at daventry was used for the daventry experiment which involved the first practical demonstration of radar by its inventor robert watson watt and arnold frederic wilkins they used a radio receiver installed in a van at litchborough just off the a5 about 6 miles 9 7 km south of daventry to receive signals bounced off a metal clad handley page heyford bomber flying across the radio transmissions the interference picked up from the aircraft allowed its approximate navigational position to be estimated and therefore proved that it was possible to detect the position of aircraft using radio waves the success of the experiment persuaded the british government to fund the development of a network of full scale radar stations on the south coast of england which became known as chain home which provided a decisive advantage to the raf in the battle of britain in 1940 24 steep hill in lincoln fox hunting is historically linked with the east midlands culture and identity edit language and dialect edit see also east midlands english english language in england east midlands and received pronunciation history parts of the east midlands use a distinctive form of spoken dialect and accent it also has some history in the beginnings of received pronunciation and southern england accents however spoken dialect and accent in the northern area of the east midlands is far more similar to northern english identity edit there is no modern midlander or east midlander identity as robert shore wrote no one is more sceptical about the existence of an overarching midland identity than midlanders themselves 25 inhabitants of the east midlands tend to identify themselves either on a county or town basis regarding the east midlands as simply a bureaucratic area that lumps together dissimilar places in the north of the region in areas such as north nottinghamshire and north derbyshire people culturally identify as northerners for example a study by yougov in 2018 found that a quarter of the inhabitants of the region identified as northerners 26 a new area of the north midlands has been proposed but this has not taken off in bassetlaw the most northern local authority in the east midlands area many of the shared services such as nhs are with south yorkshire not with other midlands areas the television signal comes mainly from the emley moor transmitting station which broadcasts local news from bbc look north and calendar news and its officially designated bbc local radio station in terms of radio coverage is bbc radio sheffield in 2016 bassetlaw district council voted to become part of the sheffield city region because of the strong local ties 27 food and cuisine edit the area is known historically for its food examples of which include red leicester the lincolnshire sausage the melton mowbray pork pie stilton the bakewell pudding and the bramley apple the arts edit lord byron and d h lawrence are perhaps the region s best known authors although the latter only gained full recognition in the late 20th century the key words reading scheme peter and jane was first produced in 1964 by ladybird of loughborough and is still in print the books originated in 1948 with an idea from douglas keen of heanor the first was british birds and their nests ladybird books were published in loughborough throughout their 1960s and 1970s heyday with the site closing in 1998 joseph wright of derby was an artist whose paintings symbolised the struggle between science and religious values in the age of enlightenment he was also suggested to be the first professional painter to express the spirit of the industrial revolution charles frederick worth born in lincolnshire in 1825 is considered to be the founder of parisian haute couture ostensibly as the world s first true fashion designer religion edit william booth of nottingham founded the salvation army in 1865 another religious order the pilgrim fathers originated from babworth near retford the quakers also known as the religious society of friends were founded by leicestershire born fenny drayton george fox who had an inspiration whilst living in mansfield in 1647 thomas cranmer from aslockton compiled the church of england book of common prayer industrial heritage edit see also history of photographic lens design the region can claim the world s first factory sir richard arkwright s cromford mill the world s oldest working factory can also be found in the area producing textiles at lea bridge owned by john smedley both sites are part of the region s only world heritage site the derwent valley mills an opportunist employee of the derbyshire textile factories samuel slater of belper saw his chance and illegally eloped in 1789 to rhode island in the us after memorising the layout of the textile machinery while working at jedediah strutt s milford mill he was warmly welcomed by the inhabitants of the newly formed usa so much so that he was later named the father of the american industrial revolution britain s hosiery and knitwear industry was largely based in the region and in the 1980s it had more textile workers than any other british region the stocking frame was invented in 1587 in calverton nottinghamshire by rev william lee these were the first known knitting machines and heralded the industrial revolution by providing the necessary machinery the world s first horse powered cotton mill was built in