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582 established the gregorian calendar 202 in recent decades although the papacy has become less directly involved in politics popes have nevertheless retained significant political influence they have also served as mediators with the support of the catholic establishment 203 204 john paul ii a native of poland was regarded as influential in the fall of communism in eastern europe 205 he also mediated the beagle conflict between argentina and chile two predominantly catholic countries 206 in the 21st century francis played a role in brokering the 2015 improvement in relations between the united states and cuba 207 208 international position main article list of diplomatic missions of the holy see pope pius vii bishop of rome seated and cardinal giovanni battista caprara under international law a serving head of state has sovereign immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of other countries though not from that of international tribunals 209 210 this immunity is sometimes loosely referred to as diplomatic immunity which is strictly speaking the immunity enjoyed by the diplomatic representatives of a head of state international law treats the holy see essentially the central government of the catholic church as the juridical equal of a state it is distinct from the state of vatican city existing for many centuries before the foundation of the latter it is common for publications and news media to use the vatican vatican city and even rome as metonyms for the holy see most countries of the world maintain the same form of diplomatic relations with the holy see that they entertain with other states even countries without those diplomatic relations participate in international organizations of which the holy see is a full member it is as head of the state equivalent worldwide religious jurisdiction of the holy see not of the territory of vatican city that the u s justice department ruled that the pope enjoys head of state immunity 211 this head of state immunity recognized by the united states must be distinguished from that envisaged under the united states foreign sovereign immunities act of 1976 which while recognizing the basic immunity of foreign governments from being sued in american courts lays down nine exceptions including commercial activity and actions in the united states by agents or employees of the foreign governments it was in relation to the latter that in november 2008 the united states court of appeals in cincinnati decided that a case over sexual abuse by catholic priests could proceed provided the plaintiffs could prove that the bishops accused of negligent supervision were acting as employees or agents of the holy see and were following official holy see policy 212 213 214 in april 2010 there was press coverage in britain concerning a proposed plan by atheist campaigners and a prominent barrister geoffrey robertson to have pope benedict xvi arrested and prosecuted in the uk for alleged offences dating from several decades before in failing to take appropriate action regarding catholic sex abuse cases and concerning their disputing his immunity from prosecution in that country 215 this was generally dismissed as unrealistic and spurious 216 another barrister said that it was a matter of embarrassment that a senior british lawyer would want to allow himself to be associated with such a silly idea 217 sovereign immunity does not apply to disputes relating to commercial transactions and governmental units of the holy see can face trial in foreign commercial courts the first such trial to take place in the english courts happened in 2024 218 219 objections to the papacy antichristus by lucas cranach the elder from luther s 1521 passionary of the christ and antichrist the pope is signing and selling indulgences the pope s claim to authority is either disputed or rejected outright by other churches for various reasons orthodox anglican and old catholic churches other traditional christian churches assyrian church of the east the oriental orthodox church the eastern orthodox church the old catholic church the anglican communion the independent catholic churches etc accept the doctrine of apostolic succession and to varying extents papal claims to a primacy of honour while generally rejecting the pope as the successor to peter in any other sense than that of other bishops primacy is regarded as a consequence of the pope s position as bishop of the original capital city of the roman empire a definition spelled out in the 28th canon of the council of chalcedon these churches see no foundation for the catholic assertion that supreme full immediate and universal authority lies with the pope 220 or for claims of papal infallibility several of these churches which refer to such claims as ultramontanism citation needed protestant denominations main article historicism christianity in 1973 the united states conference of catholic bishops committee on ecumenical and interreligious affairs and the usa national committee of the lutheran world federation in the official catholic lutheran dialogue included this passage in a larger statement on papal primacy in calling the pope the antichrist the early lutherans stood in a tradition that reached back into the eleventh century not only dissidents and heretics but even saints had called the bishop of rome the antichrist when they wished to castigate his abuse of power what lutherans understood as a papal claim to unlimited authority over everything and everyone reminded them of the apocalyptic imagery of daniel 11 a passage that even prior to the reformation had been applied to the pope as the antichrist of the last days 221 protestant denominations of christianity reject the claims of petrine primacy of honour petrine primacy of jurisdiction and papal infallibility these denominations vary from rejecting the legitimacy of the pope s claim to authority to believing that the pope is the antichrist 222 from 1 john 2 18 the man of sin from 2 thessalonians 2 3 12 223 and the beast out of the earth from revelation 13 11 18 224 christus by lucas cranach this woodcut of john 13 14 17 is from passionary of the christ and antichrist 225 cranach shows jesus kissing peter s foot during the footwashing this stands in contrast to the opposing woodcut where the pope demands others kiss his foot antichristus by the lutheran lucas cranach the elder this woodcut of the traditional practice of kissing the pope s foot is from passionary of the christ and antichrist this sweeping rejection is held by among others some denominations of lutherans confessional lutherans hold that the pope is the antichrist stating that this article of faith is part of a quia because rather than quatenus insofar as subscription to the book of concord in 1932 one of these confessional churches the lutheran church missouri synod lcms adopted a brief statement of the doctrinal position of the missouri synod which a small number of lutheran church bodies now hold the lutheran churches of the reformation 226 the concordia lutheran conference 227 the church of the lutheran confession 228 and the illinois lutheran conference 229 all hold to the brief statement which the lcms places on its website 230 the wisconsin evangelical lutheran synod wels another confessional lutheran church that declares the papacy to be the antichrist released its own statement the statement on the antichrist in 1959 