central nottingham in 1768 marvel s mill in northampton was the first cotton mill to be powered by water john barber of nottinghamshire had invented a simple gas turbine in 1791 when living in nuneaton lincoln was the site of the first tank first built on 8 september 1915 little willie was the first tank and is the oldest surviving tank in the world originally called the no 1 lincoln machine and grantham the first diesel engine in 1892 the jet engine was first developed in the region in lutterworth and whetstone with the vtol engine also initially developed in hucknall the first jet aircraft flew from raf cranwell in may 1941 during the second world war derby was an important strategic location as it was in derby that rolls royce developed and manufactured their iconic merlin aero engine during the second world war all of r r s engineering staff had been transferred to belper the innovative but aborted apt designed in derby seen here in may 1980 derby was home to two railway workshops derby works and derby litchurch lane works initially for the midland railway then the london midland scottish railway and finally british rail british rail research division in derby invented the apt british rail class 370 and maglev the first steel rails were laid in 1857 at derby railway station for the midland railway derby litchurch lane works remains in operation under the ownership of alstom at its peak corby steelworks was the largest in britain the collapsible baby buggy was invented in 1965 at barby northamptonshire by owen maclaren ford s 8 million daventry parts distribution centre ford parts centre was fully opened on 6 september 1972 the first southern section opened in 1968 and was the uk s largest building by floor area for many years at 36 7 acres 149 000 m 2 and is situated opposite the cummins factory how a zoom lens works the principle was largely first invented in leicester the largest camera in the world was built in 1957 in derby for rolls royce which weighed 27 tonnes and was around 8 feet 2 4 m high 8 feet 2 4 m wide and 35 feet 11 m long with a 63 inch 1 600 mm lens made by cooke apochromatic cooke optics and taylor hobson were major supplier of lenses for hollywood star wars was filmed with their lenses filmed in england horace w lee invented the inverted telephoto lens known as the angénieux retrofocus in 1931 lengthening the back focal length of the camera for the 1930s technicolor process and for vignetting arthur warmisham of taylor hobson invented the first non telescopic 35 mm zoom lens the cooke varo 40 120mm lens in a camera manufactured by bell howell of the us the popular 35 mm eyemo film camera came with cooke lenses much of world war ii aerial photography where definition was important was through cooke lenses due to their apochromatic process in the 1950s and 1960s the cooke speed panchro lenses were the most popular choice for cinema films then from the 1970s their varotal zoom lens which would win gordon henry cook the 1988 gordon e sawyer award at the oscars harold hopkins physicist of leicester also did important work on the zoom lens he largely invented it and fibre optics j p knight of nottingham is credited with inventing green and red traffic lights installed in london on 9 december 1868 but these lasted only three weeks traffic lights would be introduced only from the 1920s again in london from an american led design scheme the first modern day traffic lights were installed in piccadilly from august 1926 edgar purnell hooley a nottinghamshire surveyor in 1901 was in denby and found a stretch of road surface that was smooth from an accidental leak of tar over the surface he patented a process of mixing tar with chipped stones in 1902 forming tarmac a name which he patented radcliffe road a6011 in west bridgford in 1902 was the first tarmac road 5 miles or 8 0 kilometres long in the world mettoy was a firm in the st james area of northampton which from 1933 produced corgi toys mostly made in swansea and designed in northampton and in the 1970s it made the space hopper the company collapsed in 1983 moving to swansea in leicestershire was palitoy another world famous firm in coalville general mills bought it in 1968 but production ceased in 1984 and the site was closed by hasbro in 1994 pedigree dolls toys sindy was in wellingborough closing in 1982 the first plastic dvd case was made in corby by amaray britain s first out of town shopping centre was opened in november 1964 by gem at west bridgford on a site later owned by asda much integrated circuit and semiconductor research was carried out by plessey at caswell near towcester ahead of the achievements in america by jack kilby plessey invented a model of the integrated circuit in 1957 caswell was later a site for manufacturing monolithic microwave integrated circuits in the 1990s by marconi on 15 december 1966 the first electronic telephone exchange in europe opened at ambergate in derbyshire torksey railway viaduct built across the trent in 1849 is considered to be the first box girder bridge designed by sir john fowler 1st baronet the tallest freestanding structure in the region is the chimney of west burton power station north nottinghamshire at 200 m 656 ft nottingham combined heating and power scheme is the largest district heating system in the uk centred on the...
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