the wels still holds to this statement 231 historically protestants objected to the papacy s claim of temporal power over all secular governments including territorial claims in italy 232 201 233 the papacy s complex relationship with secular states such as the roman and byzantine empires and the autocratic character of the papal office 234 in western christianity these objections both contributed to and are products of the protestant reformation antipopes main articles antipope and western schism groups sometimes form around antipopes who claim the pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it traditionally this term was reserved for claimants with a significant following of cardinals or other clergy the existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the church heresy or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time schism briefly in the 15th century three separate lines of popes claimed authenticity 235 other uses of the title pope in the earlier centuries of christianity the title pope meaning father had been used by all bishops some popes used the term and others did not eventually the title became associated especially with the bishop of rome in a few cases the term is used for other christian clerical authorities in english catholic priests are still addressed as father but the term pope is reserved for the head of the church hierarchy in the catholic church black pope is a name that was popularly but unofficially given to the superior general of the society of jesus due to the jesuits importance within the church this name based on the black colour of his cassock was used to suggest a parallel between him and the white pope since in the time of pius v the pope dressed in white and the cardinal prefect of the congregation for the evangelization of peoples formerly called the sacred congregation for the propagation of the faith whose red cardinal s cassock gave him the name of the red pope in view of the authority over all territories that were not considered in some way catholic in the present time this cardinal has power over mission territories for catholicism essentially the churches of africa and asia 236 but in the past his competence extended also to all lands where protestants or eastern christianity was dominant some remnants of this situation remain with the result that for instance new zealand is still in the care of this congregation in the eastern churches since the papacy of heraclas in the 3rd century the bishop of alexandria in both the coptic orthodox church and the greek orthodox church of alexandria continues to be called pope the former being called coptic pope or more properly pope and patriarch of all africa on the holy orthodox and apostolic throne of saint mark the evangelist and holy apostle and the latter called pope and patriarch of alexandria and all africa 237 in the bulgarian orthodox church russian orthodox church serbian orthodox church and macedonian orthodox church it is not unusual for a village priest to be called a pope поп pop this is different from the words used for the head of the catholic church bulgarian папа papa russian папа римский papa rimskiy in new religious movements and other christian related new religious movements some new religious movements within christianity especially those that have disassociated themselves from the catholic church yet retain a catholic hierarchical framework have used the designation pope for a founder or current leader examples include the african legio maria church and the european palmarian catholic church in spain the cao dai a vietnamese faith that duplicates the catholic hierarchy is similarly headed by a pope lengths of papal reign main article list of popes longest reigning popes pope pius ix the pope with the longest verifiable reign the longest papal reigns of those whose reign lengths can be determined from contemporary historical data are the following saint peter c 30 64 68 c 34 c 38 years around 12 000 14 000 days 238 bl pius ix 1846 1878 31 years 7 months and 23 days 11 560 days st john paul ii 1978 2005 26 years 5 months and 18 days 9 665 days leo xiii 1878 1903 25 years 5 months and 1 day 9 281 days pius vi 1775 1799 24 years 6 months and 15 days 8 962 days adrian i 772 795 23 years 10 months and 25 days 8 729 days pius vii 1800 1823 23 years 5 months and 7 days 8 560 days alexander iii 1159 1181 21 years 11 months and 24 days 8 029 days st sylvester i 314 335 21 years 11 months and 1 day 8 005 days st leo i 440 461 21 years 1 month and 13 days 7 713 days during the western schism avignon pope benedict xiii 1394 1423 ruled for 28 years 7 months and 12 days which would place him third in the above list since he is regarded as an anti pope he is not included there shortest reigning popes pope urban vii the shortest reigning pope there have been a number of popes whose reign lasted about a month or less in the following list the number of calendar days includes partial days thus for example if a pope s reign commenced on 1 august and he died on 2 august this counts as reigning for two calendar days urban vii 15 27 september 1590 reigned for 13 calendar days died before coronation boniface vi april 896 reigned for 16 calendar days celestine iv 25 october 10 november 1241 reigned for 17 calendar days died before coronation theodore ii december 897 reigned for 20 calendar days sisinnius 15 january 4 february 708 reigned for 21 calendar days marcellus ii 9 april 1 may 1555 reigned for 23 calendar days damasus ii 17 july 9 august 1048 reigned for 24 calendar days pius iii 22 september 18 october 1503 and leo xi 1 27 april 1605 both reigned for 27 calendar days benedict v 22 may 23 june 964 reigned for 33 calendar days john paul i 26 august 28 september 1978 reigned for 34 calendar days stephen 22 25 march 752 died of a stroke three days after his election and before his consecration as a bishop he is not recognized as a valid pope but was added to the lists of popes in the 16th century as stephen ii causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named stephen the holy see s annuario pontificio in its list of popes and antipopes attaches a footnote to its mention of pope stephen ii on the death of zachary the roman priest stephen was elected but since four days later he died before his consecratio which according to the canon law of the time was the true commencement of his pontificate his name is not registered in the liber pontificalis nor in other lists of the popes 239 published every year by the roman curia the annuario pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession in particular regarding pope leo viii pope benedict v and some mid 11th century popes 240 see also bishops in the catholic church caesaropapism index of vatican city related articles legends surrounding the papacy list of canonized popes list of current christian leaders list of popes papal inauguration papal name papal slippers prophecy of the popes pope of the coptic orthodox church pope night list of popes who died violently pope joan cadaver synod notes latin papa from ancient greek πάππας romanized páppas lit father 2 3 pontifex maximus or summus pontifex in latin latin romanus pontifex the papacy was an influence in regulating the colonization of the new world see treaty of tordesillas and inter caetera continuing in that same undertaking this council is resolved to declare and proclai...
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